Abstract
Prehistoric archaeology provides the temporal depth necessary for understanding the evolution of the unique human ability to construct and use complex symbol systems. The longstanding focus on language, a symbol system that does not leave direct evidence in the material record, has led to interpretations based on material proxies of this abstract behavior. The ambiguities resulting from this situation may be reduced by focusing on systems that use material objects as the carriers of their symbolic contents, such as color symbolism. Given the universality of some aspects of color symbolism in extant human societies, this article focuses on the 92,000yearold ochre record from Qafzeh Cave terrace to examine whether the human capacity for symbolic behavior could have led to normative systems of symbolic culture as early as Middle Paleolithic times. Geochemical and petrographic analyses are used to test the hypothesis that ochre was selected and mined specifically for its color. Ochre is found to occur through...
Highlights
Ochre Use by Modern Humans in Qafzeh Cave1 by Erella Hovers, Shimon Ilani, Ofer Bar-Yosef, and Prehistoric archaeology provides the temporal depth necessary for understanding the evolution of the unique human ability to construct and use complex symbol systems
Given the universality of some aspects of color symbolism in extant human societies, this article focuses on the 92,000-year-old ochre record from Qafzeh Cave terrace to examine whether the human capacity for symbolic behavior could have led to normative systems of symbolic culture as early as Middle Paleolithic times
In this paper we examine the ochre finds from the Middle Paleolithic deposits of Qafzeh Cave, Israel, and evaluate the possibility that their occurrence was related to the operation of a symbolic cultural system
Summary
In this paper we examine the ochre finds from the Middle Paleolithic deposits of Qafzeh Cave, Israel, and evaluate the possibility that their occurrence was related to the operation of a symbolic cultural system. The petrographic and mineralogical analyses show the total absence of ferruginous concretions and of fragments of iron veins in the archaeological sample, indicating that the majority of the potential geological sources were not tapped for ochre.
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