Abstract
Nonhost resistance, a resistance of plant species against all nonadapted pathogens, is considered the most durable and efficient immune system in plants. To increase our understanding of the response of barley plants to infection by powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, we used quantitative proteomic analysis (LC-MS/MS). We compared the response of two genotypes of barley cultivar Golden Promise, wild type (WT) and plants with overexpression of phytoglobin (previously hemoglobin) class 1 (HO), which has previously been shown to significantly weaken nonhost resistance. A total of 8804 proteins were identified and quantified, out of which the abundance of 1044 proteins changed significantly in at least one of the four comparisons (‘i’ stands for ‘inoculated’)- HO/WT and HOi/WTi (giving genotype differences), and WTi/WT and HOi/HO (giving treatment differences). Among these differentially abundant proteins (DAP) were proteins related to structural organization, disease/defense, metabolism, transporters, signal transduction and protein synthesis. We demonstrate that quantitative changes in the proteome can explain physiological changes observed during the infection process such as progression of the mildew infection in HO plants that was correlated with changes in proteins taking part in papillae formation and preinvasion resistance. Overexpression of phytoglobins led to modification in signal transduction prominently by dramatically reducing the number of kinases induced, but also in the turnover of other signaling molecules such as phytohormones, polyamines and Ca2+. Thus, quantitative proteomics broaden our understanding of the role NO and phytoglobins play in barley during nonhost resistance against powdery mildew.
Highlights
Fungal pathogens are one of the main biotic stress factors affecting the growth and development of plants
Research has mainly focused on the study of proteome changes in compatible interactions[57,58,59], but we need to know how nonhost resistance works to limit the destructive yield loss caused by powdery mildew
Two of most important mechanisms that cereals use to defend against nonhost B. graminis are the formation of papillae (Fig. 8) and the hypersensitive reaction (HR) leading to programmed cell death (PCD) of attacked cells
Summary
Fungal pathogens are one of the main biotic stress factors affecting the growth and development of plants. Nonhost resistance means that a specific pathogen species is not able to grow on a specific plant species This is due to the physical (surface structures like the cuticle) and chemical (diverse array of secondary metabolites) defense barriers and a system for detection of so‐called pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) produced by the pathogen[4]. Plants have surface-localized receptors called pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) that can perceive PAMPs or damaged-self signals released during alteration of host cell integrity These signals induce a resistance response referred to as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Avenae, the powdery mildew of oat (Avena sativa L.) In such nonhost interactions, penetration is stopped at the cell walls by formation of papillae and/or HR. The role of NO and plant phytoglobins during pathogen nonhost response is not understood
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