Paleolithic Times Research Articles

Child's play: Reflections on the invisibility of children in the paleolithic record

Were there children in Early Paleolithic times? At first glance, this seems a stupid question. We are obviously descended from Paleolithic ancestors. Yet, in archeological models of Paleolithic stone tool variability and assemblage formation processes, children might as well be invisible. There have been some efforts to identify byproducts of children's activities in a few Late Paleolithic contexts, but their possible role in broader patterns of Paleolithic industrial variability remains largely unexplored.1 In this paper I argue that the reason we know so little about children's knapping behavior in prehistory is not that this behavior was genuinely absent, but rather that we have not looked hard enough or in the right way at the lithic record. This is a pity, because of all the behaviors we archeologists attempt to reconstruct in our research, child-rearing must certainly number among those with the most immediate and important evolutionary consequences.

Control of potassium excretion: a Paleolithic perspective

Regulation of potassium (K) excretion was examined in an experimental setting that reflects the dietary conditions for humans in Paleolithic times (high, episodic intake of K with organic anions; low intake of NaCl), because this is when major control mechanisms were likely to have developed. The major control of K secretion in this setting is to regulate the number of luminal K channels in the cortical collecting duct. Following a KCl load, the K concentration in the medullary interstitial compartment rose; the likely source of this medullary K was its absorption by the H/K-ATPase in the inner medullary collecting duct. As a result of the higher medullary K concentration, the absorption of Na and Cl was inhibited in the loop of Henle, and this led to an increased distal delivery of a sufficient quantity of Na to raise K excretion markedly, while avoiding a large natriuresis. In addition, because K in the diet was accompanied by 'future' bicarbonate, a role for bicarbonate in the control of K secretion via 'selecting' whether aldosterone would be a NaCl-conserving or a kaliuretic hormone is discussed. This way of examining the control of K excretion provides new insights into clinical disorders with an abnormal plasma K concentration secondary to altered K excretion, and also into the pathophysiology of calcium-containing kidney stones.

Requirements for a high rate of potassium excretion in rats consuming a low electrolyte diet

Control mechanisms for potassium (K(+)) excretion in humans developed in Palaeolithic times when diets were sodium poor and episodically K(+) rich. Nevertheless, our understanding of the regulation of K(+) excretion comes from experiments in rats with large sodium and K(+) intakes. Our objective was to identify how K(+) excretion was regulated when rats consumed a low NaCl diet to reflect Palaeolithic conditions. Rats that were given mineralocorticoids plus either NaCl, mannitol, or NaHCO(3) had a small kaliuresis. In contrast, KCl load induced a large kaliuresis and a near-maximal luminal [K(+)] in the terminal cortical collecting duct ([K(+)](CCD)). The time course of events was important. The rise in the [K(+)](CCD) was prompt, but the initial kaliuresis was only modest. Over the next 4 h, kaliuresis increased markedly due solely to a higher calculated distal flow rate, which appeared to be due to diminished reabsorption of NaCl in the loop of Henle; of note, the measured papillary [K(+)] rose. In summary, the increase in the [K(+)](CCD) in rats given KCl is likely to be due to an increase in the number of luminal K(+) channels rather than to mechanisms that are known to induce a lumen-negative voltage in cortical distal nephron segments. The higher distal flow rate might be due to a higher interstitial [K(+)], which inhibited NaCl reabsorption in the loop of Henle. Thus, to understand which of the potential control mechanisms are operating, one must look very closely at the conditions imposed by the experimental setting.

Variability of Mediterranean Stone pine cone production: Yield loss as response to climate change

Cones are harvested from Mediterranean Stone pine Pinus pinea L. for their edible kernels, pine nuts, which have been used as a food item in the region since Palaeolithic times. At present, cone yields render higher incomes to the owners of these pine forests than any other forest product. The large annual variation of cone yields is an important issue for forest management planning, which requires further research in order to establish its causes. One of the simplest explanations given for masting habits in polycarpic plants is that of weather tracking. Many plant ecologists, however, consider that this theory is insufficient and that further causes should be investigated. In this context, the present study analyses historical weather and yield registers over 41 years in one of the world's main Stone pine areas, the Northern Inland Plateau of Spain. Significant relationships found between rainfall and temperatures at certain key periods during the 4-year cone development period allowed for a multiple linear regression model for the log-transformed annual cone yield to be set up. This also included a negative autocorrelation with the ripening cone load during strobili induction. The model accounts for 75% of total variance between years. The observed trend of cone-yield reduction from 180 to less than 100 kg ha −1 in the last 40 years was slightly overestimated by the predicted effects of the covariables that show significant tendencies to a warmer and drier climate.

The evolution of lethal intergroup violence

Recent findings and analyses in evolutionary biology, archaeology, and ethnology provide a favorable conjuncture for examining the evolution of lethal intergroup violence among hominids during the 2.9-million-year Paleolithic time span. Here, I seek to identify and investigate the main turning points in this evolutionary trajectory and to delineate the periodization that follows from this inquiry.

EVOLUTION OF PREHISTORIC FISHING IN THE NILE VALLEY

The available data are reviewed on ichthyofaunas from prehistoric sites along the Nile in Egypt and Sudanese Nubia. Former fishing practices are reconstructed using information derived from species spectra, reconstructed fish sizes, growth increment analysis and fishing implements. It is demonstrated that fishing was initially practised exclusively on the floodplain and that it was limited to a small number of shallow water taxa during Late Palaeolithic times. From the Epipalaeolithic onwards (ca 10000-8000 bp), fishing was also undertaken in the main Nile whereby the number of exploited species increased. Technological innovations allowing the exploitation of the deeper parts of the main river included nets and fish-hooks as well as improved vessels, permitting the capture of larger species from the open water. It is argued that fish must always have been a staple food because the animals seasonally occurring in large numbers on the floodplain were intensively exploited and because these fish could be easily dried for future consumption. Once the fishing grounds also included the main river, fishing was no longer restricted to the flood season, but could also be carried out when the Nile levels were low. Hence the role of fish in the resource scheduling also changed at the transition of Late Palaeolithic to Epipalaeolithic times.

Neurophenomenology of the Supernatural Sense in Religion

AbstractThe great majority of scholarly definitions of "religion" center around some notion involving experience or awareness of a supernatural dimension (forces, entities). This sense of the supernatural has been found in virtually all human societies extending back into paleolithic times. Advances in neuroscientific research technology have made it possible to assert that phenomenal experience is in fact a form of brain activity; the two are identical. This naturally leads us to inquire as to why and how a brain evolving to serve the needs of survival and replication in a harsh natural environment should have developed the capacity and evident propensity to generate a sense of the supernatural. Psychology has recently identified a set of three primitive interpretive modules dedicated to generating a sense of causative essence. These modules are located in areas of the brain whose representational output can be experienced as non-material, like the stream of thought, rather than as external physical landscape. These non-physical neurophenomenal essences are identical to the three forms of otherworldly spirit essence found throughout human religious history, and they form the basis of the multi-layered neurophenomenal complex comprising the sense of the supernatural.

Human nutrition and food research: opportunities and challenges in the post-genomic era.

Sequencing of the human genome has opened the door to the most exciting new era for nutritional science. It is now possible to study the underlying mechanisms for diet-health relationships, and in the near future dietary advice (and possibly tailored food products) for promoting optimal health could be provided on an individual basis, in relation to genotype and lifestyle. The role of food in human evolution is briefly reviewed, from palaeolithic times to modern-day hunter-gatherer societies. The aetiology of 'diseases of modern civilization', such as diabetes, heart disease and cancer, and the effect of changes in dietary patterns are discussed. The risk of disease is often associated with common single nucleotide polymorphisms, but the effect is dependent on dietary intake and nutritional status, and is often more apparent in intervention studies employing a metabolic challenge. To understand the link between diet and health, nutritional research must cover a broad range of areas, from molecular to whole body studies, and is an excellent example of integrative biology, requiring a systems biology approach. The annual cost to the National Health Service of diet-related diseases is estimated to be in excess of 15 billion, and although diet is a key component of any preventative strategy, it is not given the prominence it deserves. For example, less than 1% of the pound 1.6 billion budget for coronary heart disease is spent on prevention. The polygenic and multifactorial nature of chronic diseases requires substantial resources but the potential rewards, in terms of quality of life and economics, are enormous. It is timely therefore to consider investing in a long-term coordinated national programme for nutrition research, combining nutritional genomics with established approaches, to improve the health of individuals and of the nation.

An Early Case of Color Symbolism

Prehistoric archaeology provides the temporal depth necessary for understanding the evolution of the unique human ability to construct and use complex symbol systems. The longstanding focus on language, a symbol system that does not leave direct evidence in the material record, has led to interpretations based on material proxies of this abstract behavior. The ambiguities resulting from this situation may be reduced by focusing on systems that use material objects as the carriers of their symbolic contents, such as color symbolism. Given the universality of some aspects of color symbolism in extant human societies, this article focuses on the 92,000yearold ochre record from Qafzeh Cave terrace to examine whether the human capacity for symbolic behavior could have led to normative systems of symbolic culture as early as Middle Paleolithic times. Geochemical and petrographic analyses are used to test the hypothesis that ochre was selected and mined specifically for its color. Ochre is found to occur through...

Mitochondrial DNA transit between West Asia and North Africa inferred from U6 phylogeography

BackgroundWorld-wide phylogeographic distribution of human complete mitochondrial DNA sequences suggested a West Asian origin for the autochthonous North African lineage U6. We report here a more detailed analysis of this lineage, unraveling successive expansions that affected not only Africa but neighboring regions such as the Near East, the Iberian Peninsula and the Canary Islands.ResultsDivergence times, geographic origin and expansions of the U6 mitochondrial DNA clade, have been deduced from the analysis of 14 complete U6 sequences, and 56 different haplotypes, characterized by hypervariable segment sequences and RFLPs.ConclusionsThe most probable origin of the proto-U6 lineage was the Near East. Around 30,000 years ago it spread to North Africa where it represents a signature of regional continuity. Subgroup U6a reflects the first African expansion from the Maghrib returning to the east in Paleolithic times. Derivative clade U6a1 signals a posterior movement from East Africa back to the Maghrib and the Near East. This migration coincides with the probable Afroasiatic linguistic expansion. U6b and U6c clades, restricted to West Africa, had more localized expansions. U6b probably reached the Iberian Peninsula during the Capsian diffusion in North Africa. Two autochthonous derivatives of these clades (U6b1 and U6c1) indicate the arrival of North African settlers to the Canarian Archipelago in prehistoric times, most probably due to the Saharan desiccation. The absence of these Canarian lineages nowadays in Africa suggests important demographic movements in the western area of this Continent.

Sergei Rachmaninoff: A Bio-Bibliography by Robert E. Cunningham, Jr. (review)

738 SEER, 80, 4, 2002 is the product of extensive and meticulous research,highlightsboth detailsof the film's eventful production history and release as well as fascinating accounts of positive and negative response by the press and public. The final two studies, on the film'srole both as a statement about Soviet historyand as a piece of historyin itself,provide particularlystrong and thought-provoking commentaries on the director'sintent, message and effect. The only feature which detractssomewhat from this concluding section is the omission of two well-known films in the 'FurtherViewing' section. Kvirikadze's TheSwimmer (Plovets, I98I) and Ogorodnikov's Prishvin'sPaperEyes (Bumazhnye Glaza Prishvina, I989) would have been worthyof inclusionhere, aswell as, perhaps, a filmographyof the director. On the whole, this film companion constitutes a welcome addition to the canon of published materialon Repentance. As taught courses on Russian and Soviet film, including those for non-Russian speakers,become increasingly popular, the need for reliable, English-languagetexts on these areasbecomes ever more important.Despite the book's relativelylimited value as a tool for thematic analysis and lack of reference to other film works, it should nevertheless serve as a useful resource for any student and interested filmenthusiastand encourage readersto embrace furtherthe wider dimension of Russian, Soviet and Georgianfilm. Department ofModernLanguages B. SANDERSON Ulniversity ofStrathclyde Cunningham, Robert E., Jr. SergeiRachmaninoff A Bio-Bibliography. BioBibliographies in Music, 8I. Greenwood Press, Westport, CT, and London, 200I. Appendices. Index. xii + 353 pp. [66.95. THE days have gone when it was fashionable to denigrate the music of Rakhmaninov, Chaikovskii'smost celebrateddisciple, for its unashamedlack of modernismand, indeed, itsroleasthelastRussianexampleoflate-romantic emotional sweep. Phrases like 'polished superficiality' and 'flaccidity of invention' (p. 65) were commonplace amongst criticsas little as twentyyears ago, but, asthe compilerof thisvolume pointsout, 'atthe close of the twentieth century [. . .] Rachmaninoff's historical significance appears larger than formerly estimated [. . .] In retrospect [he] represents, not a dead tradition, but a temporarilysubmergedyet powerfulstylisticundercurrent'(p. 20). This is reflectedpartiallyin the numberof excellent books about the composer that have appeared recently by such scholarsas Robert Palmieri,GeoffreyNorris and Barrie Martyn, and, for this reason, the volume under review provides only a relatively short biographical section. It is followed by 'Works and Performances' (pp. 2I-50), a listing of all works with opus numbers and, where available,the dates, places and musiciansof firstperformances. The Bibliography (pp. 51-215) takes up most of the book and is divided into many subsections:reference books and articles, subdivided into music dictionaries, catalogues, bibliographies, discographies and other references; general surveysof Rakhmaninov'slife and works,book-lengthbibliographies; extended discussions of selected works; brief discussions of selected works; REVIEWS 739 Rakhmaninov'sinterviewsand letters;Rakhmaninovand his contemporaries; Rakhmaninov's performing art; reviews and discussions of performances, books, music editions and recordings;and, finally, miscellaneous books and articles. The discography aims at completeness, although not all the recordings listed are still available. To indicate the scale, there are I6I recordingsof the Second Piano Concerto, before arrangementsare takeninto account. Finally,there are three appendices:Rakhmaninov'sworksby performance medium;his recordedrepertoire;and a listof abbreviationsand acronyms. Robert Cunningham has performed his task with great care and good judgement (forexample in the annotations to the bibliographicalitems). The price of thisvolume may discouragemany of the composer'snon-professional admirers,but it certainlydeservesa place in the librariesof all universitiesand colleges of music. School ofSlavonic andEastEuropean Studies ARNOLD MCMILLIN University College London Lovrenovic, Ivan. Bosnia.A Cultural Historj.New YorkUniversity Press,New York, 2001. 254 PP. Maps. Illustrations.Chronology. Glossary. Bibliography .Index. $32.50. OF all the many books on Bosnia publishedover the last ten years, this is one of the most balanced and certainly the most positive that I have read. Ivan Lovrenovic is one of Bosnia's most prominent intellectual figures. Formerly editor of the literary magazine Odjekand currently editor-in-chief of the Svjetlost publishing company, he has published numerous poems, novels, essaysand screenplays. Originally published in Zagreb in I998 as Unutarnja zemlja.kratki pregled kulturne pov?jesti Bosnei Hercegovine, the work gives a comprehensive account of the cultural development of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Paleolithic times until the present day. It is well illustrated with maps, clearly showing the changing shape of the territoryover time, and with...

Bosnia: A Cultural History by Ivan s> Lovrenović (review)

REVIEWS 739 Rakhmaninov'sinterviewsand letters;Rakhmaninovand his contemporaries; Rakhmaninov's performing art; reviews and discussions of performances, books, music editions and recordings;and, finally, miscellaneous books and articles. The discography aims at completeness, although not all the recordings listed are still available. To indicate the scale, there are I6I recordingsof the Second Piano Concerto, before arrangementsare takeninto account. Finally,there are three appendices:Rakhmaninov'sworksby performance medium;his recordedrepertoire;and a listof abbreviationsand acronyms. Robert Cunningham has performed his task with great care and good judgement (forexample in the annotations to the bibliographicalitems). The price of thisvolume may discouragemany of the composer'snon-professional admirers,but it certainlydeservesa place in the librariesof all universitiesand colleges of music. School ofSlavonic andEastEuropean Studies ARNOLD MCMILLIN University College London Lovrenovic, Ivan. Bosnia.A Cultural Historj.New YorkUniversity Press,New York, 2001. 254 PP. Maps. Illustrations.Chronology. Glossary. Bibliography .Index. $32.50. OF all the many books on Bosnia publishedover the last ten years, this is one of the most balanced and certainly the most positive that I have read. Ivan Lovrenovic is one of Bosnia's most prominent intellectual figures. Formerly editor of the literary magazine Odjekand currently editor-in-chief of the Svjetlost publishing company, he has published numerous poems, novels, essaysand screenplays. Originally published in Zagreb in I998 as Unutarnja zemlja.kratki pregled kulturne pov?jesti Bosnei Hercegovine, the work gives a comprehensive account of the cultural development of Bosnia and Herzegovina from Paleolithic times until the present day. It is well illustrated with maps, clearly showing the changing shape of the territoryover time, and with excellent photographs of artefactsand buildings. It is symptomaticof the book's tone that the pictures of buildingsdestroyedin the I992-I 995 war such as the National Library in Sarajevo, the Ferhadija Mosque in Banja Luka or the Old Bridge in Mostar carry no caption even to indicate their loss, still less to attribute blame. The implication is that everyone knows how these buildings were destroyed,it servesno usefulpurpose to underlineit here. On the contrary,it is to be hoped that they will all be rebuilt (work is well advanced on the Library and the Bridge, and recent persistent endeavours to lay the foundations for a new FerhadijaMosque will eventually succeed) and once again, in the future, as in this book, they may serve to illustratethe richness and diversityof the cultureof Bosnia and Herzegovina. The early chapters of the book: 'From Paleolithic Times to the Illyrian Tribal Leagues', 'AncientIllyricum', 'The Early Slav Centuries'give a broad account of available information. From the first,Lovrenovic's basic thesis is clearly stated: 'The overriding characteristic of medieval Bosnia [. . .] was 740 SEER, 8o, 4, 2002 stubbornly to preserve archaic forms of social life and nurture a specific cultural tradition' (pp. 39-40). The author describes a constant process of interactionbetween the indigenous inhabitantsand newcomers. The chapter on 'The Middle Ages' describes the parallel influences of Byzantine and Serbian art from the east and West European Romanesque and Gothic transmitted through the Croatian coastal towns side by side with native traditions:stecak tombstones, manuscriptilluminationand fine craftsmanship. Lovrenovicpays particularattention to the importanceof the founding of the Bosnian Franciscan Vicariate in I340. As soon as possible, the original missionarieswere replaced by people born in Bosnia who continued to play an exceptionallyimportantrole in the culturallife of the territory.The author traces earlier theories about the Bosnian Church, arriving at the firm conclusion that there is no evidence for it having been founded on heretical, Bogomil, ideas, but that it seems to have largelyfollowed the general code of the Catholic Church. A briefchaptertraces'ACenturyand a Half of Turkish Conquest', before focusing on 'FourCenturiesof TurkishRule'. This chapter stressesthe stabilityof the firstyearsof Ottoman rule, describingthe situation of the peasants, for example, as farmore favourablethan in WesternEurope. The case Lovrenovicmakesfor the variousincentives for conversion to Islam in this early period is convincing. He concludes that 'in religious terms the Bosnians who at the end of the fifteenth century and during the sixteenth converted to Islam were doubtless overwhelmingly Catholics, with a small number of Orthodox on the easternbordersof both Bosnia and Herzegovina' (p. 93). The chapterdescribesin detailthe decline of the Ottoman administration in Bosnia and the steady...

El turismo de masas: un concepto problématico en la historia del siglo XX

The term «mass tourism» was popularized between the 1950s and 1970s, when the number of international tourists doubled every seven years. Tourism is the expression of aesthetic values; people go to see the beautiful, the desired, the interesting. As the practical expression of curiosity, tourism may have been more widespread during late Paleolithic times than in the modern era. The twentieth century was marked by three inter-related changes in tourism: an increase in the number of women tourists, the changing demographics that produced more older tourists, and the rise of cinema, and later television, as a vehicle for the transmission of tourism related information. Rather than use the too broad and ahistorical term «mass tourism», a closer analysis of tourism expansion in the twentieth century is needed.

History of arthritis and bone rarefaction evidence from paleopathology onwards.

Review of medical and archaeological papers reveals that osteoarthritis has been common in humans and hominids since Paleolithic times. In the British Isles, there was a particularly high prevalence in remains from Romano-British and Saxon burials suggesting that, whatever genetic factors there may have been, there was an extremely high level of physical activity. The prevalence of the condition was lower in late Medieval times; and, in at least one study of subjects from the 18th and 19th centuries, lower than in the current population. In early times, there was a reduction in bone density when there was a change from hunter gathering to agriculture which may have resulted from a change physical activity. Severe cases of osteoporosis have been identified from individual skeletons dated to the Bronze Age. In the Early Medieval period of Nubia there was progressive bone loss in women. Multiple pregnancy, prolonged lactation and dietary deficiency may have been factors. Though women from the 18th and 19th centuries experienced post-menopausal bone loss, this was not as severe as in the present day.

THE PALEOLITHIC CURRICULUM: FIGURE IT OUT (WITH THE HELP OF EXPERTS)

The virtual explosion in the amount of biomedical information, the switch away from a lecture-based style of teaching, and the perception that more of the student’s time should be directed to patient-oriented activities have created an intense competition for time in the undergraduate medical curriculum. Our objectives are to impart an enthusiasm for learning together with an improved capacity to understand concepts and the ability to solve problems in clinical medicine. We rely heavily on the deductive capacities of the student. We shall emphasize horizontal (basic) and vertical (clinical) integration of disciplines that relate energy metabolism with fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances. The setting in which we begin to define a problem is in ‘‘Paleolithic times’’ because this is when metabolic control systems evolved and were most likely to be retained. Students are asked to deduce the best possible solutions for that problem, to ask for data to test their hypotheses, and to consider the ramifications of that solution in integrative terms. Subject matter is presented by informed leaders in either a small or large group format initially to set the stage. An interactive computer program was written as a supplement to demonstrate how we would utilize the information and concepts to design an element for teaching. The implications are that controls that were designed for primitive needs may lead to disorders in modern times because the current stimuli and needs are different. The power of the student’s growing ability to solve problems should be reinforced by demonstrating the degree to which the properties deduced by the student to solve a particular problem are actually consistent with data from the literature.

A concise economic history of the world: from Paleolithic times to the present

A Concise Economic History of the World offers a broad sweep of economic history from prehistoric times to the present. Comprehensive and now even more global in scope, the fifth edition examines the ongoing effects of globalization on both past civilizations and our current global economy. With illustrations, maps, charts, and a fully updated annotated bibliography, this unique work remains an invaluable, lively, and accessible text for both undergraduate and graduate students of general economic history, the history of globalization, and world development.

Fossils in folklore

Fossils have been known to people since at least Palaeolithic times, when they were employed decoratively. However, it was not until the 17th century that the true origin of fossils became widely acknowledged. In the interim period, a rich folklore developed around fossils, including some bizarre beliefs about their origins and medicinal and magical properties. Names such as thunderbolts, tonguestones, toadstones, snakestones and Devil's Toenails became widely used for different types of fossils in Britain. Fossil folklore not only played an important part in the early history of palaeontology but also serves to underline the role of comparative morphology and the need for living analogues if we are to interpret fossils correctly.

Man-land relationships during Palaeolithic times in the Kaladgi Basin, Karnataka

Man-land relationships during Palaeolithic times in the Kaladgi Basin, Karnataka

The Rock Art of the Côa Valley (Portugal) and its Archaeological Context: First Results of Current Research

The Côa rock art covers 17 km of the river valley and extends along the banks of the Douro, downstream of the confluence between the two rivers. A total of 194 different panels with Palaeolithic zoomorphic motifs have already been identified. Later prehistoric and historic periods, especially the Iron Age, are also represented. Settlement of the valley in Upper Palaeolithic times is documented by residential sites dating to the Gravettian, the Solutrean and the Magdalenian periods. Results of stylistic analysis, whose chronological predictions have been independently confirmed by superposition patterns derived from the figurative stratigraphies observed in the numerous palimpsests known, indicate that all these periods are also represented in the art. The outdoor location of the Palaeolithic art, the size of the territory, the number and aesthetic quality of the motifs represented and the almost uninterrupted continuity to the present of the artistic use of the region's rock faces concur to the uniqueness of this complex of sites. Accordingly, an Archaeological Park was established in the area, the construction of the dam that threatened to flood the rock art has been abandoned and the valley is to be included in UNESCO's World Heritage List.

Man-land relationships during palaeolithic times in the kaladgi basin, karnataka. Raghunath S. Pappu and Sushama G. Deo, 1994, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Pune, India, 92 pp., $10 plus sea mail shipping (paperbound).

Man-land relationships during palaeolithic times in the kaladgi basin, karnataka. Raghunath S. Pappu and Sushama G. Deo, 1994, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Pune, India, 92 pp., $10 plus sea mail shipping (paperbound).