Sumatran Tiger Research Articles

DNA sexing of Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) based on amelogenin genes

DNA sexing of Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) based on amelogenin genes

Sumatran tiger identification and phylogenetic analysis based on the CO1 gene: Molecular forensic application

Abstract. Ashrifurrahman, Simamora S, Ritonga R, Novarino W, Tjong DH, Rizaldi, Syaifullah, Roesma DI. 2022. Sumatran tiger identification and phylogenetic analysis based on the CO1 gene: molecular forensic application. Biodiversitas 23: 1788-1794. Wild animal hunting, especially in the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), has been caused the population decline. Regulation and law enforcement have been implemented even though it does not affect optimal because of the trickery of poachers and illegal traders. Sometimes, the evidence of P. t. sumatrae derivative products, for example, bones, nails, skins, hair, and other body parts, cannot be properly identified to raise the cases. However, genetic markers, such as the CO1 gene, have successfully identified illegal trafficking samples. This study used 20 samples, consisting of seven samples (four preserved hairs, two claws, one bone) that were suspected of P. t. sumatrae collected from illegal wildlife trade cases in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Other thirteen samples were twelve blood and one hair of P. t. sumatrae samples were collected from the Dharmasraya Sumatran Tiger Rehabilitation Center (PR-HSD). All samples were isolated, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), sequenced, and 999 base pairs (bp) of the CO1 gene sequences were analyzed. In addition, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) data sequences including two P. t. sumatrae sequences, four P. t. altaica sequences, one P. t. amoyensis sequence, one P. t. corbetti sequence, three P. pardus sequences, and one Felis catus sequence were collected for comparison and supporting data. The result confirmed that all samples in this study were P. t. sumatrae. We determined those depending on similarity value which was 99.60%-99.70% with P. tigris reference sequence (NC_010642.1) and 99.90%-100% with P. t. sumatrae (JF357969.1). Phylogenetic analysis supported species identification with average intraspecies sequence divergence was 0 to 0.4% and presented the monophyletic group. This study was the first and most recent report to use seized samples to identify P. t. sumatrae based on the CO1 gene in West Sumatra, Indonesia.

Carnivores and their prey in Sumatra: Occupancy and activity in human-dominated forests.

Understanding the effect of anthropogenic disturbance, and its interaction with carnivores and their prey, is crucial to support the conservation of threatened carnivores, particularly in rapidly changing landscapes. Based on systematic camera-trap sampling of four protected areas in Riau Province of central Sumatra, we assessed the habitat occupancy and spatiotemporal overlap between people, potential carnivore prey, and four threatened species of medium-sized or large carnivores: Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus), dholes (Cuon alpinus), and Sunda clouded leopards (Neofelis diardi). To assess spatial overlap of target species, we used single-species occupancy models and applied a Species Interaction Factor (SIF) to conditional two-species occupancy models. We also used kernel density estimation (KDE) to assess temporal overlap among these species. Our habitat use models showed that altitude (elevation) strongly influenced the occupancy of all large carnivores and potential prey species. Except for Sunda clouded leopards, the occurrence of large carnivore species was positively related to the spatial co-occurrence of humans (SIF > 1). In addition, we found that sun bears and dholes both exhibited high spatial overlap with tigers, and that sun bears alone exhibited high temporal overlap with people. Our findings contribute to an improved understanding of the contemporary ecology of carnivores and their prey in rapidly changing, southeast Asian landscapes. Such knowledge is important to the conservation and recovery of large carnivores in conservation hotspots that are increasingly dominated by humans across Sumatra, as well as globally.

THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SUMATRAN TIGER (panthera tigris sumatrae pocock) IN CONSERVATION INSTITUTIONS FOR THE PUBLIC INTEREST (CASE STUDY AT TAMAN SAFARI INDONESIA CISARUA BOGOR AND RAGUNAN WILDLIFE PARK JAKARTA)

The World Health Organization (WHO) as a world health institution declared COVID-19 as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020 and Indonesia officially announced a confirmed case of COVID-19 infection on March 2, 2020. One of the tourist attractions affected by COVID-19 is the Conservation in the Public Interest such as safari parks, zoos and animal parks. This study aims to: analyze the management of the Sumatran Tiger in the Indonesian Safari Park Cisarua Bogor and the Ragunan Wildlife Park during the COVID-19 pandemic, analyze the steps to minimize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management of the Sumatran Tiger at the Indonesian Safari Park Cisarua Bogor and the Ragunan Wildlife Park. as well as formulating a strategy for managing the Sumatran Tiger in the face of a disease pandemic at the Taman Safari Indonesia Cisarua Bogor and the Ragunan Wildlife Park. The research method used is descriptive research method. The source of research data comes from primary data sources, namely the management of the Indonesian Safari Park Conservation Agency Cisarua Bogor and Ragunan Wildlife Park and secondary data sources obtained from literature studies. The data taken are the management of Sumatran tigers at the Cisarua Bogor Indonesian Safari Park and Ragunan Wildlife Park and the types of use of the Sumatran tiger in the Cisarua Bogor Indonesian Safari Park and Ragunan Wildlife Park. Field observations were carried out to photograph and directly collect data on the condition of the Indonesian Safari Park Conservation Institute, Cisarua Bogor and Ragunan Wildlife Park, as well as the management of the Sumatran Tiger which includes aspects of management, manpower handling animals, and utilization and documentation studies. Processing of data from observations, interviews and documentation studies using descriptive qualitative analysis, and SWOT analysis. Based on the results of the study, that the operational management of the Sumatran Tiger at Taman Safari Indonesia Cisarua Bogor and the Ragunan Wildlife Park runs in accordance with the rules of animal management applied at the General Conservation Institute even though the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the income generated from visitor entrance tickets, especially for the park. Safari Indonesia Cisarua Bogor. The implication of this research is to minimize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operational management and protection of Sumatran tigers in the General Conservation Institute, the government together with the Indonesian Zoo Association and the managers of the General Conservation Institute need to immediately draw up an emergency plan for animal management, especially the Sumatran tiger, while maintaining based on aspects of animal welfare and compiling Standard Operating Procedures to prevent the spread of COVID-19.

EFEKTIVITAS KEBERHASILAN PEREKAMAN HARIMAU SUMATERA (Panthera tigris sumatrae Pocock,1929) MENGGUNAKAN KAMERA JEBAKAN DI SPTN I SIPURAK HOOK TAMAN NASIONAL KERINCI SEBLAT

This research aims to evaluate the results of trials of the effectiveness of the use of camera traps in knowing the problems and constraints that can be used in developing strategies and solutions to the problem of using camera traps for Sumatran tigers. Number of camera traps installed as many as 14 cameras. Installation of camera traps is distinguished by three mounting heights of soil that is 35 cm, 40 cm, 45 cm. Data analysis is done to collect data recording every camera trap with Sumatran tiger object. The results showed that there were 4 trap camera units that successfully recorded the Sumatran tiger, with the most effective recording activity of Sumatran tiger is at 45 cm height with 86%. There are 4 trap camera units that suffered damage and loss. The most effective mounting height in the recording process is the height of the 45 cm installation with 60% comparison.

IDENTIFIKASI KELIMPAHAN JENIS SATWA MANGSA HARIMAU SUMATRA (Panthera tigris sumatrae) MENGGUNAKAN KAMERA JEBAK DI RESORT TALANG LAKAT TAMAN NASIONAL BUKIT TIGA PULUH

Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park is one of the national parks in Indonesia used as a conservation area for the sumatran tiger. The existence of the sumatran tiger is not separate from the ability of forest areas to provide habitat components, such as sources of food, water, and shelter. This research aimed to identify the animal species and abundance of sumatran tiger prey species at Talang Lakat Resort, Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park. Data collected by camera trap as primary data and secondary data collected at the Bukit Tiga puluh National Park Hall. The data were analyzed using the formula of species abundance and encounter rate. Based on the data results, there are five types of sumatran tiger prey recorded by camera traps in 2020, such as Helarctos malayanus, Macaca nemestrina, Argusiana argus, Hystrix Brachyura, and Muntiacus muntjak. The prey species with the highest species abundance and RAI values ​​in 2020 were Macaca nemestrina with a species abundance value of 40% and RAI 14 photos/day, while the lowest species abundance values ​​were Helarctos malayanus with a value of 7% and RAI 5 photos/day.

FOREST WAQF STRATEGY IN PROTECTING INDIGENOUS FORESTS IN ACEH PROVINCE

Aceh's forest is a biosphere reserve, a world heritage, and a natural habitat for animals, such as the Sumatran tiger, Ceumpala Kuneng, and Sumatran elephant. However, Aceh's forests are currently experiencing a deficit related to uncontrolled land conversion, among others due to forest conversion to oil palm land, gold mining, illegal logging, and illegal new stone mining. Although Aceh's forest area as of 2019 was 2,989,212 hectares, the damage figure reached 15,140 hectares. Thus, this study aims to create a model of Aceh’s forest waqf to protect it from the natural damage caused by humans. This qualitative research utilized the ANP (Analytic Network Process) analysis tool. The study results revealed that the most important factors for Aceh's forest waqf model were components of forest waqf, companies, and the government. Forest waqf solutions include infaq and shadaqah fund solutions, waqf institutions, and full-time nazhir (waqf manager). The company's solutions encompass institutional audits, citizen patrols, and reporting. Meanwhile, the government's solution can be in the form of a limitation solution, policy evaluation, and local government involvement. Besides, the strategy of forest waqf in protecting indigenous forests in Aceh Province can be in the form of synergies between forest waqf and BAZNAS (National Zakat Amil Agency), monitoring local officials, and granting authority to local governments.

Wildlife Camera Trapping: Estimating the Abundance of Sumatran Tiger’s Prey in Way Kambas National Park

The Sumatran tiger is one of the endemic species in Indonesia which has been driven to extinction. This species has been categorized as critically endangered by IUCN and as Appendix I by CITES. Loss of prey is one of the threats to the Sumatran tiger’s population. It is an essential factor to maintain the existence of the Sumatran tiger. The study aimed to reveal the abundance of the Sumatran tiger prey using the camera trap method in Way Kambas National Park where one of the Sumatran tiger’s habitats. Our study was conducted from March until August 2020. We used 16 Camera traps which were divided into 2 Sites, Resort Pengelolaan Taman Nasional (RPTN) Sekapuk and Way Kanan. We found five species of Preys. They are wild boar (Sus scrofa), Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina), red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac), and Mouse deer (Tragulus kanchil). The highest number of abundance was Sus scrofa (63%), and the lowest number of abundance was Rusa unicolor (0,94%). Our findings concluded that the potential preferred prey was Sus scrofa and Muntiacus muntjac.

Positive reinforcement conditioning as Sumatran tiger's (Panthera tigris sumatrae) social enrichment at Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation Rescue Centre, Lampung, Indonesia

Abstract. Kiranaputri G, Sjahfirdi L, Tumbelaka LITA, Yana A, Priyanto SK, Anggarsari LY, Marizal. 2021. Positive reinforcement conditioning as Sumatran tiger's (Panthera tigris sumatrae) social enrichment at Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation Rescue Centre, Lampung, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 55-61. Tiger individuals are translocated to ex-situ conservations due to human-tiger conflicts and may express behavioral change (stereotypic) in captivity. Furthermore, medical check-up routines may cause injury and stress between tiger and operators under tough circumstances. Positive reinforcement conditioning (PRC) is a well-known method to minimize the risks on medical examination and as social enrichment. Therefore, the purposes of this research are (i) to examine PRC on tiger's blood sample collections and (ii) the correlation between physiological stress and tiger's stereotypic behavior (SB) through the neutrophil per lymphocyte ratio (N/L ratio) method. Four Sumatran tigers’ (1 female, 3 males) behavior were observed using focal animal sampling at Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation Rescue Centre, Lampung, Indonesia. Each baseline and post-enrichment tiger's behavioral observations were conducted for 1.920 minutes (1 male & 1 female) and 960 minutes (2 males). Then SB was categorized into low (<33,33%), intermediate (33,34-66,66%) or high (>66,67%). Blood collections (BC) were conducted twice (1st without PRC and 2nd with PRC) directly on the tiger after the behavior observation. Tiger's physiological stress during BC was analyzed with Wilcoxon. The correlation between physiological stress and SB was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis. All tigers’ N/L ratios were in normal value from this present research during both BC. The tigers did not show chronical stress as long this research was conducted. PRC was significantly effective to reduce tiger physiological stress during BC (Z= -0,730, P= 0,465 < 0,05). All tigers showed low (<33,33%) pacing SB (without fur-plucking, self-biting, and self-mutilation behavior) both in baseline and post-enrichment. Any fur-plucking, self-biting & self-mutilation behaviors were not observed. Physiological stress was not correlated to SB ( = 3, P= 0,392 > 0,05). The PRC was an appropriate and effective tool to handle Sumatran tigers during BC. These tigers performed SB as a coping mechanism in the enclosure.

Using Keeper Questionnaires to Capture Zoo-Housed Tiger (Panthera tigris) Personality: Considerations for Animal Management

Individual personalities affect animal experiences of zoo environments, impact on an animal’s coping ability and have potential implications for welfare. Keeper assessments have been identified as a quick and reliable way of capturing data on personality in a range of species and have practical application in improving animal welfare on an individual level. Despite widespread recognition of the importance of animal personality within a zoo environment, there is a paucity of research into tiger personality and the potential impact of this on tiger experiences within zoos. This research investigated the personality of 34 tigers (19 Amur and 15 Sumatran) across 14 facilities in the UK using keeper ratings and identified changes keepers made in animal husbandry to support tiger welfare. Reliability across keepers (n = 49) was established for nine adjectives and a principal component analysis identified three personality components: ‘anxious’, ‘quiet’ and ‘sociable’. When subspecies were combined, there was no relationship between tiger scores on the personality components and age or sex of tigers (p > 0.05). Subspecies of tiger was not related to scores on the ‘quiet’ or ‘sociable’ components (p > 0.05). Sumatran tigers scored more highly than Amur tigers on the ‘anxious’ component (mean ± SD, Sumatran: 3.0 ± 1.7, Amur: 1.8 ± 0.6, p < 0.05). Analysis within subspecies found that male Amur tigers were more sociable than females (mean ± SD, males: 5.5 ± 0.707; females: 4.15 ± 0.55). Amur tiger age was also negatively correlated with scores on the sociable personality component (R = −0.742, p < 0.05). No significant differences were seen in Sumatran tigers. Keepers reported a number of changes to husbandry routines based on their perceptions of their tigers’ personality/needs. However, there was no significant relationship between these changes and tiger personality scores (p > 0.05). Despite significant evolutionary differences between Amur and Sumatran tigers, there are no subspecies specific guidelines for zoo tigers. This research has highlighted the potential for these two subspecies to display personality differences and we advocate further research into this area. Specifically, we highlight a need to validate the relationship between tiger personality, management protocols and behavioural and physiological metrics of welfare. This will enable a fuller understanding of the impact of personality on zoo tiger experiences and will enable identification of evidence-based best practice guidelines.

Species diversity, abundance, and wildlife conservation status in Batang Gadis National Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Rambe IF, Rambey R, Siregar S. 2021. Species diversity, abundance, and wildlife conservation status in Batang Gadis National Park, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 5189-5196. Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest biodiversity in the world. Furthermore, the biodiversity of floral and faunal species is still being monitored and maintained, one of which is in the forest of the National Park. Batang Gadis National Park is a habitat for various species of endemic Sumatran wildlife, most of which are endangered species in the world. Therefore, this study aimed to inventory wild animals and to calculate their abundance in the Batang Gadis National Park. The study used camera traps as recording devices that were installed on permanent and non-permanent plots based on evidential animal trajectories in the National Park Management Section Region III Resort 7 Forest of Ampung Padang Forest in 2018. In the permanent plot, 10 species were documented within nine families, namely the Felidae, Tapiridae, Cervidae, Viverridae, Ursidae, Tragulidae, Suidae, Tupaiidae, and the Cercopithecidae. The highest species abundance was Macaca nemestrina (36.17%), and the second-highest was Muntiacus muntjak Zimmermann (14.89%), and then Tapirus indicus Desmarest (10,64%). Also, the Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae Pocock) was in the fourth position with a value of 10.63% of species abundance. Meanwhile, the lowest abundance index value was from clouded leopard (Neofelis diardi Cuvier) with 2.12%. The abundance of species from the non-permanent plots using camera trap documented a total of 13 species with 12 families namely Felidae, Tapiridae, Cervidae, Hystricidae, Viverridae, Muridae, Phasianidae, Tragulidae, Suidae, Muscicapidae, Tupaiidae, and Cercopithecidae. The highest was documented from wild boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) at 42.48% and the second-highest species abundance was macaque (N. nemestrina) at 26.144%. The lowest species abundance index values were tapir (T. indicus) and Javan blue robin (Myiomela diana Lesson) with 0,33% and 0,33 %, respectively. The existence of documented wildlife species in our study affirmsed the importance of Batang Gadis National Park as a natural habitat for some key and protected species.

TINGKAT RISIKO KONFLIK MANUSIA DAN HARIMAU SUMATERA DI SEKITARAN HUTAN TANAMAN INDUSTRI PT. ARARA ABADI DISTRIK TAPUNG RISK LEVEL OF HUMAN AND SUMATERAN TIGERS (PANTHERA TIGRIS SUMATRAE)IN PT. ARARA ABADI DISTRIK TAPUNG INDUSTRIAL FOREST

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) categorizes the Sumatran tiger as an endangered species in crisis, which is the highest category of extinction threat. One of the causes of the extinction of the Sumatran tiger is conflict with humans. The meeting of human activities and the roaming area of tigers in the same space creates an adverse conflict on both sides.This research was conducted in the Hutan Tanaman Industri of PT. Arara Abadi, Tapung District, located in Siak Regency and Kampar Regency, Riau Province, to be precise in Rantau Bertuah Village and Garo City Village. The research method is a qualitative approach. Primary data obtained from observations and interviews, and document studies. Secondary data obtained from literature studies are landscape maps, animal monitoring data, and biodiversity reports of PT. Arara Abadi, Tapung district. In addition, the literature study is also sourced from the Riau BKSDA wildlife monitoring data document. Result: Conflict between humans and Sumatran tigers occurred in the concession area of PT. Riau Abadi Lestari to be precise in a conservation area, in a community plantation area. The social losses that occur are in the form of psychological losses, while other losses such as human injuries or death do not occur. The economic loss was Rp. 42,000,000. In addition, some residents lost their working days to cultivate their gardens. The frequency of conflicts that occurred in Rantau Bertuah Village did not recur and conflicts that occurred in Kota Garo Village occurred repeatedly throughout 2020.Conflicts that occur in Rantau Bertuah Village are low risk. Meanwhile, the conflict that occurred in the village of Kota Garo was included in moderate risk.

Does an Animal–Visitor Interactive Experience Drive Conservation Action?

Inspiring visitors to engage in conservation-related behaviour following a zoo visit is a primary objective for most zoos. Animal–visitor interactive (AVI) experiences are often central to this goal. Yet, these interactive experiences are insufficiently evaluated from both the visitors’ and captive animals’ perspectives. The current study took place at Fota Wildlife Park and involved the construction of an environmental enrichment device during an interactive visitor experience with Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). It aimed to simultaneously encourage pro-conservation behaviour in visitors and promote animal welfare. Visitors (n = 51) completed a survey, observed the tigers’ behaviour and made a pledge to help tigers in the wild after completion of the AVI. Tiger behaviour was simultaneously observed by a trained researcher using occurrence or non-occurrence sampling, which found no indication that tiger welfare was compromised during the activity and was likely enhanced by engaging with the enrichment. Additionally, visitors observed a range of tigers’ behaviours. The results indicated that some visitors (8%) had continued with their pledge six weeks after the experience, and most visitors exhibited a high level of knowledge and a positive attitude towards tigers. The use of enrichment during AVIs may be a positive link between the visitor experience and animal welfare. These results can be used to guide AVIs in zoos which aim to connect people with nature and drive pro-conservation behaviour in visitors.

The Patterns of Law Enforcement on Eradicating Illegal Activities to Protect Sumatran Tiger Habitat in Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation, Bukit Barisan National Park

Law enforcement plays a vital role to prevent the extinction of endangered species, including the Sumatran tiger. We investigated the roles of private sector involvement in Tambling Wildlife Nature Conservation (TWNC) for supporting law enforcement by Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park (BBSNP) agencies. We explored the relationship between law enforcement in the environment and forestry on illegal activities within the habitat of the Sumatran tiger in the TWNC area. We collected data on law enforcement and illegal activities during the period of 2000-2018 from BBSNP and TWNC management through secondary data and conducted semi-structured interviews with selected persons, including managers and staff. Additional data on illegal activities data was also obtained through the SMART programme. Our study showed that law and non-law enforcement approaches on environment and forestry during 2001-2018 reduced illegal activities within the TWNC area. However, the approach was not effective to reduce illegal activities if not implemented synergistically. This was evidenced by the guard posts burning case in the TNWC area. We highlighted that the law and non-law enforcement approach on environment and forestry must be implemented involving more synergy ways to reduce illegal activities in the habitat of Sumatran tiger in TWNC.

Eumycetoma and disseminated phaeohyphomycosis in a Sumatran tiger.

A 16-y-old female Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) was evaluated for hyporexia. Examination revealed chronic kidney disease and a large subcutaneous axillary mass with draining tracts that contained numerous small black grains. Histologic examination revealed the presence of intralesional fungal hyphae. Persistent hyporexia and pyogranulomatous disease, as well as progressive cachexia and azotemia occurred despite treatment, and euthanasia was performed. Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis was diagnosed on postmortem examination, additionally affecting various lymph nodes, the nasal cavity, mesenteric adipose tissue, abdominal aorta, pericardium, and kidney. Fungal culture from a deep-tissue sample isolated a pure growth of Curvularia sp., a dematiaceous opportunistic fungus able to cause eumycetomas and/or phaeohyphomycosis. Phaeohyphomycosis is a rare but emerging condition, not previously reported as disseminated disease in an exotic carnivore, to our knowledge. Aggressive systemic antifungal treatment was unsuccessful, likely complicated by diagnostic challenges and concurrent renal disease. The presence of a swelling with abundant grains exiting draining tracts should direct clinicians to the diagnosis of a mycetoma, warranting early and aggressive treatment.

Exploiting genomic synteny in Felidae: cross-species genome alignments and SNV discovery can aid conservation management

BackgroundWhile recent advances in genomics has enabled vast improvements in the quantification of genome-wide diversity and the identification of adaptive and deleterious alleles in model species, wildlife and non-model species have largely not reaped the same benefits. This has been attributed to the resources and infrastructure required to develop essential genomic datasets such as reference genomes. In the absence of a high-quality reference genome, cross-species alignments can provide reliable, cost-effective methods for single nucleotide variant (SNV) discovery. Here, we demonstrated the utility of cross-species genome alignment methods in gaining insights into population structure and functional genomic features in cheetah (Acinonyx jubatas), snow leopard (Panthera uncia) and Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), relative to the domestic cat (Felis catus).ResultsAlignment of big cats to the domestic cat reference assembly yielded nearly complete sequence coverage of the reference genome. From this, 38,839,061 variants in cheetah, 15,504,143 in snow leopard and 13,414,953 in Sumatran tiger were discovered and annotated. This method was able to delineate population structure but limited in its ability to adequately detect rare variants. Enrichment analysis of fixed and species-specific SNVs revealed insights into adaptive traits, evolutionary history and the pathogenesis of heritable diseases.ConclusionsThe high degree of synteny among felid genomes enabled the successful application of the domestic cat reference in high-quality SNV detection. The datasets presented here provide a useful resource for future studies into population dynamics, evolutionary history and genetic and disease management of big cats. This cross-species method of variant discovery provides genomic context for identifying annotated gene regions essential to understanding adaptive and deleterious variants that can improve conservation outcomes.

Pendampingan Potensi Wisata Kearifan Lokal Batik Motif Khas Satwa Lampung di Desa Labuhan Ratu VII Lampung Timur

Abstract Labuhan Ratu VII is one of settlements next to Way Kambas National Park, and has experienced elephants – human conflict. Batik BARATA has developed wildlife motives such as sumatran elephants, tigers and rhinos. It is potential for ecotourism packages and education as well as wildlife conservation in Lampung. Its companionship were carried out by off and online from July 2019 - October 2020 under TFCA Sumatra UNILA-ALeRT Consortium program. BARATA Batik becomes one great ecotourism attractant in Labuhan Ratu VII. Keywords: Companionship, ecotourism, wildlife, Labuhan Ratu VII, TFCA Sumatera

The Increase of Sumatran Tiger’s Prey Following Eradication of <i>Melastoma malabatrichum</i> in Way Kambas National Park, Indonesia

The invasion of the planter's rhododendron (Melastoma malabatrichum) in Way Kambas National Park caused the loss of the sumatran tiger preys feeding ground, therefore efforts were made to eradicate the plant. This study aimed to compare the presence of sumatran tiger preys between M. malabatrichum-invaded location and eradicated location. Eradication was carried out by removing M. malabatrichum on a plot measuring 80 x 60 m2. To record the animal visit, the camera traps were placed at the eradicated and invaded location of M. malabatrichum for comparison. The results showed that the M. malabatrichum eradicated location was more frequently visited by sumatran tiger preys. At the M. malabatrichum eradicated location, camera traps recorded 19 species of wild boar having the highest encounter rate (55.23) followed by sambar deer (33.24), and long-tailed macaque (17.43). Meanwhile, at the M. malabatrichum invaded location, camera traps recorded 13 species with wild boar having the highest encounter rate (30.56), followed by sambar deer (14.75), and long-tailed macaque (14.48). Thus, the eradication of M. malabatrichum had a good impact on increasing the number of sumatran tiger preys due to the availability of feed after being free from M. malabatrichum invasion.

Behavioural Differences in Captive Sumatran Tigers (Panthera tigrissumatrae)

Measuring behavioural differences for captive Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigrissumatrae) is a useful tool for the optimisation of captive environments and animal welfare. Behavioural differences can be measured by comparing several individuals and by comparing days with enrichment to days without enrichment. The behaviour of two individuals can vary for reasons such as age and sex, where age can play a part in the activity level of an individual as well as age-related diseases can impact behavior. Using statistical analyses on data collected by observing tigers (n=4) in Aalborg Zoo, Denmark, throughout 15 days, it was possible to visualize and calculate significant changes in behaviour when comparing enrichment and control days. The main focus of this study was the individual behavioural differences on enrichment and control days.All individuals showed increased activity on enrichment days. This study also aimed to investigate whether meloxicam had an effect on the behaviourof an aged male Sumatran tiger as a tool to assess if he had pain. No significant behavioural changes were observed in the behaviour of the tiger with or without meloxicam treatment. In conclusion, there were differences in the behaviour of individuals of different age andsex and how the individuals reacted to enrichment.

Causal loop of system thinking in mitigating human tiger conflict based livelihood around Leuser

Human tiger conflict (HTC) has become serious problem in Indonesia in term of conservation effort of Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) since population of this species has declined in recent years. The threat of tiger death increases following the number of conflict accidents with humans. The solution requires a comprehensive approach, because it involves the interests of parties. This research was conducted around Gunung Leuser National Park by purposive sampling in Bahorok (Langkat Regency) and Tapaktuan (South Aceh Regency). This study used the system thinking approach in looking at the variables that affected the complexity of HTC. Analysis of needs resulted variables as controlled input of model that describing by causal loop. This study will see the interrelationship of conflict-causing factors with the livelihoods of forest communities. Five aspects of livelihood that became the focus of research consisted environmental, economic, social, human and physical resources. The causal loop of each variable reflected in a diagram.