Cooking Palm Oil Research Articles

The potential of palm oil production as a pathway to energy security in Thailand

This paper presents an analysis of the potential of palm oil production as a pathway to achieve the objectives of the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) of Thailand. The current and anticipated demands for domestic edible cooking palm oil consumption in Thailand, along with the demand for other marginal usages, are analyzed using a population-based model, while the palm oil needed to achieve the palm oil-based biodiesel production targets are set in the AEDP. Three scenarios are studied, i.e. base case, and with 10% variations. The anticipated demand for palm oil is transposed to surface areas needed to satisfy the total demand of palm oil. The three major characteristics for the selection of sites consist of topography (slope; elevation above mean sea level), climate (annual mean temperature, rainfall and sunshine hours; orientation), and soil characteristics (presence of clay loam and clay; depth of soil layer). The maps of suitable sites for new potential palm tree plantations are overlaid with the maps of current land use, on which prohibited and constrained zones are specifically excluded. Assuming average yields of 17%, results show that a total area of 17,800 km2 would be necessary for the production of the palm oil to achieve the 2036 AEDP energy objectives, while continuing to supply the necessary edible cooking palm oil and supplying the marginal usages.

Quality Test of Bulk Palm Cooking Oil In Local Market, Banjar, West Java, Indonesia Base on Perokside Value, Iodin Value and Number of Free Fatty Acid

Vegetable oil used as cooking oil was extracted from fruits of plants. vegetable oil is known as a source energy for human body and an important component for dissolving fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin A, D, E and K . Bulk palm cooking oil sold in many markets does not meet quality standards due to damage that can occur during processing such as heating and during storage. the quality of cooking oil is determined by odor, color, water content, peroxide number, iodine number and free fatty acid content. Chemical analysis for qulality test of palm coking oil include peroxide value, iodin value, and free fatty acid level by the titration method. This study aimed to determined peroxide value, iodine value and free fatty acid level the bulk palm cooking purchesed in traditional market, Banjar, West Java. The result of the reseach showed that peroxide value of bulk palm cooking oil, were obtained by AOAC analytical method was 3,33 mekO2/kg, iodin value 2,38 mg/100g, and free fatty acid level 0,037 mg NaOH/g. Based on the result, the bulk palm cooking oile saled in the Banjar market still under the quality according to SNI standards.

Impact of Increasing in Production Capacity of CPO Downstream Industries on Competitiveness and Welfare of Oil Palm Farmers in Indoneisa

Indonesia is the largest country in exporting crude palm oil (CPO) to the world market. However, the production capacity of the CPO downstream industries in Indonesia must continue to be increased, bearing in mind that Indonesia also imports CPO derivative products. In addition, oil palm plantations in Indonesia still face environmental and social issues, such as: deforestation, damage to peatlands, destruction of wildlife habitat (such as orang-utans), and land tenure conflicts. In this connection, Indonesia needs to continue to develop the CPO downstream industries that can increase added value and foreign exchange, absorb employment, and address environmental and social issues. Therefore we need appropriate government policies to support the development of the CPO downstream industries. The purposes of writing this paper were to analyze the factors that influence CPO demand by the CPO downstream industries (ie: palm cooking oil, margarine and soap industry) in Indonesia, and to evaluate the impact of facilitation policy that increasing production capacity of the CPO downstream industries on the CPO competitiveness of Indonesia-Malaysia and the palm cooking oil, margarine and soap competitiveness of Indonesia, as well as the welfare of oil palm farmers in the 2015-2017 period. This paper was part of the dissertation research results that using the CPO industry econometrics model. The dissertation model specification is a dynamic simultaneous equation consisting of 71 behavioral equations and 51 identities, while the model was estimated and simulated using the 2SLS and Newton methods. The results showed that the production capacity of the CPO downstream industries affected CPO demand by the CPO downstream industries. Furthermore, if the production capacity of CPO downstream industries (palm cooking oil, margarine, soap, biodiesel and others) increases, it will increase the Indonesian competitiveness in export CPO and its derivative and welfare of oil palm farmers in Indonesia.

Cationic polymerization of waste palm cooking oil under microwave irradiation

Waste palm cooking oil is one of the largest waste types in Indonesia and it is potential as a source of renewable materials. Conversion of the material was carried out by the cationic polymerization of the double bond (C=C) in the triglyceride. The polymerization using boron trifluoride-etherate (BF3-etherate) as the catalyst was performed under microwave irradiation. The irradiation was varied in some power settings and reaction times. The fatty acid components after purification were analysed using gas chromatography (GC). The parameter analysed were iodine number (titrimetric), maximum wavelength absorption (UV-visible spectrometry), functional groups (Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, FTIR) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC). The treatment using microwave irradiation produced solid polymer form with lower iodine number, meaning that the double bond in the fatty acid has reduced. The small amount of the double bond was also reflected by a hypochromic shift in the UV-vis spectra, as well as decreasing peak intensity at the C=C stretch in the FTIR spectra. The DSC thermogram of the product shows two endothermic transitions, indicating the melting point of the monomer and the polymer product.

Scratch Hardness Properties of Waste Palm Cooking Oil Based Polycaprolactone Urethane Coatings

Polyurethane has been widely used in various coating industries due to its good weathering resistance, promising appearance, excellent elasticity and good mechanical properties. The present work reports the development of polycaprolactone urethane coatings based on waste palm cooking oil (WPCO). WPCO was recycled to synthesis polycaprolactone (PCL) polyol using two-steps methods; transesterification and ring opening polymerization with various ratios of ε-CL to WPCO based polyesteramide. The WPCO based PCL polyols were reacted with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) to produce polycaprolactone urethane coatings. FTIR analyses were employed to confirm the formation of polyols and the scratch resistance properties of coatings were characterized by scratch hardness testing. The results revealed that the scratch resistance of polycaprolactone urethane coatings increased by increasing the ε-CL composition in the formulation.

Palm oil and dietary change: Application of an integrated macroeconomic, environmental, demographic, and health modelling framework for Thailand

Palm oil is a cooking oil and food ingredient in widespread use in the global food system. However, as a highly saturated fat, palm oil consumption has been associated with negative effects on cardiovascular health, while large scale oil palm production has been linked to deforestation. We construct an innovative fully integrated Macroeconomic-Environmental-Demographic-health (MED-health) model to undertake integrated health, environmental, and economic analyses of palm oil consumption and oil palm production in Thailand over the coming 20 years (2016–2035). In order to put a health and fiscal food policy perspective on policy priorities of future palm oil consumption growth, we model the implications of a 54% product-specific sales tax to achieve a halving of future energy intakes from palm cooking oil consumption. Total patient incidence and premature mortality from myocardial infarction and stroke decline by 0.03–0.16% and rural-urban equity in health and welfare improves in most regions. However, contrary to accepted wisdom, reduced oil palm production would not be environmentally beneficial in the Thailand case, since, once established, oil palms have favourable carbon sequestration characteristics compared to alternative uses of Thai cropland. The increased sales tax also provokes mixed economic impacts: While real GDP increases in a second-best Thai tax policy environment, relative consumption-to-investment price changes may reduce household welfare over extended periods unless accompanied by non-distortionary government compensation payments. Overall, our holistic approach demonstrates that product-specific fiscal food policy taxes may involve important trade-offs between nutrition, health, the economy, and the environment.

EVALUASI KUALITAS MUTU MINYAK GORENG MENGGUNAKAN POLARISATOR TERPADU BERDASARKAN METODE FLUORESENSI ELEKTROOPTIK

Evaluation of quality of cooking oil using integrated polarizer based on fluorescence polarization method has been carried out. Integrated polarizer used a green laser with a wavelength of 532 ± 10 nm. Measurements were made by observing changes in fluorescence polarization angles that occurs when without an external electric field and with the provision of an external electric field produced from two copper plates given a voltage of 0-6 kV. The samples used were new cooking oil and expired cooking oil, palm cooking oil that has been contaminated by chicken oil and lard. The test results show that the change in polarization angle on cooking oil expires is greater than the new cooking oil, as well as changes in the polarization angle in palm cooking oil that has been contaminated by lard is greater than pure palm cooking oil and palm cooking oil. This indicates that the saturated fatty acid content in lard is greater than that of pure palm cooking oil and chicken oil. With these results, the fluorescence polarization method is expected to be a method for evaluating halal cooking oil.

Assessment on overall efficiency of urban greywater treatment by vermifiltration in hot climate: enhanced pollutants removal

ABSTRACT Vermifiltration technology using Eudrilus Eugeniae could be an alternative low-cost option for the treatment of urban greywater, which is highly polluted with high concentrations of surfactants, sodium and cooking oil. In this study, the effects of these pollutants on performance of a vermifiltration system was tested over a period of 6 to 8 weeks by enriching raw greywater with various concentrations of anionic surfactants (0, 15, 45 and 135 mg/L), sodium (0, 1, 2 and 4 g/L) and refined palm cooking oil (0, 250 and 500 mg/L). The vermifilter system was made of gravel, sand and sawdust layers from the bottom to the top, on which 200 earthworms were added. The greywater used in this study was previously used for dishwashing and laundry by an urban poor household. The greywater quality was compared with the effluent to evaluate the system performance. BOD5, COD, TSS and E. coli removal efficiencies ranged from 93% to 98%, 68% to 93%, 88% to 96% and 1.4-3 ULog, respectively, which are within the range of efficiencies reported in the literature. High proportion of surfactants (95–99%) and oil (84–89%) were removed but sodium was not removed. Instead, an increase in sodium concentrations was observed in the filter over the experimental period. Statistical analysis shows that BOD5, COD, TSS and E. coli removal efficiencies were independent of surfactants, cooking oil and sodium concentrations (p < .05). Thus, short term or accidental exposure of the vermifilter to high concentrations of these three pollutants did not have significant effect on the system performance.

Physicochemical Properties of Refined Palm Cooking Oil and Used Palm Cooking Oil

Abstract In public restaurants, food frying is conducted in the same oil and recycled for the same usage for several days. However, during household frying, the cooking oil is changed after several usage. Obviously, the conditions of the cooking oil changed depend on frying styles and the types of material fried. In this study, three different cooking oils; refined palm cooking oil purchased from local market (CO), used palm cooking oil collected from household (UCO-H) and from restaurants (UCO-R) were selected to examine the colour, acid value (AV), saponification value (SV), ester value (EV), molecular weight (MW), percentage of free fatty acid (% FFA), density, water and impurities contents. Colour was observed by naked eyes, AV and SV were analyzed based on PORIM Test Method (1995). EV was calculated according to The United States Pharmacopeia USP 29 NF 24, while MW was calculated from SV and AV results. Density was measured at 20 °C, percentage of water content was analyzed by heating and weighing while impurities content was studied by filtering and weighing. The results showed that as frequency of frying increased, the colour of cooking oil become darker from the CO. The AV was always depend on % FFA. The % FFA of UCO-H and UCO-R were differed by 0.35 % and 2.15 % respectively compared to CO (2.20 %). Meanwhile, the density, water content and impurities content were also increased slightly compared to CO. The SV was found increased slightly for both UCO-H (207.41 mg of KOH/g) and UCO-R (204.74 mg of KOH/g) as compared to CO (200.59 mg of KOH/g). The value of ester was remained constant for UCO-R with value 196.04 mg of KOH/g in comparison with the EV of CO which is 196.19 mg of KOH/g. While for UCO-H sample, the EV increased to 202.32 mg of KOH/g. In conclusion, according to the physicochemical characteristics, the colour became darker while AV, % FFA, density, water content and impurities content increased with frying period. However, the SV and EV were not depending on frying period but they changed according to the type of reaction occurred during frying; among the components inside the oil or between oil components with the food contents.

Molecular structures of cooking palm oil in gas phase modelled by density functional theory

In recent year, there are several reports on the growth of carbon nanotube (CNT) and graphene using a natural source, namely cooking palm oil. However, the accurate geometry and composition of the palm oil molecules are rarely found in literature. In this article, a molecular model is proposed to predict the geometry and molecular structure of the cooking palm oil using density functional theory (DFT) in correlation with other quantum chemistry calculations. Such model is expected to help the researcher in the design of chemical reactions needed for the deposition carbon nanomaterials by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or pyrolysis. The results of the computational analysis were validated and confirmed to be in good agreement with the measured Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra.

Bio-gasoline production of used cooking palm oil catalyzed by metal supported catalyst Ni/Natural Zeolite (Ni/NZ)

This work aims to synthesized Ni/Natural zeolite (Ni/NZ) catalyst and produces bio-gasoline (main product) and gas (byproduct) from used cooking palm oil by catalytic cracking reaction. Ni/NZ catalyst was prepared by impregnating Ni with various concentrations (0.05; 0.1; and 0.2 M) onto natural zeolite. Ni/NZ catalyst was the characterized by XRD, XRF, and Gas Sorption Analyzer (GSA) to know the specific surface area, pore distribution, and total pore volume. Characterization of product and byproduct conducted by Gas Chromatography (GC), GC-Thermal Conductivity Detector (GC-TCD), and GC-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). From analysis XRD and XRF, showed successfully impregnated Ni onto natural zeolite. The best catalyst was Ni-0.1M/NZ with specific surface area, pore distribution, and total pore volume was 200.327 m2/g, 2.1884 x 10-1 Å, and 2.192 × 10-1 cm3/g, respectively. The product (bio-gasoline) resulted from catalytic cracking reaction was comparable to standard gasoline which had the same retention time of chromatogram at 3.06 min with 95.14 % area. Byproduct of this reaction were 31.94% hydrogen, 13.31% oxygen, 53.94 % nitrogen, 0.18 % CO gas, 0.24 % methane, and 0.39% CO2 gas.

Optimization of Methyl Ester Production from Waste Palm Oil Using Activated Carbon Supported Calcium Oxide Catalyst

In this study, methyl ester (ME) was produced by transesterification of waste cooking palm oil (WPO) using activated carbon supported calcium oxide as a solid base catalyst (CaO/AC). Process optimization using response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study the effect of reaction time, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature and catalyst amount to produce highest ME content. The optimum reaction condition was at 5.5 wt% catalyst amount, 170 °C temperature, 15:1 methanol to oil molar ratio and 2 h 22 min reaction time. The predicted and experimental ME content were found to be 80.02% and 77.32%, respectively.

Assessment of Quality Parameters of Ecofriendly Biolubricant from Waste Cooking Palm Oil

The use of vegetable oils as a renewable source for the production of ecofriendly biolubricant is gaining the attention of the renewable energy researchers and lubricating oil producers. This study evaluates the quality assessment parameters of ecofriendly biolubricant from waste cooking palm oil (WCPO). The crude WCPO was filtered, centrifuged at 500 rpm, and dried over Na2SO4 crystals overnight. The quality assessment parameters of the pretreated WCPO (PWCPO) were determined to authenticate its potential for the production of multigrade lubricating oils. Kinematic viscosities at 100°C (8.26±0.03 cSt) and 40°C (36.98±0.01 cSt) were determined according to ASTMD-446 method, while the viscosity index (208±0.11) was determined according to ASTMD-2270 method. A design of experiment (Mixture Design Method using Minitab 17) was used to determine the proportion of PWCPO (68.75%), SN 500 (23.75%), and additives (7.50%) that gave the mixture with the optimum quality parameters of the produced biolubricant. The produced biolubricant had kinematic viscosities at 100oC (10.72±0.13 cSt) and 40°C (59.32±0.20 cSt) respectively, a viscosity index of 173±0.10, flash point of 234±1.13°C, pour point of -31±0.10°C, acid value of 21.04±1.21 mg KOH g-1, and iodine value of 1.28±1.40 mg I2 g-1. The produced biolubricant has quality parameters that are comparable to available ecofriendly lubricating oil and was also found within standards for engine oils.

SYNERGISTIC EXTRACTANT FOR EXTRACTION OF REMAZOL ORANGE 3R IN LIQUID MEMBRANE FORMULATION

Currently, various synthetic dyes are used in the textile industry and a lot of non-bonded dyes are released into the wastewater; increasing its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Liquid membrane process is one of the potential methods to eliminate these unwanted particles from the wastewater. The most crucial part of the liquid membrane process is its formulation; especially the extractant or carrier. In order to find a suitable extractant, liquid-liquid extraction process was carried out. The effect of synergistic extractant to extract the Remazol Orange 3R reactive dyes in a shorter time and at a lower concentration of extractant was investigated in this study. Several parameters have been studied such as extractant type, extractant concentration, synergist extractant type and synergist extractant concentration. The results show that, Remazol Orange 3R reactive dyes were extracted by tridodecylamine (TDA) as a base and trioctylamine (TOA) as a synergist extractant. Meanwhile, the salicyclic acid (SA) was used to protonate the TDA and TOA, and cooking palm oil was used as a diluent. The performance of extraction of reactive dyesat the 0.1 M concentration of extractant was 70% when synergistic system was applied compared to single extractant which was only 50% of the dyes have been extracted. Therefore, the synergistic extractant has a potential to be further utilised in liquid membrane studies on the extraction of reactive dyes.

Pengaruh Lama Penggunaan Minyak Goreng Kelapa Sawit terhadap Karakterisasi Trigliserida dan Crude Glycerol

The price of cooking oil has been increasing every year. Repetaed of using cooking oil will appearance negative impact for healthy and positive impact for biodiesel industry as raw material glycerol. This research aim to knowing the effect of times palm cooking oil for characteristic triglyceride and crude glycerol of pH, flavour, colour, density, and content for daily use. The category of sample is 0 day as control, 4 days as P1, 8 days as P2, 12 days as P3 with experiment laboratory method. The statistic was perfomed by binomial test for flavour, kruskal-wallis test for colour, and one way anova for pH, density, and content. If any treatment effect was continued with post hoc test. The result showed as control; P1; P2; P3 of characteristic triglyceride respectively for pH are 6.67; 6.13; 6.13; 5.88; for flavour is not flavourfull for all type; for colour are yellow; yellow; clear-yellow; brownish-yellow; for density are 0.740; 0.789; 0.747; 0.734; and content are 93.8; 83.9; 80.2; 75.3. whereas characteristic of crude glycerol respectively for pH are 5.92; 6.18; 6.35; 6.28; for flavour is not flavourfull for all type; for colour are yellow; yellow; red-yellow; red; for density are 1.058; 0.961; 1.021; 1.036; and content are 34.4; 46.3; 51.1; 58.4. The result of statistic is times palm cooking oil not influence for pH, but influence significantly for flavour, colour, density, and content.

Synthesis of Alkyd Resin Modified with Waste Palm Cooking Oil as Precursor Using Pretreatment with Zeolite Adsorbent

Research on synthesis of alkyd resin (AR) modified with waste palm cooking oil (WPCO) as precursor using alcoholys-polyesterification method was successfully conducted. The modified alkyd resin was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermogravimetry-Differential Thermal Analysis (TG-DTA). The pretreatment was carried out for WPCO by applying adsorption technique using zeolites to remove free fatty acid (FFA). Modified alkyd resin was synthesized with the main ingredients composition consisting of WPCO, glycerol, anhydrous phthalate with the oil length of 40% at the total weight of 27.54 grams, and a small amount of CaO as catalyst. The characterization result using FTIR showed the presence of typical alkyd resin compound group at the absorption peaks 1597.06 and 1651.07 consecutively as the vibration of benzene ring from the phthalate and C=C stretching of unsaturated fatty acids. The thermal characterization was performed by using TG-DTA analysis showing that the transition glass and recrystallization at the temperature 390.25 °C and 482.46 °C respectively.

Green formulation for synthetic dye extraction using synergistic mixture of acid-base extractant

Synthetic dyes especially reactive dye that are usually discharged into the wastewater are considered as toxic and harmful to the aquatic organisms and human. Various methods have been introduced to remove the reactive dyes. In this study, a green synergistic extractant has been formulated in the vegetable oil to enhance the extraction efficiency of liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) process for the Orange 3R removal. Several types of extractants were investigated as the extractant and synergist extractant to increase the extraction performance such as acidic, basic and neutral extractants. Interestingly, the results showed that Aliquat 336 and D2EHPA have shown their potentialities as an extractant and a synergist extractant, respectively. Both extractants were formulated in the cooking palm oil as a diluent at the concentrations of 0.1 M Aliquat 336 and 0.08 M D2EHPA. Using the aforementioned optimum conditions, about 90% of the Orange 3R has been successfully extracted with the highest synergistic coefficient (SC) of 67.2. In the meantime, the back extraction study have indicated that NaOH was capable of working as a potential stripping agent where almost 100% of dyes were successfully stripped out from the loaded organic-dye phase into the stripping phase. In conclusion, the green synergist formulation has offered a great prospective for the Orange 3R extraction via LLE process.

PERMINTAAN DAN PENAWARAN MINYAK GORENG SAWIT INDONESIA

In the last 15 years, Indonesia palm-cooking oil price tend to increase significantly. The increase of palm-cooking oil price was driven by either its demand or supply. This study aimed to determine factors affecting of demand, supply, and Indonesia palm-cooking oil price. This research used time series data from 1990 to 2014. Simultaneous equation model was performed to analyse demand and supply of palm-cooking oil. The result indicated that income and population significantly influenced demand for palm-cooking oil. These implied that palm-cooking oil is categorized as normal good and staple food in Indonesia. While the price of palm-cooking oil, palm oil production, and real price of CPO Domestic significantly influenced supply of palm-cooking oil. Indonesia palm-cooking oil price was not significantly affected by its demand and supply.

Pengembangan Produk Souvenir Sabun Padat Menggunakan Minyak Goreng Sawit pada Ibu PKK Kelurahan Rawamangun Jakarta Timur

Nowadays, solid and transparent soap is often used as a display of wedding souvenirs, air freshener, and handicrafts. With the presence of a solid and transparent soap in very unique display and interesting this can make the soap is sold at a relatively more expensive price in the market. Regarding with the development of solid soap products that can produce several good benefits, this activity needs to be trained, developed and empowered to the parties who have the potential to produce these products. One of the parties that has the potential to be trained is the housewives in the PKK group (Family Welfare Empowerment) at Rawamangun, East Jakarta. This community service activity is done by using lecture and simulation/demonstration method through innovative product development of souvenir soap by using palm cooking oil. The results of the training show the enthusiasm and willingness of the participants to be able to perform individually in the manufacture of solid soap souvenir products and they can produce in large quantities. With this training, the housewives can practice themselves at home and be motivated to open business opportunities through these product so it can be feasible for sale in the market

Investigation of Combustion Process of Biodiesel Derived from Waste Cooking Oil, Jatropha, Palm Oil and Algae using Rapid Compression Machine

Biodiesel essentially comes from plants and animal fats which is safe and can be used in diesel engines with few or no modification needed toward existing engine. Higher of the biodiesel blending ratio reflects to the higher viscosities that influences to the fuel-air premixing, ignition process and combustion characteristics. The objective of this research is to investigate the effect of different blending ratio on ignition delay, ignition process, combustion characteristics and emission production using Rapid Compression Machine (RCM). Rapid Compression Machine is used to simulate combustion behaviour similar with the real combustion for internal combustion engines. The standard petroleum diesel was blend with biodiesel derived from waste cooking oil, algae and jatropha with blending ratio from 2vol% to 40vol%. The biodiesel were tested using 130 MPa of injection pressure with constant ambient temperature of 950 K. Increased of the blending ratio of biodiesel significantly influences the longer of ignition delay. Changes of biodiesel properties thus influence to the fuel-air mixing, ignition process and combustion characteristics. In addition, the emission of NOx and CO2 increased when increasing biodiesel blending ratio.