Security Of Pakistan Research Articles

Public Health as a Neglected Field of Security in Pakistan: Future Prospects

Public Health as a Neglected Field of Security in Pakistan: Future Prospects

Prioritizing Human Security in Pakistan’s Erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)

Prioritizing Human Security in Pakistan’s Erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)

Nexus between Climate-Smart Livestock Production Practices and Farmers' Nutritional Security in Pakistan: Exploring Level, Linkages, and Determinants.

Livestock plays a vital role in humans’ food and nutrition security under rapidly changing climatic scenarios. This study investigates the nature and factors affecting livestock farmers’ choices of climate-smart livestock practices by using a multivariate probit model and then estimates the average effect of these adopted strategies on per capita daily dietary (calorie, protein, and calcium) intake among livestock herders. For this purpose, data were collected from 196 livestock farmers residing in the Punjab province of Pakistan, selected through multistage purposive and random sampling. The Simpson diversity index results revealed that farmers used diversified food in their daily diet. The results also showed that farmers consumed more protein-rich food items as compared to calorie and calcium-rich food items in their daily diet. Moreover, the average per capita calorie intake of livestock farmers was 2413.19 kcal/day. Livestock farmers adopting a higher number of climate-smart livestock practices consumed more daily per capita calories, protein, and calcium compared to those who adopted a lower number of climate-smart livestock practices on livestock farms. Moreover, climate-smart livestock practices produced more and better nutritional outcomes in combination with each other than in isolation. Livestock training was found to be positively associated with the adoption of more climate-smart practices. Therefore, livestock training is necessary to expedite the adoption of climate-smart practices and to improve the nutritional security of the farmers.

Fear, accessibility, and legitimacy: An examination of the effects of political violence on health security in Pakistan

How does political violence affect public health risks? While past research provides useful insights, it remains unclear how the effect of violence on health risks varies by perpetrator identity, target, and the intensity of attacks. We argue that indiscriminate attacks by militants will discourage civilians from accessing healthcare services. In contrast, clashes between militants and governments are likely to induce state actors to augment healthcare provision, while reinforced state control may facilitate civilians’ access. We test our arguments by employing multilevel modeling using subnational data on political violence events within Pakistan between 2005 and 2011, and immunization rates for under-5 infectious diseases.

ECONOMIC SECURITY IN PAKISTAN: INDICATORS, ISSUES, IMPACTS AND WAY FORWARD

Economic security is a critical component of a nation's overall well-being, encompassing various aspects such as sustainable growth, stable employment, and equitable wealth distribution. Pakistan, a developing country with a dynamic socio-economic landscape, faces multifaceted challenges in ensuring economic security for its populace. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the indicators, issues, impacts, and potential pathways to enhance economic security in Pakistan and recommends certain key recommendations while comparing the economic conditions with other Asian economies. Comprising six sections, the research begins by elucidating the significance of economic security, followed by a detailed discussion on its primary indicators in the country. Subsequently, the study delves into the multifaceted issues and challenges that contribute to economic insecurity. In the fourth section, the article analyzes the wide-ranging impacts of these challenges. The fifth section offers a set of recommendations to address these issues, leading to the conclusion. Finally, the sixth section engages in a discussion of remedial actions to enhance economic security in Pakistan. Keywords: Economic Security, Social Justice, Rule of Law, Taxation, Population Management.

Education and Radicalization; Is There Any Causative Relationship? A Case Study of Pakistan

The concept of radicalization has remained an intense part of human history. The features of this process are significant to understand human behaviour and encountering the social construction of any society. Several studies suggest that radicalization or extremism can be described as violent expressions, manifesting in the shape of extreme views, ideology or acts of violence against any individual, community, sect or even country. For this, several countries have spent substantial financial resources to pledge such threats and a spate of legislation to safeguard their respective national security. Research into radicalization, unfortunately, does not pay much consideration to education. This is extraordinary and may also, possibly, misses an important effect on the process of radicalization. Therefore, this study establishes a cognitive approach towards this term and examines whether radicalization has any linkage or causative relations with education as well. For this study, we have borrowed different denotations and connotations of radicalization and education by numerous scholars to determine the interconnectivity between radicalization and education. After going through existing the literature review, we establish that radicalization and education have strong connections. Education, be that formal or informal, can be used as an extensive tool to radicalize youth anywhere in the world. In this regard, we have studied Pakistan’s history vis-à-vis its education system in religious seminaries and public schools. We determine that the government of Pakistan has accepted the reality that its education system at the public schools and Madrassahs have remained an instrument to radicalize the youth in the country, which has raised fear for the internal security of Pakistan and for global security as well. In the end, we suggest that despite numerous steps by the Government of Pakistan, the international community must come up to assist Pakistan in terms of revitalizing its overall education system vis-à-vis curriculum changes to evade any further (emerging) extremism, which is rooted through radical textbooks at the public schools.

Theorizing Religious Extremism: Causes and Impacts

Extremism is a great threat to the security of Pakistan. The growing extremism is affecting all fields of life. In Pakistan, many people have been killed in sectarian violence. Since independence, Pakistan has been confronting the problems of ethnonationalism, sectarianism and extremism. Furthermore, after 9/11 Pakistani society faced a lot of problems due to religious extremism. With the passage of time sectarianism and religious intolerance is enhancing and extremism has deep social, economic and psychological impacts on Pakistani society.

Exploring rural inhabitants' perceptions towards food wastage during COVID-19 lockdowns: Implications for food security in Pakistan.

The lessening of food wastage, specifically among nations where about half of its worldwide quantity is produced, has turned to be a mammoth challenge for environmental, social and economic sustainability, and represents one of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) within the Agenda 2030. The quantity of food being thrown away in spite of being in an edible condition has become alarming in middle and high income countries. The COVID-19 lockdown strategy, both at local and international levels, has expressively altered work, life and food consumption behaviors globally, directing to food wastage as a multi sectoral issue. Pakistan has no exception to such manifestations. The main objective of this study is to analyze the perceptions of rural people of Pakistan regarding food wastage during the COVID-19 pandemic. To evaluate whether behavior about food wastage among rural households varied or not during the pandemic, a descriptive survey was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire and 963 responses were selected for further empirical investigations. The findings of the study reveal that food waste actually decreased in spite of an increased amount of purchased food during the lockdown. Our results highlight that the effect of the pandemic has led to reduction in food wastage among rural respondents, an increased consciousness for the morals of food waste, and awareness of environmental impacts of food wastage. The conclusions of this study highlight that rural consumers of Pakistan are emerging with a new level of responsiveness about food wastage with possible positive impact on the environment in terms of decreased greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and other pollutants. The study findings imply that this pandemic time provides a suitable window to raise awareness about food wastage among rural as well as urban households while contemplating effective strategies to overcome the issue of food wastage in the country.

New Trend of Terrorism Development in Pakistan: Manifestations, Causes and Countermeasures

For a long time, religious extremist forces, ethnic separatist forces, international terrorist forces and other forces have been intertwined, bringing great challenges to peace and security in Pakistan and even surrounding region. In recent years, under the influence of weak official intervention, strategic adjustment of big powers, special international environment and other factors, terrorism in Pakistan has shown a new trend. After experiencing a low tide period, the terrorism has an obvious revival trend. The key areas of terrorist attacks have a tendency to move eastward, and the political demands of terrorist organizations are constantly improving. This paper holds that Pakistan’s terrorism needs comprehensive measures, and many measures such as strengthening international anti-terrorism cooperation, promoting anti-terrorism legislation, and promoting the policy of counter-terrorism should be taken in parallel.

Challenges to Maritime Security of Pakistan

Pakistan’s strategic significance in the maritime sphere has been at the center of debate. Particularly with the on- going development “Port of Gwadar” and how it may crop a new profitable armature in the region and encyclopedically. Still, the broader significance lies in the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) action by China that includes Port of Gwadar under China Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC), aiming to strengthen indigenous connectivity. In turn this study shows logical and descriptive approach for assessing theoretical substantiation to measure challenges to maritime security and how it may be affected by current challenges in the swell. Further, fabrics under transnational relations; regionalism, constructivism and critical security studies approach support the core argument “Challenges to maritime security of Pakistan”. The major finding of this study is apparent through collaborative security and how effective it has been in eradicating crimes in the swell. The major recrimination of this paper is to view challenges to maritime security as a coherent approach towards security and cooperation.

Climate Trends and Extremes in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan: Implications for Agricultural Production

Historical and future projected changes in climatic patterns over the largest irrigated basin in the world, the Indus River Basin (IRB), threaten agricultural production and food security in Pakistan, in particular for vulnerable farming communities. To build a more detailed understanding of the impacts of climate change on agriculture s in the IRB, the present study analyzes (1) observed trends in average temperature, precipitation and related extreme indicators, as well as seasonal shifts over a recent historical period (1997–2016); and (2) statistically downscaled future projections (up to 2100) from a set of climate models in conjunction with crop-specific information for the four main crops of the IRB: wheat, cotton, rice and sugarcane. Key findings show an increasing trend of about over 0.1 °C/year in observed minimum temperature across the study area over the historical period, but no significant trend in maximum temperature. Historical precipitation shows a positive annual increase driven mainly by changes in August and September. Future projections highlight continued warming resulting in critical heat thresholds for the four crops analyzed being increasingly exceeded into the future, in particular in the Kharif season. Concurrently, inter-annual rainfall variability is projected to increase up to 10–20% by the end of the 21st century, augmenting uncertainty of water availability in the basin. These findings provide insight into the nature of recent climatic shifts in the IRB and emphasize the importance of using climate impact assessments to develop targeted investments and efficient adaptation measures to ensure resilience of agriculture in Pakistan into the future.

MODELING THE DETERMINANTS OF HOUSEHOLD’S FOOD SECURITY IN PAKISTAN USING CLASSICAL AND MACHINE LEARNING METHODS

This study investigates the situation of households’ food security in Pakistan. Food security is a comprehensive concept surrounding the nature, security of the food supply, quality, food access problems, and proper food utilization. The world has been facing the contradiction of widespread food insecurity and undernutrition. Present studies indicated that Pakistan country is a low-income developing country with an income per capita. Pakistan is one of the lowest in the world, but it, in general, has the economic capability to import the required food. However, in Pakistan, most areas are still food insecure, mostly belonging to Sindh and Baluchistan provinces. This study observes the main features of determining Pakistan food security, particularly household income, household economic evaluation, employment status, household expenditure, section, region, head age, head gender, agriculture status, livestock status, etc. Are studied indicators to measure the household food security status, whether it has food secure or insecure? And want to look at what conclusions can practically be drawn out of analysis when conducted within a conceptual framework. In this study average daily kilocalories per capita consumed index is used to measure the household’s food security level. Ordinal logistic regression and multiple linear regression models are used for analysis. For ordinal logistic regression model divided the Pakistan households into four categories based on the food security index that is daily kilocalories per capita. The research of this study shows that the primarily peoples living in Baluchistan, Sindh lies in food insecurity. Some households of KPK province lie in the food insecurity category. For conducting this study (PSLM), 2018-2019 survey data is used for analysis. Classical ordinal logistic and multiple linear regression models and machine learning, which includes ordinal logistic regression and multiple linear regression models, are used to analyze household food security in Pakistan. The model is finalized for best prediction based on the minimum Standard Error of the coefficient. KEYWORDS: Food Security, Ordinal Logistic, Machine Learning, Supervised Machine Learning

Food Security in Pakistan and Need for Public Policy Adjustments

Sustainable food and nutrition security solutions demand integration and alignment in public policies, particularly in the post-COVID-19 scenarios. The introduction of integrated public policies to address the food and nutrition needs in Pakistan is an immediate requirement. This study has applied the Foster, Greer and Thorbecke (FGT) index to estimate food and nutrition security dimensions through primary and secondary data. This analysis reveals that food utilization and sustainability have destabilized and deteriorated in Pakistan in recent years. It shows that non-farmers are more food insecure (8 percent) than farmers (4 percent) and this ratio has increased from 2008 to 2018. Food insecurity in terms of food availability and food accessibility has decreased. A holistic approach in public policies toward food security is the clarion call of the time. Therefore, the paper recommends that more focus should be given to knowledge transmission about dietary diversity, provision of quality education, and health facilities in the formulation as well as execution of food security policies.

Energy security as a crucial Pakistan’s foreign policy determinant

Considering many factors that can affect the nation’s foreign policy, one can point out the factor of energy security. The article deals with the place of energy security in Pakistan’s foreign policy. The author puts forward a hypothesis according to which the socio-political development of Pakistan directly depends on the state of its energy sector and the prospects for its development, and therefore the nation’s foreign policy in fact stems from the needs of strengthening energy security. The article discusses the general concepts of energy security, lists the existing threats, the role of the energy sector in the Pakistani economy and the structural problems of the industry are analyzed with an overview of the country’s foreign trade balance having been given. The strategically important tracks of Pakistan’s energy policy include the implementation of the China-Pakistan economic corridor, the development of relations with the Gulf countries, an attempt to agree on the implementation of energy projects with the countries of Central Asia. Among Pakistan’s attempts to counter socio-political threats to energy security, counter-terrorism operations of the nation’s armed forces are considered, and its duality is noted, initiatives to strengthen regional maritime security in the Indian Ocean and in particular - Regional Maritime Security Patrols, as well as Pakistan’s role in the civil war in Afghanistan in the context of the Taliban takeover. The author concludes that energy security will remain one of the key factors in Pakistan’s foreign policy until the burning issues in the areas discussed in the article are resolved. Otherwise, Pakistan will remain a country with an extremely vulnerable economy, which will not allow Islamabad to play the role in world politics it hopes for.

Analysis the Impact of National Security Policy and Security Challenges on the Citizens of Pakistan

ABSTRACT Pakistan is considered to below middle an income country in south Asia having a fragile and agro based economy. Pakistan is encountering various sociopolitical, geo political, socioeconomic and socio-religious issues and challenges which are halting its national security. . In this regard to counter above mentioned challenges of national security the pioneer defense and NSP (National Security Policy) followed soon after. In the absence of sufficient and particular literature on the subject of national security, the opening part of this research work will first highlight the overarching national interests of Pakistan secondly analysis of the current challenges which are obstructing Pakistan to achieve these national interests and identification of significant threats to national security. In the later part, a comprehensive examination of the current NSP (National Security Policy) of Pakistan and related documents will be done to answer the primary research question that whether this strategic manuscript addresses the major threats to the national security of Pakistan recognized in our research work as the fear of fundamental Islamist terrorism to the tourism industry overseas pressure and planned crime.

Effect of Climate Change on Food Productivity and Food Security of Pakistan

Effect of Climate Change on Food Productivity and Food Security of Pakistan

Pakistan's Foreign Policy and Eastern Border Security Threats (1947-55)

Since Independence in 1947, Pakistan's foreign policy has been indo-centric. There were two main goals that drove foreign policy decisions during the 1947-55 period: security and foreign economic aid. Rather than going to the Soviet Union to achieve its goals, Pakistan turned to the West and offered conditional support against the spread of communism throughout South Asia. In the end, Pakistan joined the U.S.-backed anti-Soviet alliances without receiving any guarantees of security from the United States. Pakistan's foreign policy was radically altered as a result of this. Strategic, political, and economic implications of this new overture are the focus of this paper. These two phases of foreign policy are examined in terms of their costs and benefits. Pakistan's security and economic affairs will also be examined in light of this development. Relations between the United States and Pakistan and Pakistani institutions will also be considered.

Temporary Displaced Persons (TDPS) from North Waziristan Agency (NWA) in Bannu: Problems and Prospects

Since its inception, Pakistan has always remained an important player in the South Asian politics due to its geographical location and strategic position. The war against terror affected the whole world generally and South Asia particularly. After the 9/11 attacks, the United States came into Afghanistan along with allied forces which pushed militants from Afghanistan to take refuge in near by places. Due to close proximity and vulnerable borders, many of these militants entered Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which resulted in a huge growth of militancy and extremism in the whole region.On the other side due to close collaboration with the United States in the war against terror, Pakistan suffered more in terms of lives, infrastructure, and the economy as compared to the forces combating terrorism in Afghanistan. This influx of militancy and extremism drove Pakistan to take measures against the advancement of militancy. Forceful strikes from Pakistan security forces on one side shook the structure of militants but on the other side resulted in a huge number of displacement. In the recent wave of displacement from the North Waziristan Agency, people suffered a lot, but later on, the Pakistani government, with the help of the local population and humanitarian agencies, overcome their difficulties and still trying to facilitate and rehabilitate them as soon as their areas became clear of the menace.

Geostrategic Imperatives for Pakistan of Gwadar Port

The geographical environment is believed to be one of the most important elements influencing the expansion of human civilizations along watercourses. The contiguity of Gwadar Port to the dominant trading routes and energy chokepoints of the world contributes to its prominence in the regional framework. Gwadar will turn Pakistan into a regional corridor due to its geographic location in relation to the enormous supply and consumer market economies of different regions. This study is explanatory and qualitative, and it emphasizes the geostrategic imperatives driving the development of Gwadar Port, including those connected with Pakistan’s economy and its position in the region, military strategy, and the development of Baluchistan Province, and concludes that the opening of the port has substantially enhanced the economy and security of Pakistan.

Development and Transformation of the Indian Nuclear Doctrine

Indian rationale for developing nuclear weapons is embedded in Article 51 of United Nations (UN) Charter. After analyzing the changes in Indian defence procurements, a huge defence spending and public statements issued by the former and incumbent Indian government official authors presume India is changing its nuclear posture. New Delhi is discarding earlier publicly stated No-First Use (NFU) posture with ready or super ready status. It is replacing Credible Minimum Deterrent (CMD) posture with overkill capacity. India revived earlier announced Cold Start Doctrine (CSD). The objective of this paper is to review changes in Indian nuclear doctrine and capabilities and implications for Pakistan security. However a qualitative method is used for the completion of this research. Paramount aim of nuclear signaling is to avoid outbreak of violence. The findings of this paper include dividing Indian strategic community into leftists/rightists. Further, abovementioned changes can result in Indian preemptive strike against Pakistan or inadvertent or unauthorized use of nuclear weapons. The region is ripe for nuclear exchange. South Asia is nuclear flashpoint. In conclusion, Pakistan needs to expedite its diplomatic efforts to highlight changes introduced by India. Islamabad should follow North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) strategy to solidify its conventional and nuclear armed force structure to deter militarily powerful enemy