Pair Of Trousers Research Articles

A material flow analysis of the UK clothing economy

Historically, clothing accounted for a significant proportion of annual income for most UK citizens, so items were carefully preserved and often passed down through generations. In the 21st century, however, just 40 min of work at minimum wage is sufficient to purchase a dress, shirt, or pair of trousers that may be discarded after a handful of uses. UK per-capita clothing consumption is 2–3 times the global average, reliant on international supply chains associated with many environmental and social issues. Steering the clothing system towards ecological sustainability requires wide-ranging strategies, but the lack of data on flows of clothing makes it difficult to quantify the impacts of current production and consumption, let alone design and evaluate sustainability interventions. Here we use material flow analysis to track clothing flows through the UK economy as a prelude to considering embodied carbon and changes in economic value across the system. Our results show the system is characterised by relatively high rates of reuse but very low rates of recycling. More clothing is destroyed (via landfill and incineration) than is reused and recycled. Consequently, reducing consumption of new clothing by just ∼4% would be as effective for reducing waste as doubling current recycling activity. The UK also imports eight times more clothing than it produces, but offshores over half of the associated textile waste. In our carbon analysis, uncertainty is the key theme – estimates put the cradle-to-consumer emissions associated with 2018 UK clothing consumption anywhere from 9 Mt.CO2e to over 30 Mt.CO2e. Our economic analysis shows substantial, but unsurprising losses in economic value of clothing as it flows through the economy, with some unexpected nuances. Improving the accuracy of current flow and impact data is critical for understanding how the clothing system can be most effectively moved towards circularity.

Comparing Loose Clothing-Mounted Sensors with Body-Mounted Sensors in the Analysis of Walking.

A person’s walking pattern can reveal important information about their health. Mounting multiple sensors onto loose clothing potentially offers a comfortable way of collecting data about walking and other human movement. This research investigates how well the data from three sensors mounted on the lateral side of clothing (on a pair of trousers near the waist, upper thigh and lower shank) correlate with the data from sensors mounted on the frontal side of the body. Data collected from three participants (two male, one female) for two days were analysed. Gait cycles were extracted based on features in the lower-shank accelerometry and analysed in terms of sensor-to-vertical angles (SVA). The correlations in SVA between the clothing- and body-mounted sensor pairs were analysed. Correlation coefficients above 0.76 were found for the waist sensor pairs, while the thigh and lower-shank sensor pairs had correlations above 0.90. The cyclical nature of gait cycles was evident in the clothing data, and it was possible to distinguish the stance and swing phases of walking based on features in the clothing data. Furthermore, simultaneously recording data from the waist, thigh, and shank was helpful in capturing the movement of the whole leg.

Lexeme par as a quantifier in the Serbian language

All things considered, we can establish three models of quantification with the lexeme par as a word with numerical meaning: ?) a very productive model of quantification of dual concepts such as: ??? ???? ?????? (?two pairs of shoes?), with the numerical value of ?2?; b) a relatively unproductive and lexically very limited model of quantification of complex units made up of two separate, unsymmetrical, non-cognate objects, such as: ??? ???? ???? (?two pairs of laundry?), with the numerical value of ?1?; ?) expansive, lexically limited and slightly (or very?) controversial model of quantification of the meaning of pluralia tantum nouns, such as: ??? ?????? (?a pair of scissors?), ??? ???? ????????? (?two pairs of trousers?), mostly with the numerical value of ?1?, rarely ?2?.

Double Refugee: From the White Army to the Harvard University

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The Reliability of Pattern Classification in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis-PART 2: Bloodstain Patterns on Fabric Surfaces.

This study was designed to produce the first baseline measure of the reliability of bloodstain pattern classifications on fabric surfaces. Experienced bloodstain pattern analysts classified bloodstain patterns on pairs of trousers that represented three fabric substrates. Patterns also varied in type (impact, cast-off, expiration, satellite stains from dripped blood, and transfer) and extent. In addition, case summaries that accompanied each pattern contained contextual cues that either supported the correct answer (i.e., positive bias), were misleading toward an incorrect answer (i.e., negative bias), or contained no directional information (i.e., neutral). Overall, 23% percent of the resulting classifications were erroneous. The majority (51%) of errors resulted from analysts misclassifying satellite stains from dripped blood. Relative to the neutral information, the positive-bias information increased correct classifications and decreased erroneous classifications, and the negative-bias information decreased correct classifications and increased erroneous classifications. The implications of these findings for BPA are discussed.

Violence, Legitimacy, and Control: The Microdynamics of Support Relationships between Militant Groups and their Social Environment

When police moved against a mosque known to be a stronghold of al-Jamaa al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Group) in a neighbourhood in northeastern Cairo in summer 1988, they quickly became involved in street battles in which they were confronted not only by members of the militant Islamist group but also by many ordinary residents, including teenagers and elderly women throwing stones from balconies. It was obvious that the group had built a considerable base of support in the area: ‘They were very good young people’, one resident explained. The Islamists ‘used to have very active social work around their mosque. […] They collected donations for needy families and intervened in family disputes;’ and people, as he recounted, ‘admired their bravery to voice something the government does not want’ (Interview with residents of Ayn Shams, Cairo, March 2005). Yet, the resistance proved short-lived. When the neighbourhood was put under a curfew after the riots, people gradually withdrew from the group and many young followers shaved and changed their white galabiyya for a pair of trousers.

Android Application to Assist Visually Impaired with Outfit Coordination

ABSTRACT The paper presents an android based application to assist visually impaired with outfit coordination process. The application helps them to be independent in their decisions while shopping or getting ready for the day. The application matches apparel image input with user's previously saved closet items, then provides the user with the possible matching item suggestions. The matching process is done based on the item outline and dominating colours. In order to develop this application five main components have been developed: 1. Two through analogous and complementary matching, as opposed to Region of interest (ROI) extraction components facilitating feature and colour extraction; 2. An outline detection component to determine whether an item is a top, skirt or a pair of trousers; 3. A colour recognition component to extract dominant colours of an apparel image; 4. A descriptive colour verbal feedback; 5. A matching component based on item outline and colours to coordinate with others in the user‟s closet. The output to the user includes the descriptive colours, communicated via audio, indicating the 3 dominant colours using their descriptive names - selected from a pool of 581 different colour shades. Other output is the outline details of the matching items. The application was developed and tested on Android 2.2 (Froyo) and the results showed that the ROI extraction and outline detection components perform well. The colour recognition and descriptive name generation modules outperforms the current ones.

Migration of Ag- and TiO2-(Nano)particles from Textiles into Artificial Sweat under Physical Stress: Experiments and Exposure Modeling

Engineered nanoparticles (ENP) are increasingly used to functionalize textiles taking advantage, e.g., of the antimicrobial activity of silver (Ag)-ENP or the UV-absorption of titania (TiO2)-ENP. Mobilization and migration of ENPs from the textile into human sweat can result in dermal exposure to these nanoobjects and their aggregates and agglomerates (NOAA). In this study we assessed exposure to NOAA migrating from commercially available textiles to artificial sweat by an experimental setup that simulates wear-and-tear during physical activity. By combining physical stress with incubation in alkaline and acidic artificial sweat solutions we experimentally realized a worst case scenario for wearing functionalized textiles during sports activities. This experimental approach is not limited to NOAA, but can be used for any other textile additive. Out of four investigated textiles, one T-shirt and one pair of trousers with claimed antimicrobial properties were found to release Ag <450 nm in detectable amounts (23-74 μg/g/L). Textiles containing TiO2 for UV protection did not release significant amounts of TiO2 <450 nm, but the antimicrobial T-shirt released both TiO2 and Ag <450 nm. The silver was present in dissolved and particulate form, whereas TiO2 was mainly found as particulate. On the basis of our experimental results we calculated external dermal exposure to Ag and TiO2 for male and female adults per use. For silver, maximal amounts of 17.1 and 8.2 μg/kg body weight were calculated for total and particulate Ag <450 nm, respectively. For TiO2, the exposure levels amount to maximal 11.6 μg/kg body weight for total (mainly particulate) TiO2. In comparison with other human exposure pathways, dermal exposure to NOAA from textiles can be considered comparably minor for TiO2-NOAA, but not for Ag-NOAA.

Consumer Responses to Online Atmosphere: The Moderating Role of Atmospheric Responsiveness

Abstract Due to the nature of online shopping, online shoppers are mostly affected by visual cues shown on websites. Visual cues used in the site design and layout (Davis, Wang, & Lindridge, 2008) influence consumer emotions and image of the website. The use of a variety of colors and materials draws consumers’ attention and influences their browsing tendency and purchase intention in the store (Kerfoot, Davis, & Ward, 2003). Because apparel cannot be physically examined online, perceived risk has also become a major concern for online shoppers when purchasing apparel products in-home. If consumers are pleased by online atmospheric cues, they may evaluate online shopping more favorably and perceive less risk. Previous research showed that perceived risk is negatively related to patronage intention (Forsythe, Liu, Shannon, & Gardner, 2006) and actual purchase decision (Lin, 2008). Applying the Stimulus-Organism-Response paradigm, Eroglu, Machleit, and Davis (2001) develop a conceptual model that describes ...

Stapled mesh stoma reinforcement technique (SMART) – a procedure to prevent parastomal herniation

An end-to-side fistula with a stenosis and an intact dorsal cephal-ic branch is shown. After mobilising and transecting the branch,the branch and the cephalic vein are opened in the crotchbetween the two, till beyond the stenosis. The flap is then com-pleted, effectively turning what was a pair of trousers, into a skirt.

Yarl vein flap fistuloplasties for juxta-anastomotic stenoses

An end-to-side fistula with a stenosis and an intact dorsal cephal-ic branch is shown. After mobilising and transecting the branch,the branch and the cephalic vein are opened in the crotchbetween the two, till beyond the stenosis. The flap is then com-pleted, effectively turning what was a pair of trousers, into a skirt.

One size fits too few: complex needs of women

How many of you try on a pair of trousers or a dress where the label says it is your size but you can't quite seem to fit into it—either the waist is too big or it is made for someone with small breasts when your shape is somewhat more buxom? One size definitely does not fit all. Similar can be said sometimes for the services we receive. Good customer service where queries or complaints are responded to quickly, where nothing is too much trouble, and your name is remembered is always appreciated.

Effect of Nursing Assistance Tools on Preventing Musculoskeletal Pain among Staff in Schools for Disabled Children

Objective is to clarify whether nursing assistance tools (a mat with attached handles, a pair of trousers with knee pads and a waist holding belt) prevent musculoskeletal pain, such as low back pain and upper arm pain, and depression, and improve the burden on the lower back and upper arm among staff in schools for disabled children. This study design was a non-randomized intervention trial. The subjects were 41 staff in two schools for disabled children in Japan. Nursing assistance tools were used with the intervention group to help with their nursing activities. We investigated the one-month prevalence of low back pain and the degree of burden on the lower back using a questionnaire at the baseline and at the end point 4 to 6 months later. The prevalence of low back pain did not change significantly in either group. In the intervention group, the prevalence of upper arm pain decreased from 47.6% at the baseline to 23.8% at the end point (p=0.063). The percentage of participants with a high level of burden on the lower back from excretory nursing activity decreased from 57.1% at the baseline to 33.3% at the end point (p=0.063) in the intervention group. These results suggest that nursing assistance tools may prevent upper arm pain and improve the burden on the lower back among staff in schools for disabled children; however, these tools did not significantly prevent low back pain and depression.

1227 衣服着脱時における姿勢保持支援機器の開発(GS-15 介護機構)

1227 衣服着脱時における姿勢保持支援機器の開発(GS-15 介護機構)

Establishment of Average Body Measurements and Development of Block Patterns for Adolescent Boys in Nigeria

The purpose of this study was to establish average body measurements and develop block patterns for shirts and trousers for adolescent Boys in Nigeria. The survey research design and quasi-experimental design were used for the study. A sample of 399 adolescent boys were measured and arranged in three categories of small, medium and large. The measurements were standardized to obtain average body measurement for the boys. Data obtained were used to draft block patterns for the three categories of adolescents. The patterns were, front shirt, back shirt, sleeve, trouser front and back. Three shirts and three pair of trousers were constructed on calico from the pattern pieces drafted. The shirts and trousers were fitted on three adolescent boys, small, medium and large who also acted as models. Judges and the models assessed the shirts and trousers for fit and comfort using a five point scale. Mean was used for data analysis. A mean score of less than or more than 3.00 showed that the garment was either bigger or smaller than the size considered comfortable, and needs to be altered, while a mean of 3 indicated that the patterns fitted and were comfortable. Minor alterations were made on certain areas of the patterns and final patterns traced out. Recommendations were made based on the established average body measurements and the block patterns produced.

MARK R. WILSON. The Business of War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861-1865. (Johns Hopkins Studies in the History of Technology.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2006. Pp. xii, 306. $45.00

This is essentially an institutional study of the Union Quartermaster Department in the American Civil War, and its central thesis is that “modern American business and government were shaped directly and indirectly by a military model of administration that had been on display in 1861–1865” (p. 4). While Mark R. Wilson convincingly argues that northern leaders such as Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs and his regional quartermasters skillfully waged war by exploiting Union advantages in technology and production to devise a vast bureaucracy that employed over one hundred thousand civilian workers, he is less convincing in showing that the lessons of this military economy were taken as a model by later Populist and Progressive reformers and Gilded Age business leaders. Certainly the North's military bureaucracy was prodigious; it made or procured one billion rounds of ammunition, one million horses and mules, six million woolen blankets, and ten million pairs of trousers, but such an outpouring was accompanied by an exhaustive internal debate between those who advocated a mixed economy based on government manufacturing at depots, or “quartermaster entrepreneurialism,” and those who supported “the political power of the producerist vision of military economy,” a free market supply system supported by laissez-faire Republicans (p. 173). Based principally on state and national archives and on Harvard's business collections, this work makes an excellent contribution to the general understanding of Union military institutions and supplements standard studies by Fred A. Shannon and Russell F. Weigley.

Libya's Qadhafi and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, 1969–2002

'Thousands of Libyans are ready to defend the Palestinian people: I challenge Arab leaders to open the borders for them to cross into Palestine and join the Palestinian uprising', declared the Libyan head of state, Muammar al-Qadhafi, at a special rally in Tripoli's Green Square on 1 April 2002.1 This belligerent gesture of support for the Palestinians followed another statement, one that unequivocally rejected the State of Israel's right to exist. 'The region which lies between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean sea', Qadhafi argued, is 'too small to accommodate two states' the already established State of Israel and the longed-for Palestinian state. To illustrate his point, he elaborated: 'It is like trying to put two bodies into one item of clothing, or two men wearing the same pair of trousers. This is impossible...' He concluded: 'If the Palestinian state is declared, I will not recognize.. .either [of the states] because they are false.'2 Only a Palestinian state that stretched from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean Sea could be recognized by Libya, he emphasized on another occasion.' This article traces the Libyan stance towards the Israeli-Palestinian conflict during the years 1969-2002, with special emphasis on the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s. It analyses the influences and motives that have shaped and nourished Qadhafi's 'zero-sum game' position, examining to what extent these have been emotional and ideological, and to what extent politically motivated, serving the essential interests of the regime first and foremost its survival.

Magic Wardrobe: Situated Shopping from your own Bedroom

In this paper, we describe a research prototype, called ‘Magic Wardrobe’, which serves as a physical interface between the consumer and the on-line marketplace. This new kind of wardrobe has awareness of what is in it. Since it’s connected directly to on-line stores, one can use it to engage in “interactive shopping” by selecting any physical item(s) from the wardrobe. For example, if you pick up a jacket and a pair of trousers, it would look for matching shirts from the online marketplace. While you are not actively interacting with the wardrobe, the built-in screen becomes a window for a personalised fashion show, which leisurely displays clothing products from various merchants that are potentially of interest to you.

Remaining solvents in dry cleaned over clothes

We examined remaining solvents in dry cleaned trousers to estimate the magnitude of environmental pollution. A cleaning solvent of petroleum hydrocarbon was analyzed by means of capillary column mass spectrum gas chromatography. Principal ingredients were identified to be nonane, decane and undecane. The same main components were detected in dry cleaned trousers. Total amounts of evaporated vapor from a pair of trousers (480 g) in 5 days after dry cleaning were nonane (0.73 mg), decane (1.53 mg) and undecane (1.09 mg). The levels on the fifth day were 5%(nonane), 18%(decane) and 32%(undecane) of the first day's concentration, respectively. The half times of the remaining solvents were 1.0 day (nonane), 1.7 days (decane) and 2.7 days (undecane), respectively.

Autonomy and safeguards in people with impaired decision-making abilities

In everyday life we all make choices and decisions with regard to ourselves and our environment. Such decisions may be quite trivial, for example which pair of trousers we should wear, or major, for example to move home. The freedom to make such decisions may be called the right to self-determination or autonomy. For adults, such a right is recognised by the law, either explicitly as in USA or more implicitly as here in the United Kingdom. Such a right is also partially acknowledged in children although if the child or young person is not capable of making a reasoned decision then the parent or guardian may make the decision on their behalf. Some adults through mental disability (mental illness, mental handicap) have a diminished ability to make reasoned decisions. However, it is important to recognise that in any given situation there should be an assessment of the person's ability to make a reasoned decision and assumptions not made for convenience's sake. Even people with substantial intellectual impairment are capable of making some decisions.