Papilla Formation Research Articles

Tooth development - Root development

Tooth development begins in the human embryo 28 to 40 days after ovulation. Epithelial cells grow into the ectomesenchymal parts of the jaw. An epithelial protrusion develops. Further penetration of the epithelial cells into the ectomesenchyma results in the formation of the dental papilla (Figs. 1, 2 and 3). At this point, the cells for the formation of the tooth hard substance are differentiated.

Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Tomato mlo Mutant from an EMS Mutagenized Micro-Tom Population.

In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), there are at least three SlMLO (Mildew resistance Locus O) genes acting as susceptibility genes for the powdery mildew disease caused by Oidium neolycopersici, namely SlMLO1, SlMLO5 and SlMLO8. Of the three homologs, the SlMLO1 gene plays a major role since a natural mutant allele called ol-2 can almost completely prevent fungal penetration by formation of papillae. The ol-2 allele contains a 19-bp deletion in the coding sequence of the SlMLO1 gene, resulting in a premature stop codon within the second cytoplasmic loop of the predicted protein. In this study, we have developed a new genetic resource (M200) in the tomato cv. Micro-Tom genetic background by means of ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis. The mutant M200 containing a novel allele (the m200 allele) of the tomato SlMLO1 gene showed profound resistance against powdery mildew with no fungal sporulation. Compared to the coding sequence of the SlMLO1 gene, the m200 allele carries a point mutation at T65A. The SNP results in a premature stop codon L22* located in the first transmembrane domain of the complete SlMLO1 protein. The length of the predicted protein is 21 amino acids, while the SlMLO1 full-length protein is 513 amino acids. A high-resolution melting (HRM) marker was developed to distinguish the mutated m200 allele from the SlMLO1 allele in backcross populations. The mutant allele conferred recessive resistance that was associated with papillae formation at fungal penetration sites of plant epidermal cells. A comprehensive list of known mlo mutations found in natural and artificial mutants is presented, which serves as a particularly valuable resource for powdery mildew resistance breeding.

C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway activation is essential for dental papilla cells polarization.

During tooth development, dental papilla cells differentiate into odontoblasts with polarized morphology and cell function. Our previous study indicated that the C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway regulates human dental papilla cell adhesion, migration, and formation of focal adhesion complexes. The aim of this study was to further examine the role of the JNK pathway in dental papilla cell polarity formation. Histological staining, qPCR, and Western Blot suggested the activation of JNK signaling in polarized mouse dental papilla tissue. After performing an in vitro tooth germ organ culture and cell culture, we found that JNK inhibitor SP600125 postponed tooth germ development and reduced the polarization, migration and differentiation of mouse dental papilla cells (mDPCs). Next, we screened up-regulated polarity-related genes during dental papilla development and mDPCs or A11 differentiation. We found that Prickle3, Golga2, Golga5, and RhoA were all up-regulated, which is consistent with JNK signaling activation. Further, constitutively active RhoA mutant (RhoA Q63L) partly rescued the inhibition of SP600125 on cell differentiation and polarity formation of mDPCs. To sum up, this study suggests that JNK signaling has a positive role in the formation of dental papilla cell polarization.

Cytological aspects of compatible and incompatible interactions between cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) seedlings and isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) complex

Abstract A strategy in the control anthracnose of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is the management of crop phenology and defense mechanisms of this host. In previous studies, under controlled conditions, the seedling reactions of 5 cashew clones (CAP-14, CCP-06, CCP-09, CCP-76 and CCP-1001) to 36 isolates of Colletorichum gloeosporioides Penz. complex (LARS- 905 to 940) was evaluated. However, good field management requires information about the infection process. This research aimed to clarify cytophysiological aspects of three compatible interactions of this pathosystem (isolates LARS-905 and 910 × CCP-76; LARS-910 × CCP-1001) and an incompatible one (LARS-905 × CCP-1001), using infected leaves/stems and microscopy (light, scanning and transmission electron). No significant differences were found prior to penetration. In the susceptible combinations, 36-66 h after inoculation, a thin primary hypha (TPH) formed in the invaded epidermal cell, widening as a large primary hypha (LPH), which filled the cell lumen simultaneously with accumulation of of yellow-brown lignopolysaccharides. Then, a thin secondary hypha (TSH) developed from the LPH, penetrating adjacent cells before the first became necrotic. In the incompatible interaction, the response of the first invaded cell was faster and more intense, with formation of papilla and lignopolysaccharide-protein-silicon complex usually blocking the pathogen.

Intracholecystic Papillary-tubular Neoplasm after Cholecystectomy: What Should We Do?

Purpose: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is the most common cancer of the biliary tract and 60-70% are discovered incidentally by the pathologist following cholecystectomy. Less than 0.5% are intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasms (ICPN), a relative indolent neoplasia when compared to pancreatobiliary-type gallbladder carcinomas. Since literature evidence is limited, the aim of this work is to present an ICPN case and its surgical management. Methods: A 64-year-old women with ulcerative colitis, which is associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma, is scheduled a laparoscopic cholecystectomy due to adenomyomatosis. Anatomopathological exam showed a papillary neoplasia with microfocus of invasive carcinoma, without cystic lymph node in the piece (pT1bpNx) (Figure 1). According to guidelines recommendations and tumor committee decision, extension study is performed and unresectable disease is ruled out. A radical surgery (4b/5 normal liver margin) and regional lymphadenectomy is indicated. Discussion: In ICPN, high-grade dysplasia, cell type (biliary or foveolar) and papilla formation are factors associated with invasion. Bibliography shows 90% of 3-year survival for cases without invasion, meanwhile, for cases with invasion, it decreases to a 60%. Hence, an aggressive approach is necessary. Nevertheless, ICPN with invasion had a far better clinical outcome compared with pancreatobiliary-type GBC (27% 3-year survival). Conclusions: ICPN is a rare neoplasm of the gallbladder with a relative better prognosis than gallbladder carcinomas, even when invasive carcinoma is found. It should be kept in mind that when invasive carcinoma is identified, it should be staged, and if the disease is resectable, a radical surgery is mandatory.

Evaluation of papilla levels following three different techniques for the second stage of implants - A clinical and radiographic study.

Objective:Papilla formation after placement of an implant is influenced by the underlying bone and the periodontal biotype. The second-stage surgery to uncover the implants may have an effect on the regeneration of papilla and various techniques such as the scalpel, diode laser, and punch technique are used. In the present study, an attempt has been made to evaluate papillary fill levels following three different techniques of second-stage implant surgery.Materials and Methods:A total of 35 patients with 45 implants (39 single implants and 3 sites with two adjacent implants) were randomly divided into three groups with 15 implants each: second-stage implant surgery with midcrestal incision using scalpel (Group I), with I-shaped incision using scalpel (Group II), and using diode laser (Group III). The mean papillary fill and mean crestal bone loss for all three groups were compared at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months of prosthesis delivery.Results:Complete papilla fill at 6 months was seen in 60% and 73.3% of sites in Group II and Group III, respectively. Bone level contacting implant and adjacent teeth was less in both Groups II and III. Bone level from the contact point to the bone crest was least in Groups II and III.Conclusion:The use of diode laser during second-stage surgery showed maximum papillary fill and minimal crestal bone loss when compared with other two techniques. Irrespective of technique used for second-stage surgery, bone loss did occur after prosthesis delivery.

An enigmatic soft tissue creeping phenomenon: The spontaneous peri-implant mucosa margin and papilla growth. A retrospective clinical study.

ObjectivesThe aim of the present retrospective study was to evaluate papillae filling rate and buccal margins coronal growth in implant‐supported prostheses which were over‐contoured at the apical buccal third to form a rearmost collar zone, thus mimicking a false root.Material and methodsThe influence of adjacent elements, teeth, implants, or pontics was examined. One‐hundred and three crowns have been assessed in photographs taken on 61 patients after prosthesis delivering and at last follow‐up (mean 2.8 years). The Jemt index was adopted to evaluate papillae growth at the baseline and follow‐up as follows: 0, absence of papilla; 1, less than half of interdental embrasure height; 2, more than half of interdental embrasure height; 3, fully papilla filled interdental embrasure. Index score 4, papilla hyperplasia was not included. Moreover, the coronal growth (or recession) of buccal mucosa in implant‐supported crowns was assessed.ResultsAt baseline, a total of 29 papillae had a 0 score, while only two scored 3 with complete papilla formation. On follow‐up, only one papilla scored 0, while 46 scored 3 with complete interdental embrasures filling. The highest papilla score was registered from first year crown insertion and likewise in interdental embrasures located between two implants or implants and pontics. Moreover, the buccal margin growth was observed in almost 80% of crowns. Such findings seem to indicate that buccal margin and papilla around implant‐supported crowns presented a coronal growth over time, especially during its first year. The average papilla growth between two implants was no lower than that observed in papilla present between implants and natural teeth.ConclusionsRecessed areas at collar of implant‐supported prostheses appear to positively influence papillae and buccal margin growth, especially in its first year. Papilla growth between two implants was similar to that observed between implants and natural teeth.

Topical Wound Healing Activity of Myricetin Isolated from Tecomaria capensis v. aurea.

Wounds and burn injury are major causes of death and disability worldwide. Myricetin is a common bioactive flavonoid isolated naturally from the plant kingdom. Herein, a topical application of naturally isolated myricetin from the shoots of Tecomaria capensis v. aurea on excisional wound healing that was performed in albino rats. The wounded rats were treated every day with 10 and 20% myricetin for 14 days. During the experiment, the wound closure percentage was estimated at days 0, 7, and 14. Effects of myricetin on the inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and cluster of differentiation 68 (CD68) in the serum were evaluated using immunosorbent assay kits. The percentage of wound closure and contraction was delayed in wounded rats (67.35%) and was remarkably increased after treatment of wounded rats with myricetin; the treatment with 20% myricetin was the most potent (98.76%). Histological findings exhibited that 10% myricetin caused the formation of a large area of scarring at the wound enclosure and stratified squamous epithelium without the formation of papillae as in the control group. Treatment with 20% myricetin exhibited less area of scarring at the wound enclosure as well as re-epithelialization with a high density of fibroblasts and blood capillaries in the wound. Level elevations of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, and TNF-α and macrophage CD68 were decreased in wounded rats treated with myricetin. Thus, it can be suggested that the enhancements in inflammatory cytokines as well as systemic reorganization after myricetin treatment may be recommended to play a crucial part in the promotion of wound healing. The findings suggest that treatment with a higher dose of myricetin was better in improving wound curing in rats. It could serve as a potent anti-inflammatory agent and can be used as an adjunctive or alternative agent in the future.

The use of Additively Manufactured Scaffolds for Treating Gingival Recession Associated with Interproximal Defects

Gingival recessions are a highly prevalent issue that is often associated with interproximal tissue deficiency. An intervention in these scenarios is of extreme importance since these defects can lead to aesthetic, phonetic and other dental problems. Unfortunately, the treatment of advanced gingival recessions is a major challenge in periodontics because of its unpredictability. In such cases, the use of injectable fillings, connective tissue grafts or bone grafts for vertical regeneration in interproximal area presents limited results. Considering that, this special report reviewed the possible use of additively manufactured scaffolds as a therapeutic option. A 3D-printed personalized therapy is expected to simplify the regeneration of interproximal area, enabling bone regeneration, new papilla formation and root coverage.

Conjunctival Injection Reduction in Patients with Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis Due to Synergic Effect of Bovine Enteric-Coated Lactoferrin in 0.1% Tacrolimus Ophthalmic Suspension.

Lactoferrin (LF), a multifunctional glycoprotein found in mammalian milk, is reported to have immunoregulatory effects. The present study aimed to evaluate whether enteric-coated LF (eLF) could improve symptoms in patients with atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). This randomized double-blind placebo-controlled single-center trial comprised Japanese patients (n = 20; aged 22–60 years) with AKC. Patients treated with 0.1% tacrolimus ophthalmic suspension (TALYMUS®) were administered eLF (400 mg/d of bovine LF) or placebo tablets for 12 weeks. Conjunctival injection was examined, papillae formation in the palpebral conjunctiva was evaluated, and corneal fluorescein score, itchy sensation in end-point itching scale, and serum allergic parameters were assessed. Conjunctival injection was significantly reduced in the LF group than in the placebo group (p = 0.0017, Mann–Whitney U-test). Papillae formation in the palpebral conjunctiva showed a statistical decrease in the LF group than in the placebo group (p = 0.010, unpaired T-test). LF combined with TALYMUS® could be a promising treatment strategy to mitigate AKC.

Simultaneous visualization of callose deposition and plasma membrane for live-cell imaging in plants

The appropriate combination of fluorescent probes enabled the simultaneous visualization of callose deposition and plasma membrane in living Arabidopsis and can be useful for the cell biological study of papilla formation in plants. Localized callose deposition at the site of fungal infection is a central part of papilla formation, which creates a barrier between the host plasma membrane and the cell wall and plays an important role in preventing the penetration of fungal hyphae into the host cells. Using chitin-induced callose deposition as a model system, we examined suitable conditions for the simultaneous visualization of callose deposition and plasma membrane dynamics in living Arabidopsis cotyledons. We found that aniline blue fluorochrome (ABF) for callose staining selectively interferes with FM dyes for membrane visualization depending on the structure of the latter compounds and the proper combination of these fluorescent dyes and staining conditions is a key for successful live-cell imaging. The established conditions enabled the live-cell imaging of chitin-induced callose deposition and host membrane systems. The established system/conditions would also be useful for the cell biological studies on the localized callose deposition in other stress/development-associated processes. The finding that the slight difference in the structure of FM dyes affects the interaction with another fluorescent dye, ABF, would also give useful suggestions for the studies where multiple fluorescent dyes are utilized for live-cell imaging.

Quantitative gene expression dynamics of key placode signalling factors in the embryonic chicken scleral ossicle system

Development of the scleral ossicles, a ring of bony elements within the sclera, is directed by a series of papillae that arise from placodes in the conjunctival epithelium over a 1.5-day induction period in the chicken embryo. The regular spacing of the papillae around the corneal-scleral limbus suggests that their induction may be regulated by a reaction-diffusion mechanism, similar to other epithelial appendages. Some key placode signalling molecules, including β-catenin, are known to be expressed throughout the induction period. However, others have been studied only at certain stages or have not been successfully detected. Here we use qPCR to study the gene expression patterns of the wingless integration (WNT)/β-catenin, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), ectodysplasin (EDA), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and hedgehog (HH) signalling families in discrete regions of the eye throughout the complete conjunctival placode and papillae induction period. This comprehensive analysis revealed a variable level of gene expression within specific eye regions, with some genes exhibiting high, moderate or low changes. Most genes exhibited an initial increase in gene expression, followed by a decrease or plateau as development proceeded, suggesting that some genes are important for a brief initial period whilst the sustained elevated expression level of other genes is needed for developmental progression. The timing or magnitude of these changes, and/or the overall gene expression trend differed in the temporal, nasal and/or dorsal eye regions for some, but not all genes, demonstrating that gene expression may vary across different eye regions. Temporal and nasal EDA receptor (EDAR) had the greatest number of strong correlations (r > 0.700) with other genes and β-catenin had the greatest number of moderate correlations (r = 0.400–0.700), while EDA had the greatest range in correlation strengths. Among the strongly correlated genes, two distinct signalling modules were identified, connected by some intermediate genes. The dynamic gene expression patterns of the five signalling pathways studied here from conjunctival placode formation through to papillae development is consistent with other epithelial appendages and confirms the presence of a conserved induction and patterning signalling network. Two unique gene expression patterns and corresponding gene interaction modules suggest functionally distinct roles throughout placode development. Furthermore, spatial differences in gene expression patterns among the temporal, nasal and dorsal regions of the eye may indicate that the expression of certain genes is influenced by mechanical forces exerted throughout development. Therefore, this study identifies key placode signalling factors and their interactions, as well as some potential region-specific features of gene expression in the scleral ossicle system and provides a basis for further exploration of the spatial expression of these genes and the patterning mechanism(s) active throughout conjunctival placode and papillae formation.

Noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP): Diagnostic updates and molecular advances.

The noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) is a strictly defined thyroid lesion, reclassified in 2016, in order to more accurately reflect the biological behavior of the tumor and thus, modify the way the lesion is clinically approached and perceived both by practitioners and patients. Additionally, this newly specified designation also allows for more uniformity in reporting for general pathologists less comfortable to exclude overt malignancy with certain nuclear features. In recent years, increasing molecular analyses correlated with longitudinal clinical outcomes have fostered improved diagnostic and treatment paradigms. Important revisions made to the definition of NIFTP in 2018 include the prohibition of any true papillae formation and the exclusion of lesions harboring the BRAF V600E mutation and other high-risk genetic abnormalities. These changes reflect the imperfection of the current criteria in outcome prediction and the global efforts for improvement. NIFTP are lesions with a wide range of size and cytomorphology. Although not addressed in the original series, large (≥4cm) and oncocytic NIFTP have recently been shown to incur no recurrence or metastatic risk. Molecularly, NIFTP have a similar mutational profile as other follicular thyroid neoplasms, with frequent RAS family mutations and PAX8-PPARɤ fusions. However, the transcriptomic landscape is highly heterogenous, adding difficulty to gene expression-based cytopathologic classification. This review summarizes the evolution of the NIFTP concept and important advances in recent literature.

The effect of phytoglobin overexpression on the plant proteome during nonhost response of barley (Hordeum vulgare) to wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici)

Nonhost resistance, a resistance of plant species against all nonadapted pathogens, is considered the most durable and efficient immune system in plants. To increase our understanding of the response of barley plants to infection by powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, we used quantitative proteomic analysis (LC-MS/MS). We compared the response of two genotypes of barley cultivar Golden Promise, wild type (WT) and plants with overexpression of phytoglobin (previously hemoglobin) class 1 (HO), which has previously been shown to significantly weaken nonhost resistance. A total of 8804 proteins were identified and quantified, out of which the abundance of 1044 proteins changed significantly in at least one of the four comparisons (‘i’ stands for ‘inoculated’)- HO/WT and HOi/WTi (giving genotype differences), and WTi/WT and HOi/HO (giving treatment differences). Among these differentially abundant proteins (DAP) were proteins related to structural organization, disease/defense, metabolism, transporters, signal transduction and protein synthesis. We demonstrate that quantitative changes in the proteome can explain physiological changes observed during the infection process such as progression of the mildew infection in HO plants that was correlated with changes in proteins taking part in papillae formation and preinvasion resistance. Overexpression of phytoglobins led to modification in signal transduction prominently by dramatically reducing the number of kinases induced, but also in the turnover of other signaling molecules such as phytohormones, polyamines and Ca2+. Thus, quantitative proteomics broaden our understanding of the role NO and phytoglobins play in barley during nonhost resistance against powdery mildew.

Comparison of interdental papillae around single implants in the tissue-level (TL) and bone-level (BL) implants: A clinical trial.

Background This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bone-level implants in comparison with tissue-level implants on dental papilla dimensions in single-tooth implants.Methods In the present clinical trial, 50 patients, 24 females (48%) and 26 males (52%), were selected among patients requesting single implants in the posterior area of the jaws. The subjects were divided into two groups (n=25). The subjects in the first group were treated with a bone-level implant (Implantium, Dentium, Korea), and the subjects in the second group were treated with a tissue level implant (Implantium, Dentium, Korea). None of the implants were loaded during this period, and only the healing effect was measured. All the implants underwent one-stage surgery (none-submerged), and healing abutments were placed after implantation. The papilla heights in both the mesial and distal aspects of the adjacent teeth were measured. A periodontal probe was used to measure from the top of the papilla to the CEJ of the adjacent teeth in two time intervals. Descriptive statistics were performed using tables and Shapiro-Wilk, chi-squared, Mann-Whitney, and independent t-tests. Results The findings showed that the interdental papilla in TL single implants performed better than that in BL implants at the three-month interval. This difference was statistically significant on the mesial aspect but not on the distal aspect. However, the difference was not clinically significant. Conclusion A comparison of papilla dimensions in two implant types showed that papilla formation in TL implants was better than that in BL implants at the three-month postoperative interval.

SUN-505 Total Thyroidectomy in Severe Hyperthyroidism

Introduction: Patients with hyperthyroidism may be treated with ATDs, RAI therapy or thyroidectomy; in some cases like thyroid storm, plasmapheresis can be used to remove excess hormones prior to surgery. In some cases, such as those with complications derived from ATDs (agranulocytosis, hepatotoxicity), or those with large goiters with l symptomatic compression of surrounding organs within the neck, surgical treatment is considered. Clinical cases: Seven patients were treated with total thyroidectomy for the definitive control of the hyperthyroidism. Six were female, 4 used thionamides, 1 lithium and 2 discontinued treatment. All diffuse goiter (60-160 gr), 2 with autoimmune ophthalmopathy and, 4 had thyroid storm. The thyroid ultrasonography of thyroid evidenced hypoechogenicity and hypervascularity and in 4 cases tracheal compression. All patients had suppressed TSH and free T4 within 2,6-7,76 ng /dl (N: 0.7-1.7). Previous to surgery, six received glucocorticoids and beta-adrenergic blockade, five lugol solution, four thionamides (30-90mg/d), four lithium (3 with agranulocytosis) and two calcium with vitamin D. One patient received plasmapheresis which had a poorly response for thyroid storm treatment.After surgery 2presented hungry bone syndrome, two transient hypoparathyroidism and two permanent hypoparathyroidism. One patient was re-admitted for surgery. Pathological examination reported autoimmunity characteristics (cylindrical thyrocytes, vacuolated colloid, papillae formation and / or lymphocytic infiltrate) in 4 cases. In 3 cases, nodules were found without malignancy signs. Conclusions: Thyroidectomy is a definitive therapeutic option in severe hyperthyroidism with difficult management, particularly in those cases with contraindication to the use of thionamides, large goiters compromising the upper airway, because it leads to faster control of the hyperthyroid state. Hypocalcemia is a frequent postoperative complication that can be attenuated with the pre-operative vitamin D and calcium supplements.

Reynoutria sachalinensis extract elicits SA-dependent defense responses in courgette genotypes against powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera xanthii

Powdery mildew (PM) caused by Podosphaera xanthii is one of the most important courgette diseases with high yield losses and is currently controlled by fungicides and sulphur applications in conventional and organic production. Plant derived elicitors/inducers of resistance are natural compounds that induce resistance to pathogen attack and promote a faster and/or more robust activation of plant defense responses. Giant knotweed (Reynoutria sachalinensis, RS) extract is a known elicitor of plant defenses but its mode of action remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of foliar RS applications and how these affect PM severity and crop performance when used alone or in combination with genetic resistance. RS foliar treatments significantly reduced conidial germination and PM severity on both an intermediate resistance (IR) and a susceptible (S) genotype. RS application triggered plant defense responses, which induced the formation of callose papillae, hydrogen peroxide accumulation and the Salicylic acid (SA) - dependent pathway. Increased SA production was detected along with increased p-coumaric and caffeic acid concentrations. These findings clearly indicate that RS elicits plant defenses notably as a consequence of SA pathway induction.

Biocontrol by Fusarium oxysporum Using Endophyte-Mediated Resistance.

Interactions between plants and the root-colonizing fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) can be neutral, beneficial, or detrimental for the host. Fo is infamous for its ability to cause wilt, root-, and foot-rot in many plant species, including many agronomically important crops. However, Fo also has another face; as a root endophyte, it can reduce disease caused by vascular pathogens such as Verticillium dahliae and pathogenic Fo strains. Fo also confers protection to root pathogens like Pythium ultimum, but typically not to pathogens attacking above-ground tissues such as Botrytis cinerea or Phytophthora capsici. Endophytes confer biocontrol either directly by interacting with pathogens via mycoparasitism, antibiosis, or by competition for nutrients or root niches, or indirectly by inducing resistance mechanisms in the host. Fo endophytes such as Fo47 and CS-20 differ from Fo pathogens in their effector gene content, host colonization mechanism, location in the plant, and induced host-responses. Whereas endophytic strains trigger localized cell death in the root cortex, and transiently induce immune signaling and papilla formation, these responses are largely suppressed by pathogenic Fo strains. The ability of pathogenic strains to compromise immune signaling and cell death is likely attributable to their host-specific effector repertoire. The lower number of effector genes in endophytes as compared to pathogens provides a means to distinguish them from each other. Co-inoculation of a biocontrol-conferring Fo and a pathogenic Fo strain on tomato reduces disease, and although the pathogen still colonizes the xylem vessels this has surprisingly little effect on the xylem sap proteome composition. In this tripartite interaction the accumulation of just two PR proteins, NP24 (a PR-5) and a β-glucanase, was affected. The Fo-induced resistance response in tomato appears to be distinct from induced systemic resistance (ISR) or systemic acquired resistance (SAR), as the phytohormones jasmonate, ethylene, and salicylic acid are not required. In this review, we summarize our molecular understanding of Fo-induced resistance in a model and identify caveats in our knowledge.

MLO Differentially Regulates Barley Root Colonization by Beneficial Endophytic and Mycorrhizal Fungi.

Loss-of-function alleles of MLO (Mildew Resistance Locus O) confer broad-spectrum resistance to foliar infections by powdery mildew pathogens. Like pathogens, microbes that establish mutually beneficial relationships with their plant hosts, trigger the induction of some defense responses. Initially, barley colonization by the root endophyte Serendipita indica (syn. Piriformospora indica) is associated with enhanced defense gene expression and the formation of papillae at sites of hyphal penetration attempts. This phenotype is reminiscent of mlo-conditioned immunity in barley leaf tissue and raises the question whether MLO plays a regulatory role in the establishment of beneficial interactions. Here we show that S. indica colonization was significantly reduced in plants carrying mlo mutations compared to wild type controls. The reduction in fungal biomass was associated with the enhanced formation of papillae. Moreover, epidermal cells of S. indica-treated mlo plants displayed an early accumulation of iron in the epidermal layer suggesting increased basal defense activation in the barley mutant background. Correspondingly, the induction of host cell death during later colonization stages was impaired in mlo colonized plants, highlighting the importance of the early biotrophic growth phase for S. indica root colonization. In contrast, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Funneliformis mosseae displayed a similar colonization morphology on mutant and wild type plants. However, the frequency of mycorrhization and number of arbuscules was higher in mlo-5 mutants. These findings suggest that MLO differentially regulates root colonization by endophytic and AM fungi.

Esthetic evaluation of single implant restorations, adjacent single implant restorations, and implant-supported fixed partial dentures: A 1-year prospective study.

Peri-implant soft tissues esthetics varies and depends on the restoration type such as implant-supported single crowns, adjacent multiple single crowns, and fixed partial dentures (FPD). The aim of this prospective study was to assess the esthetic outcome of the peri-implant soft tissues of (NobelBiocare™) implant-supported single crowns, adjacent multiple single crowns, and FPD. A potential association between the esthetic risk profile and the esthetic outcome was assessed. Between 03/11 and 03/17, 300 NobelActive implants were installed in 153 partially edentulous patients. Prior to the fabrication of the final restoration, the esthetic risk profile (ERP) of the patient was determined. The pink esthetic score (PES) and white esthetic score (WES) were assessed by three investigators at 6 and 12 months post-insertion of the final restoration. Patients' appreciation was assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) at the 1-year follow-up. The clinical acceptable limit for PES (≥6) was achieved in 56% to 68% of the single crowns at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Clinically unacceptable PES scores were recorded for 48% of the adjacent multiple single crowns and 63% of the FPDs at both time points. The association of a high ERP with WES and PESWES was noticed for single implant-supported crowns. For the latter restoration type, a ≤5 mm distance between the crestal bone level and the proximal contact positively influenced the PES and combined PESWES scores. No correlation was found between PES or WES and patient satisfaction. Mesial papilla formation was more pronounced compared to the distal one for the single implant crowns and for implant-supported FPD. When high esthetic demands are expected, assessment of ERP prior to implant treatment is advised in order to estimate a realistic outcome.