Cooking Palm Oil Research Articles

Comparative study of chemical quality and sensory attributes of top brand cooking oils in Indonesia

Cooking oil is one of the food products that are the basic needs of people in Indonesia. To maintain the quality of cooking oil, the government has issued a regulation that requires cooking oil to use in packaging. For four consecutive years (2019 – 2022), there have been three brands of packaged cooking oil with the highest Top Brand Index (TBI), namely A, B, and C brands. However, whether this is in line with chemical qualities and people's preferences regarding sensory attributes needs to be explored. The purpose of this study was to compare the chemical qualities of 3 cooking oils based on TBI and to find out the ranking of brands based on the sensory attributes of these cooking oils according to the people in Subang. It tested the quality of palm cooking oil based on SNI 7709:2019 with water and volatile matter, free fatty acid content, peroxide value, vitamin A, and pelican oil. Parameters in the ranking test are color, clarity, odor, and texture of packaged palm cooking oil. Order of TBI-based palm cooking oil brands according to chemical quality. The First Rank A brand has the lowest value of water content and volatile matter (0.028%), free fatty acids (0.009%) and peroxide value (0.1 Mek O2/kg), as well as vitamin A content (61.2 IU/g) and negative results for pelican oil. Ranking test results with respondents in Subang showed that the 1-3 brand ranks were C, B, and A-brands. The preference rating for cooking oil in Subang is inversely proportional to TBI and its chemical quality.

Purification of glycerol from biodiesel by-product by using kitchen vinegar

Indonesia is a country that produces large amounts of palm oil. Oil palm plantations are often found in Sumatra and Kalimantan. Palm oil is usually used as a raw material for making cooking oil. Apart from that, it can be used as a raw material for biodiesel production from vegetable oil taken from palm oil. The production of biodiesel from palm cooking oil produces a by-product in the form of glycerol, where the glycerol is still in the form of crude glycerol which cannot be utilized. Glycerol purification is carried out by the method of acidification and evaporation to remove the KOH catalyst and methanol that are still present in the crude glycerol. The acid used was 2 ml of kitchen vinegar and was carried out 3 times. The purpose of this study was to obtain glycerol and water content. The results of this study showed that the highest glycerol content was 83.47%, the lowest water content was 1.83%, the lowest pH was 12.00 and the color of glycerol was blackish brown.

Highly Selective Bio-hydrocarbon Production using Sidoarjo Mud Based-Catalysts in the Hydrocracking of Waste Palm Cooking Oil

In this work, Lapindo mud (LM) was used as catalyst support. This is because the Lapindo mud has a high SiO2 content of 45.33 %. This research aims to produce a hydrocracking catalyst based on Lapindo mud through impregnation of Ni and Pt metals as well as grafting amine groups. Ni and Pt metals impregnation using wet impregnation method followed by amine group grafting. The best catalyst in this study was NiPt-NH2/LM which contained Ni and Pt metals, surface area, and pore diameters of 1.68 wt.% and 0.4 wt.%, 6.59 m2/g, 15.51 nm, respectively. The effectiveness of the catalyst was tested against temperature and catalyst: feed ratio. The catalyst with the best activity and selectivity was tested for reusability 3 times through hydrocracking process. The yield of liquid products obtained in the hydrocracking process of WPO using NiPt-NH2/LM catalyst with the optimum temperature and the weight ratio of catalyst:feed at 550 oC was 79.4 wt. % which consists of hydrocarbon compound of 55.9 wt.%. The yield of liquid products obtained in the hydrocracking WPO using the used NiPt-BH2/LM catalyst was 28.4 wt.% which consists of hydrocarbon compound of 23.6 wt.%. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

Enzyme Kinetic of Lipase Catalysed Acidolysis of Used Cooking Palm Oil

Enzymatic acidolysis of various fats and oils has successfully shown a promising ability to alter specific positions of lipids and incorporate desirable fatty acids at specific positions. However, used cooking oil utilization for enzymatic acidolysis is still lacking scientific investigation. Hence, this study aims to utilize used cooking palm oil (UCPO) by enhancing the oleic acid content via enzymatic acidolysis using immobilized C. rugosa lipase. The optimum substrate molar ratio (mol/mol) was identified based on the analysis of the peroxide, iodine, and acid values. Then, kinetic parameters, Km and Vmax for the enzymatic acidolysis of UCPO were calculated. Substrate molar ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:5 mol/mol (oil: acid) was varied to evaluate the peroxide, acid, and iodine values. The reaction conditions such as reaction temperature (50 °C), reaction time (24 hours), enzyme concentration (0.05 g), agitation speed (250 rpm), and pH (7) were fixed throughout the experiment. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic model was selected to describe the kinetic of enzymatic acidolysis of UCPO. The result showed that incorporation of oleic acid in UCPO has been successfully achieved with the increased in IV value from 39.47 I2/g to 110.53 I2/g. The optimum substrate molar ratio obtained was 1:3 mol/mol with the highest iodine value of 110.53 I2/g. The best linear regression approach is Lineweaver-Burk plot with the values of Vmax and Km were 34.5658 μmol/ml.min and 0.06 mol/L, respectively. The enzyme activity for C. rugosa lipase was obtained at 0.5804 μmol/min.ml.

Identifikasi Citra Kualitas Minyak Kelapa Sawit Berbasis Android Menggunakan Algoritma Convolutional Neural Network

The Central Statistics Agency reports that the average development of palm cooking oil consumption at the household level in Indonesia during the 2015-2020 period has increased by 2.32% per year. The use of cooking oil repeatedly is commonplace among the people of Indonesia and quite a lot. Even though the use of cooking oil can endanger health because the frying process at high temperatures can damage the chemical structure of the oil. Therefore, in this study, image processing was carried out to identify the quality of palm oil using the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm. This research was conducted through several stages, namely dataset collection, dataset preprocessing, CNN algorithm implementation, testing, and development of information systems. The dataset consists of image data of palm cooking oil that has not been used, palm cooking oil used for frying twice, and palm cooking oil used for frying more than twice. The total amount of data is 3000 image data. Distribution of training data and test data using the Pareto division of 80:20. Based on the test, the best accuracy is 97.08%. This research produces an android-based information system that can identify the quality of cooking oil based on the classification.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Palm Cooking Oil Using Immobilized Candida rugosa Lipase

Biodiesel production from Waste Palm Cooking Oil (WPCO) is of interest to substitute fossil derived diesel fuel, due to its renewable nature, cleaner emissions and non-toxic properties. Thus, in this study, biodiesel production through transesterification process was optimized using immobilized lipase from Candida rugosa and WPCO collected from the faculty’s cafeteria as a feedstock. Interaction between five operating factors: molar ratio of ethanol to oil, water content, lipase loading, reaction temperature and time on the biodiesel yield were investigated. It was observed that, with the optimal conditions of 10:1 molar ratio of ethanol to oil, 1 g water, temperature 40 °C, 0.8 g immobilized lipase and 32 h reaction time, a yield of 85.72% of biodiesel could be achieved. Thus, this study shows that WPCO, an environmental waste, can be utilized as a promising feedstock for biodiesel production using environmentally friendly biocatalysts such as immobilized lipase.

ANALISIS ASPEK FINANSIAL KELAYAKAN INVESTASI PENDIRIAN PABRIK MINYAK GORENG DI KAWASAN INDUSTRI KEMINGKING PROVINSI JAMBI

As one of the largest palm oil producers in Indonesia, Jambi should have a palm oil downstream industry. This study aims to determine the feasibility of establishing a Palm Cooking Oil Factory in Jambi. In determining the feasibility of investing in a cooking oil factory, a financial aspect analysis is carried out, which consists of an analysis of Capex, Opex, Payback Period (PP), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Profitability Index (PI). The results of the analysis from the financial aspect indicate that the establishment of a palm cooking oil factory is declared feasible with a project life of 10 years at a discount rate of 8.7%. The analysis of the eligibility criteria resulted in a Payback Period (PP) for 8 months 7 weeks, a Net Present Value (NPV) of Rp.1,313,277.385,474,- Profitability Index (PI) value of 1.05% and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 17.45%

Potential development of an optical sensor to determine the quality of heated palm cooking oil

Palm oil is an <span>edible vegetable oil yielded from the mesocarp of the palm oil’s fruit. It is commonly used as cooking oil as compared to other cooking oil such as olive or coconut oil because it is inexpensive and has high oxidative stability when used for frying. However, after frequent frying, the oil undergoes some physical and chemical reactions which affect the quality. This leads to the formation of compound that is dangerous to human body which is called free fatty acid (FFA). Therefore, a measurement device needs to be developed to determine the quality of heated cooking oil. In this paper, a spectroscopy study using an open-path method which focus on the palm cooking oil is proposed to examine the reaction of palm oil upon prolonged heating process. Open-path method is a technique where the incident beam will travel through the sample (palm oil) before it is detected by a spectrometer. The result shows that the FFA samples have the optimum absorbance peak at the UV wavelength 339.15 nm and each prolonged heated oil show different absorbance value. Hence, there is a potential to develop an optical sensor to determine the quality of the heated cooking oil.</span>

Emerging Research Trend in Chemical Technology Towards Sustainable Development

The rapid industrialization and urbanization as well as rising global transportation have induced numerous challenges regarding energy security, environmental protection, waste management, and greenhouse gas emissions across the world. Addressing these current issues is crucial to guarantee the sustainable development, green environment, and circular economy. The implementation of advanced chemical technology in industrial production, worldwide transportation, and environmental treatment could contribute to efficiently solve these global challenges. This special issue of Chemical Engineering & Technology highlights the recent research trends in chemical technology towards sustainable development such as advanced material synthesis from various waste sources, biological and thermochemical processes for alternative biofuels and chemicals production. In particular, the synthesis of polysulfide from waste cooking palm oil and the production of hybrid films reinforced with cellulose nanofibers used as packaging materials are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, a comprehensive review regarding waste biomasses transformation to value-added biofuels and biochemicals via thermochemical processes, namely, liquefaction, gasification, torrefaction, and pyrolysis, is presented in this special issue. The environmental benefits associated with these approaches are also underlined. Computer-aided methods including simulation, modeling, and optimization of different chemical engineering processes for energy and environmental applications are offered as well. The contribution from authors across the world to this thematic issue is highly appreciated. The guest editors also acknowledge the valuable effort and constructive comments from reviewers for manuscript assessment. Lastly, we would like to appreciate the Editor in Chief Dr. Barbara Böck and the entire editorial office for their valuable support and guidance during the completion of this topical issue. Dr. Dai-Viet N. Vo, Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Vietnam Dr. Sumaiya Zainal Abidin, Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia Dr. P. Senthil Kumar, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, India Dr. Muthusamy Govarthanan, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, South Korea Dai-Viet N. Vo Sumaiya Zainal Abidin P. Senthil Kumar Muthusamy Govarthanan

Eggshell Membrane Functionalized with Waste Palm Cooking Oil for Removal of Alizarin Red from Aqueous Solutions

Eggshell Membrane Functionalized with Waste Palm Cooking Oil for Removal of Alizarin Red from Aqueous Solutions

Performance of a Hybrid Catalyst from Amine Groups and Nickel Nanoparticles Immobilized on Lapindo Mud in Selective Production of Bio-hydrocarbons

In the present work, optimum conditions for hydrocracking of waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) over a Ni-NH2/Lapindo mud catalyst were studied to obtain a high quantity and quality of biofuel. The utilized catalyst support material was Lapindo mud (LM) from Sidoarjo, Indonesia, which was only given physical treatment (i.e., washing, drying, grinding, and calcining). Ni/LM was prepared via wet impregnation in three different Ni weight loadings: 1, 5, and 10 wt.%, which were denoted as Ni(A)/LM, Ni(B)/LM, and Ni(C)/LM, respectively. As a result, the hydrocracking test of WPCO under the temperature of 470 °C and a feed/catalyst weight ratio of 50 showed that the Ni(A)/LM catalyst produced the highest liquid product reaching 46.65 wt.% among the other Ni-based catalysts. The liquid product can be increased drastically to 63.93 wt.% under a more optimum temperature at 550 °C. Functionalization of Ni(A)/LM as the best catalyst was carried out by grafting method with NH2 groups from 3-APTMS, resulting in Ni(A)-NH2/LM. This modification increased the liquid product to 68.17 wt.% under hydrocracking conditions using a weight ratio of 75. Moreover, the reusability of Ni(A)-NH2/LM was found to be effective for three hydrocracking runs, constantly yielding an average biofuel of 80 wt.%.

Polysulfide Synthesis Using Waste Cooking Palm Oil via Inverse Vulcanization

AbstractElemental sulfur and waste cooking palm oil (WCO) are abundant industrial by‐products from petrochemical and food processing industries, respectively. WCO was used as a crosslinker to prepare a high‐sulfur‐content polymer through inverse vulcanization. Polysulfides were generated under vigorous stirring of WCO with elemental sulfur at different temperatures, crosslinking ratios, and reaction times. The physicochemical properties of the produced polysulfides were determined and the thermal stability was analyzed. The FTIR spectra including the breakdown of C=C and formation of C–S bond confirmed the change of functional groups between WCO and produced polymer. The effect of saturated and unsaturated triglycerides of WCO is clearly visible in SEM micrographs. The polysulfide with a 70 wt % sulfur feed ratio showed excellent morphological and thermal properties.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a new heterogeneous catalyst SrO doped CaO nanoparticles

Biodiesel production from waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) was studied. Calcium oxide with a strontium ion additive (Sr-CaO) was employed as a catalyst in transesterification reaction of used palm oil with methanol. The Sr-CaO was synthesized by co-precipitation method between SrCl2 and Ca(NO3)2, then calcined at 900°C for 5 h. The catalyst was characterized by using thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). The morphology and elements content of Sr and Ca in the catalyst were confirmed by SEM-EDX. The approximate catalyst diameter is 12.6±5.9 µm. The highest conversion was 99.33% (the reaction time 3 h, 5%w/w catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio 9:1 and reaction temperature 80°C). The catalyst can be used up to the sixth cycles with a good yield. The synthesized biodiesel meet the requirement of standard biodiesel (EN 14103 and ASTM D445). These findings suggest that calcium oxide with a strontium ion additive (Sr-CaO) is an effective renewable biodiesel catalyst.

Effects of adulterated palm cooking oil on the quality of fried chicken nuggets

Introduction. There is a rising concern over food safety caused by an increasing trend towards adulterating fresh cooking oil with used cooking oil in Malaysia. Recent decades have seen more cases of high-quality edible cooking oil adulteration with reused oil, driven by high market demand and profit margins. In this study, we aimed to analyze the properties of vegetable oils and their effect on the quality of fried chicken nuggets.
 Study objects and methods. We determined free fatty acid contents and characterized the properties of fresh palm olein, used cooking oil, and adulterated oil. We also compared the sensory quality attributes of chicken nuggets fried in fresh and adulterated oils.
 Results and discussion. The content of free fatty acids consistently increased with rising adulteration levels. The FTIR spectral analyses revealed significant differences between fresh, used, and adulterated oils at 3006, 2922, 2853, 2680, 1744, 1654, 987, 968, and 722 cm–1. The oil samples with high adulterant concentrations demonstrated a linear increasing trend in K232 and K 270 values, where higher absorbance values indicated severe deterioration in the oil quality. The sensory evaluation showed no significant effect (P > 0.05) of adulteration with used cooking oil on the quality of fried chicken nuggets.
 Conclusion. Our findings filled in a gap in the previous studies which only focused on the effects of adulteration on the oil properties. The study also provides valuable information to regulatory authorities on the reliability of quality parameters and modern instruments in edible oil adulteration detection.

PENINGKATAN KUALITAS PRODUK SHORTENING MENGGUNAKAN PENDEKATAN DMAIC SIX SIGMA DI PT BEST GRESIK

PT. BEST is a manufacturing industry that is engaged in processing palm cooking oil, one of the processed products from the production process is shortening which is margarine for processed household products. In the production process found a very high level of product defects, several factors that become obstacles that cause product defects. The high level of product defects resulted in low product quality and a decrease in the amount of production. Product quality improvement using the DMAIC Six Sigma concept approach is able to identify the factors causing product defects and improve product quality. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that cause product defects and provide suggestions for improvements to improve the quality of Shortening products. The results of the analysis show that the DPMO value is 22,090.93 with a sigma level of 3.5124 with the largest defect rate being cardboard defects of 40.83%. Proposed improvements provide training to operators to improve machine operating skills, periodic inspection of raw materials to maintain the quality of raw materials, periodic machine repairs to avoid a decrease in the quality of production.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Against Staphylococcus Aureus

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus which acts as a pathogen causing awide range of infectious diseases. In recent years, several strains of S. aureus have been found to showresistance to several antibiotics. Waste cooking oil may be considered as an alternative antibacterialproduct, as it contains long-chain fatty acids whose antibacterial effectiveness against S. aureus hasbeen known for years. In addition, oxidative biocides produced during the frying process have manytargets for antibacterial activity in the cell and affect almost every biomolecule. Nonetheless, there isno literature that is able to prove the antimicrobial effects of the waste palm cooking oil. Objective: Toexamine the in vitro antibacterial effect of waste palm cooking oil against S. aureus. Method: a twofoldserial dilution method to set the minimum level of both inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations.Conclusion: This study showed that waste palm cooking oil did not show antibacterial effects againstS. aureus, indicating that waste palm cooking oil is not possibly to be applied as an antibacterial agentagainst S. aureus.

Experimental analysis of performance and emission of a turbocharged diesel engine operated in dual-fuel mode fueled with bamboo leaf-generated gaseous and waste palm oil biodiesel/diesel fuel blends

ABSTRACT In the present situation of emergencies of energy demand, rising oil cost, exhaustion of nonrenewable energy source assets. Biodiesel as well as producer gas acquired from vegetable oil, that is, waste palm cooking oil and biomass, that is, waste bamboo leaves are likely to be designated as the promising substitute fuel. Therefore, the goal of this research is to access the reduction in global warming gases mostly NOx and smoke associated with the introduction of producer gas along with waste cooking oil biodiesel. The current investigation draws out a test of preparing biodiesel from used waste palm cooking oil at different blending proportions and its application on a dual fuel mode turbocharged direct injection diesel engine, with varying load at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm. From the experimentation, it was seen that exhaust gas temperature and brake thermal efficiency reduced while, brake specific energy consumption increased by 10.81%↓, 14.08%↓, and 46%↑ relative to diesel fuel in single fuel mode. Taking into account the emission characteristics of smoke intensity, nitric oxide lowered by 63.59%↓, 91.71%↓but on the cost of higher hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide value of 40.63%↑ and 65.71%↑ in comparison to diesel mode when loaded to the maximum limit. Hence, it can eventually be concluded that waste palm cooking oil methyl ester blended biodiesel with bamboo leaf generated gaseous fuel can partially substitute existing diesel fuel with few engine alternations.

Synthesis of Nickel-loaded Sulfated Zirconia Catalyst and Its Application for Converting Used Palm Cooking Oil to Gasoline via Hydrocracking Process

The synthesis of the nickel-loaded sulfated zirconia catalyst (Ni-SZ) and its application for the hydrocracking process have been carried out. This work has been conducted to determine the activity and selectivity from various Ni concentrations loaded on sulfated zirconia (SZ) in the hydrocracking of used palm cooking oil. The synthesis technique was preceded by sulfation of ZrO2 through incipient wetness impregnation method using H2SO4 solution and then continued with the impregnation of Ni via hydrothermal method employing NiSO4 · 6H2O precursor salt. The hydrocracking process was performed in a fix-bed microreactor at the optimum temperature (350 °C). The SZ loaded with 3 wt% of Ni (Ni-SZ 3) successfully produced the highest liquid product (44.25 wt%) and selectivity on gasoline (100 %). Besides, the gasoline fraction in the liquid product was dominated by unwanted aromatics compounds. The excellent performance of Ni-SZ 3 due to it has high acidity value, specific surface area, and Ni content.

Modelling and optimization of free fatty acid reduction in bulk palm cooking oil

Bulk cooking oil from palm oil processing is one of the biodiesel materials which is available in large quantities. The pre-treatment process can be done by adding 100 mesh activated zeolite adsorbent as a substitute for the esterification process to reduce free fatty acid (FFA). The purpose of this research was to model and optimize the zeolite concentration and adsorption time to reduce free fatty acids in bulk palm cooking oil. This study used a response surface method with a central composite design (CCD), resulting in 13 experimental combinations of two factorial treatments, i.e. the concentration of zeolite adsorbent and adsorption time. The zeolite concentration and the adsorption time with an upper limit of 30% and 120 minutes and a lower limit of 10% and 60 minutes had a significant effect on the FFA reduction. The best model was a quadratic model. The testing of validation data used the recommended optimum combination, i.e. the zeolite concentration of 10.59% and the adsorption time of 101.57 minutes resulting in a deviation of 5.37% between the predicted data and the actual data.

Performance, Emission, and Economic Perspectives of a Diesel Engine Fueled with a Mixture of Hydroxy Gas and Biodiesel from Waste Palm Cooking Oil

This investigation experimentally examines the influence of hydroxy gas fumigation in a diesel engine fueled with a biodiesel blend derived from waste palm cooking oil (B10). For the experimental tests, a fixed rotation speed of 2000 rpm and a load condition of 50%, 75%, and 100% have been established. Hydroxy gas (HHO) has been added through the engine's air intake system at a flow of 0.5 lpm, 0.75 lpm, and 1 lpm. Results have demonstrated the positive effect of HHO fumigation on the combustion performance of the B10 blend. Moreover, a reduction of 4.3% in the BSFC and a 2.64% increase in peak pressure in B10 due to the presence of HHO have been observed. On the other hand, a decrease of 8.7%, 9.9%, and 22.8% in CO2, HC, and smoke opacity emissions has been evidenced with the addition of HHO in B10. B10 implementation has promoted NOx emission escalation. However, this increase has been only 1.23% compared to pure diesel. In conclusion, HHO enrichment favors combustion performance and emissions minimization, which represents a significant opportunity to mitigate the negative effect of the lower calorific power of these types of fuels.