Level Packaging Research Articles

DSKIPP: A Prompt Method to Enhance the Reliability in LLMs for Java API Recommendation Task

ABSTRACTIn the realm of software development, selecting the appropriate Java application programming interfaces (APIs) from a vast pool remains a significant challenge for developers. This research addresses this complexity by tackling the limitations of current API recommendation methods, which often struggle to align API suggestions with the specific queries and development contexts. In this paper, we introduce a novel prompt method named DSKIPP (Development Scenario, key Knowledge and Intention's Progressive Prompt), designed to enhance the efficiency of large language models (LLMs) in Java API recommendations. Firstly, we devise an overview of DSKIPP which conducts LLMs through a sequential process: first, inferring the package level, followed by the class level, and ultimately the method level as an API comprises three distinct components at varying levels—package, class and method. Secondly, at each level, DSKIPP assists LLMs in deducing the development scenario associated with a query and the essential key knowledge relevant to that scenario. This approach enables LLMs to gain a more profound contextual understanding of the query's intention. Moreover, during the inference process at the class and method level, we implement a self‐check mechanism enabling LLMs to validate the results and ensure a more reasoned and reliable outcome. To validate the efficiency of DSKIPP, comparison and ablation experiments are both conducted within Java programming environment. The comparison results affirm that our method outperforms the current state‐of‐the‐art technologies in API recommendation tasks, while the ablation results shed light on why DSKIPP can enhance the reliability of API recommendations in LLMs. This research contributes to the field by offering a more reliable and context‐sensitive solution for API recommendation in software development.

RFID Unpacked: A Case Study in Employing RFID Tags from Item to Pallet Level

As the use of passive ultra-high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) tags continues to surge in supply chain management, it becomes crucial to optimize their application at various levels of packaging to ensure reliability. These packaging levels play a pivotal role in achieving maximum readability and widespread adoption within the industry. This research paper aims to determine the most suitable passive UHF RFID tag for consumer goods filled with liquid and wrapped in foil packaging. In this study, two distinct RFID tags from separate manufacturers were evaluated. The research focused on critical factors such as reader height, distance, and item configuration across different packaging levels (item, case, and pallet). The results demonstrated that the packaging configuration impacts the readability of RFID tags at each packaging level. Through rigorous testing, it was found that achieving a tag readability rate higher than 99.7% is feasible and readability can be optimized by adjusting the reader position, packaging configuration, and tag design. The optimized configuration and testing platform developed in this study can be used for comparable products in other supply chains such as consumer goods, pharmaceuticals, and food. The results of this study emphasize RFID’s potential to revolutionize supply chain management.

HIV-1 single transcription start site mutants display complementary replication functions that are restored by reversion.

HIV-1 transcription initiates at two positions, generating RNAs with either cap1G or cap3G 5' ends. The replication fates of these RNAs di\er, with viral particles encapsidating almost exclusively cap1G RNAs and cap3G RNAs retained in cells where they are enriched on polysomes and among spliced viral RNAs. Here, we studied replication properties of virus promoter mutants that produced only one RNA 5' isoform or the other: separately, in combination, and during spreading infection. Results showed that either single start RNA could serve as both mRNA and genomic RNA when present as the only form in cells, although cap3G RNA was more efficiently translated and spliced while cap1G RNA was packaged into nascent virions slightly better than RNAs from the parental virus. When co-expressed from separate vectors, cap1G RNA was preferentially packaged into virions. During spreading infection cap1G-only virus displayed only minor defects but cap3G-only virus showed severe replication delays in both the highly permissive MT-4 cell line and in primary human CD4+ T cells. Passage of cap3G-only virus yielded revertants that replicated as well as the twinned (cap1G+ cap3G) transcription start site parent. These revertants displayed restored packaging and splicing levels and had regained multiple transcription start site use.

An Empirical Investigation on Level of Awareness regarding Processed and Packaged Food Among Youth of Haryana

Purpose -To study the consumer’s cognizant and attitude towards processed and packaged food. Research Methodology- Respondents were selected by using stratified convenience sampling method. 145 respondents from Haryana were interviewed. A structured questionnaire was used to assess the level of awareness in special reference to packaged and processed food among youth. The Statistical tools like crosstab analysis and chi-square test were employed. Findings: From the results it is evident that education and income levels play an important role in being cognizant regarding packaged and processed food whereas other demographic variables like age, gender, occupation were found to be insignificantly differentiating the various groups of respondents. Implications- The majority of respondents expressed strong intentions to purchase packaged goods that are environmentally friendly. The awareness level regarding effect of Preservatives, food colours, MSG in the preparation of the food is very high. Indian consumers' dietary habits are being influenced by changing socio-cultural trends. So, manufacturers should check the quality and level of Preservatives, food colours, MSG and eco-friendly packaging which will cause lesser amount of degradation of environment.

The Impact of Product Packaging Characteristics on Order Picking Performance in Grocery Retailing

ABSTRACTIncreasing labor cost levels and workforce shortages have caused retailers to pay increased attention to their order‐fulfillment operations, which continue to largely depend on manual order picking systems. The operations and logistics management literature suggests that optimizing tertiary packaging, which groups products into full unit loads for storage and shipping, is an important way to improve order picking performance. While most retailers handle products at the level of secondary packaging when fulfilling orders, this packaging level remains largely unexplored. To address this gap, we analyze 3,380,596 picks performed by 185 order pickers of 4957 products in a grocery retail warehouse in Germany. Our findings indicate that secondary packaging characteristics directly affect order picking performance and that this effect is moderated by traditional product characteristics (e.g., product weight and volume), as well as elements of warehouse design (e.g., pick and stack levels). From a managerial perspective, our findings may help to bridge the gap between logistics managers and packaging engineers and provoke further research on the trade‐off between operational and environmental performance.

Cu Pillar Electroplating Using a Synthetic Polyquaterntum Leveler and Its Coupling Effect on SAC305/Cu Solder Joint Voiding.

With the advancement of high-integration and high-density interconnection in chip manufacturing and packaging, Cu bumping technology in wafer- and panel- level packaging is developed to micrometer-sized structures and pitches to accommodate increased I/O numbers on high-end integrated circuits. Driven by this industrial demand, significant efforts have been dedicated to Cu electroplating techniques for improved pillar shape control and solder joint reliability, which substantially depend on additive formulations and electroplating parameters that regulate the growth morphology, crystal structure, and impurity incorporation in the process of electrodeposition. It is necessary to investigate the effect of an additive on Cu pillar electrodeposition, and to explore the Kirkendall voids formed during the reflowing process, which may result from the additive-induced impurity in the electrodeposited Cu pillars. In this work, a self-synthesized polyquaterntum (PQ) was made out with dual suppressor and leveler effects, and was combined with prototypical accelerator bis- (sodium sulfopropyl)-disulfide (SPS) for patterned Cu pillar electroplating. Then, Sn96.5/Ag3.0/Cu0.5 (SAC305) solder paste were screen printed on electroplated Cu pillars and undergo reflow soldering. Kirkendall voids formed at the joint interfaces were observed and quantified by SEM. Finally, XRD, and EBSD were employed to characterize the microstructure under varying conditions. The results indicate that PQ exhibits significant suppressive and levelled properties with the new structure of both leveler and suppressor. However, its effectiveness is dependent on liquid convection. PQ and SPS work synergistically, influencing the polarization effect in various convective environments. Consequently, uneven adsorption occurs on the surface of the Cu pillars, which results in more Kirkendall voids at the corners than at the center along the Cu pillar surface.

Ionizable Cationic Lipids and Helper Lipids Synergistically Contribute to RNA Packing and Protection in Lipid-Based Nanomaterials.

Lipid-based nanomaterials are used as a common delivery vehicle for RNA therapeutics. They typically include a formulation containing ionizable cationic lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and a small molar fraction of PEGylated lipids. The ionizable cationic lipids are considered a crucial element of the formulation for the way they mediate interactions with the anionic RNA as a function of pH. Here, we show, by means of molecular dynamics simulation of lipid formulations containing two different ionizable cationic lipids (DLinDMA and DLinDAP), that the direct interactions of those lipids with RNA, taken alone, may not be sufficient to determine the level of protection and packaging of mRNA. Our simulations help and highlight how the collective behavior of the lipids in the formulation, which determines the ability to envelop the RNA, and the level of hydration of the lipid-RNA interface may also play a significant role. This allows the drawing of a hypothesis about the experimentally observed differences in the transfection efficiency of the two ionizable cationic lipids.

EFFECT OF IRRIGATION FREQUENCY AND CUTTING AGE ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF F1 PENNISETUM PURPUREUM

Cultivation of improved pasture variety is a means to sustainable livestock production. During dry season most forages declined in agronomic and nutritional performance. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of irrigation time and cutting age on the agronomic and nutritional composition of F1 Pennisetum purpureum. The experiment was laid in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement using Randomized completely Block Design. An already established fenced pasture plot measuring 37 × 15 m2 with 12 beds of 4 × 4 m each and with 1 m spacing between beds were cutback to 15 cm above the ground level. The treatments includes two levels of irrigation interval (48 hrs and 76 hrs; cutting age 3, 6 and 9 weeks. Data collected includes the plant height, number per tiller, tiller length, leave width, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract, Dry matter and Ash contents. All data collected were analyzed using SAS 2000 package and significance level was determined using the same package. Plants irrigated at 48 hrs recorded the highest Leaf Width (5.08 cm) while other agronomic parameters were not significantly affected. However, an increase in weeks of age at cutting increase the agronomic performance. Nutritional compositions were affected by irrigation interval and plant harvested between weeks 3-6 recorded higher nutritional composition.

Machine Learning Systems are Bloated and Vulnerable

Today's software is bloated with both code and features that are not used by most users. This bloat is prevalent across the entire software stack, from operating systems and applications to containers. Containers are lightweight virtualization technologies used to package code and dependencies, providing portable, reproducible and isolated environments. For their ease of use, data scientists often utilize machine learning containers to simplify their workflow. However, this convenience comes at a cost: containers are often bloated with unnecessary code and dependencies, resulting in very large sizes. In this paper, we analyze and quantify bloat in machine learning containers. We develop MMLB, a framework for analyzing bloat in software systems, focusing on machine learning containers. MMLB measures the amount of bloat at both the container and package levels, quantifying the sources of bloat. In addition, MMLB integrates with vulnerability analysis tools and performs package dependency analysis to evaluate the impact of bloat on container vulnerabilities. Through experimentation with 15 machine learning containers from TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Nvidia, we show that bloat accounts for up to 80% of machine learning container sizes, increasing container provisioning times by up to 370% and exacerbating vulnerabilities by up to 99%. For more detail, see the full paper, ~\citezhang2024machine.

Investigation on memory package crack and prevention under temperature cycling test

Memory package with multiple die stacking in one package faced package crack issue during package level temperature cycling test (TCT) and the failure cycle cannot meet reliability requirement. Failure analysis showed epoxy molding compound (EMC) cracking located at the center area of package surface. Finite element modeling and simulation was conducted to study package stress and failure mechanism under cyclic temperature loading condition. Simulation results showed that the center of package surface is subjected to higher stress and stress variation during stringent TCT test due to high and tight die stacking structure. Several parametric studies were conducted to further understand failure mechanism and provide solution for crack prevention. Design guideline was proposed to eliminate or reduce package crack risk for multi-chip package (MCP) in memory chip package.

What-if nature-based storm buffers on mitigating coastal erosion

Creating ecosystem buffers in intertidal zones, such as seagrass meadows, has gained increasing attention as a nature-based solution for mitigating storm-driven coastal erosion. This study presents what-if scenarios using an integrated model framework to determine the effectiveness and strategies for planting seagrass to reduce coastal erosion. The framework comprises two levels of simulation packages. The first level is a regional-scale coupled hydrodynamic model that simulates the processes of a specific storm and provides boundary forces for the morphodynamic model XBeach to apply at the next level, which simulates nearshore morphological evolution. The framework is applied to the open coast of Norderney in the German Bight of the North Sea. We demonstrate that optimising the location and size of seagrass meadows is crucial to increase the efficiency of onshore sediment erosion mitigation. For a specific depth range, depending on the storm's intensity, the most significant reduction in erosion may not be achieved by starting the meadow at the depth that permits the largest meadow size. To maintain a significant coastal protection effect, seagrass density and stem height should be considered together, ensuring erosion reduction by at least 80 % compared to the unprotected coast. This study provides valuable insights for the design and implementation of seagrass transplantation as a nature-based solution, highlighting the importance of considering location, size, density, and stem height when using seagrass meadows for coastal protection.

Developmental and Housekeeping Genes: Two Types of Genetic Organization in the Drosophila Genome.

We developed a procedure for locating genes on Drosophila melanogaster polytene chromosomes and described three types of chromosome structures (gray bands, black bands, and interbands), which differed markedly in morphological and genetic properties. This was reached through the use of our original methods of molecular and genetic analysis, electron microscopy, and bioinformatics data processing. Analysis of the genome-wide distribution of these properties led us to a bioinformatics model of the Drosophila genome organization, in which the genome was divided into two groups of genes. One was constituted by 65, in which the genome was divided into two groups, 62 genes that are expressed in most cell types during life cycle and perform basic cellular functions (the so-called "housekeeping genes"). The other one was made up of 3162 genes that are expressed only at particular stages of development ("developmental genes"). These two groups of genes are so different that we may state that the genome has two types of genetic organization. Different are the timings of their expression, chromatin packaging levels, the composition of activating and deactivating proteins, the sizes of these genes, the lengths of their introns, the organization of the promoter regions of the genes, the locations of origin recognition complexes (ORCs), and DNA replication timings.

Pengaruh Hypnobreastfeeding Terhadap Tingkat Kecemasan Ibu Menyusui Pada Ibu Post Partum Sectio Caesarrea Dalam Meningkatkan Produksi ASI Di RS. Simpangan Depok

Introduction: This study highlights the level of anxiety of breastfeeding mothers in post partum caesarean section mothers. The cause that can influence the success of breastfeeding is the mother's psychological changes, mothers who give birth using the Sectio Caesarea method have a higher level of anxiety than mothers who give birth spontaneously. The importance of breast milk for babies contains the most optimal nutritional content to provide immune protection for the baby, for this reason hypnobreastfeeding intervention is given which is expected to reduce the level of maternal packaging. Objective: The aim of this research is to determine the effect of Hypnobreastfeeding on the level of anxiety of breastfeeding mothers in post partum sectio caessarea mothers in increasing breast milk production in hospitals. Depok intersection. Method: This research uses a quasi-experimental design with a one group pretest-posttest design without control group. The data collection method involved using the Hamilton Rating Scale For Anxiety (HARS) questionnaire to measure students' anxiety levels before and after the hypnobreastfeeding intervention. This study aims to assess the effect of hypnobreastfeeding on the anxiety level of breastfeeding mothers in post partum mothers. Results: The results of the research obtained a P-valeu value of 0.000 p < 0.05 which states that the Ha hypothesis was accepted and H0 was rejected, thus there was a significant change between before and after the hypnobreastfeeding intervention on changes in anxiety levels.

A Dual-Band Dual-Polarized 2x2 Antenna Array with Beamforming for 5G AiP and mmWave Applications

In this study, we present a dual-band (28/39GHz) 2 by 2 antenna array design on a 10(4+2+4) multi-layer organic substrate with broad bandwidth and higher isolation onto a compact AiP module. In addition, the H-type slot antenna structure can improve interference and isolation between 28 and 39GHz bands. The measured result shows the isolation can larger than 15dB between low and high band. For antenna measurement, the spherical of probing chamber is utilized to validate 28/39GHz antenna pattern and performance with a package level passive testing. Our AiP measured result shows the return loss is better than 10 dB in 23.5-30.5 GHz range, with ~7 GHz bandwidth and provides a high-gain per element (above ~6 dBi) radiation pattern for 28GHz applications. For 39GHz band, the antenna has 7 GHz bandwidth and provides a 5 dBi gain between 38-45 GHz. Comparison of S-parameter between simulated and measured results, there is a good correlation to obtain the quality of manufacturing. Furthermore, a 28GHz beamforming array is designed and demonstrated. The beamfoming array consists of a four-channel transceiver with 2 x 2 antenna array. The beamformer IC is implemented by TSMC 90-nm CMOS technology and the flip-chip bonded on BT substrate. For beamforming test, an integrated socket and load board are designed for support the mmWave module and then connection between DUT and test system. The load board substrate includes the IF, LO, and DC distribution network for respectively. There are 4-channel transmit beamforming array front-end module for testing. Finally, the 3D beam steering of 2 by 2 antenna array is measured with multi-states at 28 GHz, with a maximum realized gain of 11.8 dBi achieved in the main beam (θ=0°). It shows that beamforming can be generated at a specific beam direction by controlling the phase of the signal in each antenna element.

Unlocking the True Power of Additive Manufacturing for EMI Shielding

Miniaturization trends in electronic packaging led to reduced spacing of individual packages on the printed circuit boards and thus increased the overall electromagnetic interference (EMI) levels within a device. State-of-the-art conformal coatings as EMI shielding layers are typically applied via sputter technology and offer design limitations with respect to coating selectivity on individual positions of the overall package. Our new technology of additively Ag layer application via inkjet printing overcomes today’s design limitations and is key enabler for next generations packaging designs. In this study, we compare the shielding effectiveness (S.E.) on specifically designed transmission line emitter samples coated with state-of-the-art sputtered conformal layers against silver coatings applied via inkjet printing of particle free metal organic decomposition inks to evaluate the new technology for its potential on package level shielding performance. Mechanical and electrical characterization of the silver coatings indicate appropriate tools to specify layer characteristics and ensure S.E. of 40 dB or higher at frequencies of 800 MHz and higher. The suitability of our well-tailored silver coatings to match typical S.E. requirements is shown with even much thinner layer thickness as compared to state-of-the-art coatings.

Machine Learning Systems are Bloated and Vulnerable

Today's software is bloated with both code and features that are not used by most users. This bloat is prevalent across the entire software stack, from operating systems and applications to containers. Containers are lightweight virtualization technologies used to package code and dependencies, providing portable, reproducible and isolated environments. For their ease of use, data scientists often utilize machine learning containers to simplify their workflow. However, this convenience comes at a cost: containers are often bloated with unnecessary code and dependencies, resulting in very large sizes. In this paper, we analyze and quantify bloat in machine learning containers. We develop MMLB, a framework for analyzing bloat in software systems, focusing on machine learning containers. MMLB measures the amount of bloat at both the container and package levels, quantifying the sources of bloat. In addition, MMLB integrates with vulnerability analysis tools and performs package dependency analysis to evaluate the impact of bloat on container vulnerabilities. Through experimentation with 15 machine learning containers from TensorFlow, PyTorch, and Nvidia, we show that bloat accounts for up to 80% of machine learning container sizes, increasing container provisioning times by up to 370% and exacerbating vulnerabilities by up to 99%.

Shelf-life prediction of chicken nuggets based on the thickness level of composite plastic packaging using accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) method by the Arrhenius equation approach

The packaging of ground chicken meat, known as chicken nuggets, generally experiences a very rapid rate of deterioration caused by microorganisms. To determine the shelf life of chicken nuggets, shelf life measurements are made by accelerating product degradation through environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, gas atmosphere, and light. In this study, the thickness level of composite plastic packaging was tested using the accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) method with the Arrhenius equation approach. The study looked at the critical period of chicken nuggets packed in 15μm nylon and LLDPE composite plastic packaging with a thickness of 40μm and 50μm stored in an incubator at 45°C for two days, then sensory evaluation once a day and calculated the shelf life, where chicken nuggets were packed in 15μm nylon and LLDPE composite plastic packaging with a thickness of 40μm and 50μm and stored in an incubator with temperature variations of -15, 5 and 25 °C for 25 days, every five days analyzed for moisture content and TPC. The best shelf life of chicken nuggets is found in 50μm thickness composite plastic packaging at a temperature of -15 °C, lasting 136 days.

Two levels of information packaging and cognitive operations during simultaneous interpreting: An analysis via additional demonstratives

This study aims to describe cognitive processes during simultaneous interpreting from English to Japanese. Simultaneous interpreting is unique because of its online discourse processing: the interpreter starts producing target language expressions progressively before s/he hears the end of a sentence in the source language. This study analyses the authentic interpreting performance from the Interpreting Database, which comprises recorded simultaneous interpreting performed for a press conference. Particular attention is paid to additional demonstratives that do not have corresponding expressions in the source text as clues to focus on the interpreter's information packaging at two levels: the construction of a conceptual unit (CU) and a translation unit (TU). The two processes are inseparable and progress in parallel. This study analyses cognitive operations beyond transcoding from four perspectives: incorporation of a CU into a TU, construal of relations between TUs, reformulation in the TU, and the construction of an empty CU.

Integrated multimode optical waveguides in glass using laser induced deep etching.

Glass is an ideal material for optical applications, even though only a few micromachining technologies for material ablation are available. These microstructuring methods are limited regarding precision and freedom of design. A micromachining process for glass is laser induced deep etching (LIDE). Without generating micro-cracks, introducing stress, or other damages, it can precisely machine many types of glass. This work uses LIDE to subtractive manufacture structures in glass carrier substrates. Due to its transmission characteristics and refractive index, the glass substrate serves as optical cladding for polymer waveguides. In this paper, the described fabrication process can be divided into two sub-steps. The doctor blade technique and subsequent additive process step is used in manufacturing cavities with U-shaped cross-sections in glass in order to fill the trenches with liquid optical polymers, which are globally UV-cured. Based on the higher refractive index of the polymer, it enables optical waveguiding in the visible to near-infrared wavelength range. This novel, to the best of our knoowledge, manufacturing method is called LDB (LIDE-doctor-blade); it can be the missing link between long-distance transmissions and on-chip solutions on the packaging level. For validation, optical waveguides are examined regarding their geometrical dimensions, surface roughness, and waveguiding ability, such as intensity distribution and length-dependent attenuation.

Web-based program for sexual and reproductive health education of immigrant women: A scoping review protocol.

Developing web-based education sexual and reproductive health (SRH) programs for immigrant women is crucial. This scoping review aims to provide basic data for developing more advanced programs by examining web-based educational program literature. This review considers web-based SRH education programs for adult immigrant women and focuses on their characteristics, instructional strategies, and outcome evaluations. Data will be extracted following the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP) and Kirkpatrick level and summarized to show future-oriented results while documenting web-based approach evidence for educating immigrant women on SRH. It is expected to provide information for web-based education programs to meet the MISP and develop various evaluation methods. As such, the findings can be used to determine the direction and level of SRH education.