P-active Substances Research Articles

Choice justification of the fruit and berry raw materials to produce pasta of the functional purpose

Abstract The article presents the results of the chemical composition study of the whortleberry berries (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) and common sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L), naturally growing in the forest-steppe zone of the Krasnoyarsk territory. It is shown that the studied biomass contains a rich mineral-vitamin complex, represented by vitamins A, C, group B and P-active substances, as well as magnesium, iron, phosphorus. This circumstance makes it possible to recommend the indicated vegetable raw materials in the production of functional food products. Based on the use of dry powders of the meal of the berries of these plants, a recipe for functional pasta has been developed. It has been established that the introduction of 5 to 10 wt.% of dry powders of the whortleberry berries and sea buckthorn into the classic pasta dough recipe makes the organoleptic properties and nutritional value of the finished product optimal. Consumption of 100 g of the product provides the body with, mg: ascorbic acid - 10.5-21.0; P-active substances - 1.5-6.4; magnesium - 18-30; phosphorus - 9-18; iron - 0.4-1.4. The expert evaluation of organoleptic indicators revealed compliance with regulatory requirements, while the experts noted a pleasant, harmonious taste of the product.

Apple cultivars of common selection as initial forms when creating competitive adaptive cultivars

For a number of decades, Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (formerly the Orel experimental fruit-berry station) has been studying a large collection of apple cultivars of common selection, which includes: Antonovka Obyknovennaya, Antonovka Krasnobochka, Anis, Babushkino, Borovinka, Grushovka Moskovskaya, Korichnoye Polosatoye, Korobovka, Osenneye Polosatoye, Papirovka, Papirovka Tetraploidnaya, Renet Zolotoy Kursky, Skryzhapel, Suyslepskoye and others (more than 20 cultivars in total) with different dates of fruit maturation. Most of them are highly adaptable and hardy in the conditions of Central Russia. Korichnoye Polosatoye, Anis, Grushovka Moskovskaya, Papirovka and Osenneye Polosatoye are highly resistant cultivars of common selection. Some of them produce quite large fruits: Antonovka Krupnoplodnaya (150 g), Aport (201 g), Titovka (205 g). Antonovka Krupnoplodnaya, Aport, Renet Zolotoy Kursky and Titovka are distinguished by an attractive appearance of fruits. Some cultivars of common selection have a good taste of fruit: Antonovka Krasnobochka, Aport, Grushovka Moskovskaya, Korichnoye Polosatoye, Korobovka, Suyslepskoye and Chernoye Derevo. A number of cultivars of common selection are characterized by an increased content of sugars (Babushkino), ascorbic acid (Babushkino), sum of P-active substances (Ossenneye Polosatoye) — 415 mg/100 g at average values of indicators of biochemical composition in apple cultivars of national selection: sugars — 9,4%, ascorbic acid — 13,1 mg/100 g, sum of P-active substances — 247 mg/100 g. The article gives a brief economic and biological characteristics of 20 new apple cultivars developed at the Institute with the participation of cultivars of common selection (which is 36.5% of the assortment). The authors of the article conclude that cultivars of common selection are of great interest in creating new competitive adaptive apple cultivars.

Justification of the choice of plant raw materials and forms of its processing for expanding the range of functional foods products

The article reflects the original results of the study of the chemical composition and the presence of physiologically active substances in the aboveground part of the common Aegopodium, which naturally grows in the forest-steppe zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is shown that the studied biomass is rich in vitamins A, C, group B and P-active substances, as well as macro- and microelements - magnesium, iron, manganese, selenium and copper, which determines the expediency of its use in the production of functional food products. On the basis of the use of dry powders (concentrates) of common Aegopodium and Jerusalem artichoke, a recipe for a new low-moisture bakery product has been developed, which has received the name -Breads "TopifitoSS", as well as a technological map of the specified new functional product. It has been established that the introduction of 12.5 wt.% Dry powders of common Aegopodium whitewash and Jerusalem artichoke into the classical formulation of loaves, as well as the replacement of water with whey make the organoleptic properties and nutritional value of the finished product optimal. Consumption of 100 g of the product provides an intake into the body, mg: ascorbic acid - 10.7; P-active substances - 2.4; magnesium - 18; phosphorus - 30.5; iron - 4.2; selenium - 0.21; energy value - 335 kcal. The regulated indicators of quality and safety of a new functional product have been determined. An expert assessment of organoleptic indicators revealed compliance with regulatory requirements, while experts noted a pleasant, harmonious taste of the product.

The antioxidant properties mineral processing for specialized food products

The article contains data on the antioxidant properties of fortifiers for the production of specialized food products. Developed and scientifically proven a polycomponent plant food preparation from sugar-reducing plant raw materials, as well as a food additive with high anti-radical activity in comparison with the known analog. The degree of increase in the anti-radical activity of the developed food additive in comparison with the known one is 50.24%. Giving the polycomponent plant food preparation antioxidant properties is achieved due to the presence of functional food ingredients in it, such as vitamins E and C, selenium, manganese, zinc, P-active substances and chromium. The highest content of phenolic substances and flavonoids has a polycomponent plant food preparation freshly processed and after 12 months of storage.

Fertilizers effect on yield and apples’ fruits quality on leached chernozem

In the Central Ciscaucasia, including North Ossetia-Alania, in recent years, new fast-growing, immune, highly-productive varieties of apple trees of an intensive type have become widespread. The effectiveness of the use of fertilizers for growing new varieties of apple trees has not been studied. In this regard, a study was made of the responsiveness of three apple varieties to mineral and organic fertilizers (manure) and their combination. The apple orchard was studied on leached chernozem, covered by pebble from a depth of 50 cm and having a wash water regime. As a result of research, it was found that the use of mineral and organic fertilizers in this type of garden is an effective agrotechnological technique. The use of mineral and organic fertilizers increases the productivity of the fruits of the varieties Aidored, Florina and Stark-Nart by 20.0–130.4 % compared with non-fertilized control. The Florina variety was the most fruitful. Significantly less productive is the Aydored variety and especially Stark-Nart. In the control, respectively, Florin’s variety – 22.0 t/ha, Aidored – 12.5 t/ha and Stark-Nart – 11.5 t/ha. Of the fertilized options, the best in all three varieties was N150P150К150: productivity was 40.5, 28.5, and 26.5 t/ha, respectively. The fertilizers under study affected the quality indicators of fruits in different ways. For Aidored variety, there is a tendency toward a decrease in the dry matter content and fruit acidity as the level of mineral nutrition increases, while the content of sugar, vitamin C, P-active substances, sugar-acid index and pectin substances increase. According to these indicators, N150P150К150 stands out as the best of the fertilized options. In relation to the Florin and Stark-Nart varieties, it should be pointed out that the patterns of action of fertilizers on the quality of fruits noted for the Aidored variety are identical, although the quantitative indicators are not the same. In particular, it can be noted that in terms of sugar content, Stark-Nart is inferior to two other varieties. And in terms of acidity, Florin is an advantage (the fruits are less acidic). Vitamin C is more in the fruits of the Aidored variety (9.3 mg / 100 g in the control), Florin is in second place, and Stark-Nart is in third (in the control of 8.0 and 7.1, respectively).

Biochemical assessment of berry crops as a source of production of functional food products

The article deals with the concept of functional nutrition, the prospects for the use of fruit and berry products in the production of functional products. The issues of biochemical assessment of black currant, red currant, remontant varieties of garden raspberries, edible honeysuckle, high blueberries as a source of production of functional food products are considered. Experimental data on the content of biologically active substances (organic acids, total sugars, ascorbic acid, pectin, P-active substances) in fresh fruits of promising varieties are presented. The best varieties with a high content of antioxidants are selected: ascorbic acid (the black currant Carmelita, Green haze, the red currant Vixne, Marmalade; the remantant raspberry Atlant, Hercules, Orange miracle; the edible honeysuckle Kamchadalka, Cinderella, Gzhel early, Nymph and the high blueberry Herbert, Coville); pectin (the red currant Jonker van Tets, Generous); the remantant raspberry Orange miracle; the honeysuckle Kamchadalka, Cinderella, Nymph, Gzhel early); p-active ingredients (the black currant Green haze, Tamerlane; the honeysuckle Berel, Galochka and the high blueberry Blue crop, Herbert, Coville).

Evaluation of biochemical indicators of apple fruits quality for the complex selection of the valuable source material for breeding

The generalized results of a comprehensive long-term assessment (2015-2019) of biochemical and technical indicators of the quality of apple fruits of promising varieties (Malus domestica x Borkh.), including: the valuable initial parental forms and new varieties of regional selection, different in ploidy and genetic origin are presented, grown in the conditions of the South of Russia. This work used the generally accepted modern methods and programs for the variety study of fruit plants developed at the North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center for Horticulture, Viticulture, Wine-making (NCFSCHVW). The aim of the study was to select the source material of the apple fruit quality, which is valuable for the breeding, and the sources of the target traits based on the analysis of longterm data on the assessment of the biochemical composition of promising varieties of different ploidy and genetic origin. As a result of the comprehensive assessment of the main indicators of the quality of apple fruits in a varietal section, the sources of significant traits of apple tree for breeding use were identified: large-fruited, bright red and pure yellow color, improved chemical composition of fruits. According to the data of a longterm studies of the quality indicators of the apple fruits of introduced varieties and varieties of selection of the FSBSI NCFSCHVW, genotypes with an improved biochemical composition were identified for the use in the selection process: diploids: Champion, Orpheus (sugar content 10.5% and 10.8%, respectively); triploids: Soyuz, Vasilisa and the diploid variety Fortuna (vitamin C - more than 10.0 mg / 100 g); diploids: Margo, Vasilisa (P-active substances - more than 110.0 mg / 100 g).

ОЦЕНКА БИОХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ЯГОД ЕЖЕВИКИ В СВЯЗИ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ В СЕЛЕКЦИИ

The work summarized the literature data on the content of chemicals in blackberries grown in various regions of Russia and foreign countries. Much attention is paid to the level of accumulation of biochemical components: soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, vitamins C (ascorbic acid) and P (phenolic compounds). In the studied regions, a high accumulation of anthocyanins (307-651 mg / 100 g) and ascorbic acid (23.4-54.0 mg / 100 g) in blackberries was noted in the Republic of Adygea. The highest sugar content (9.9%) was in blackberries grown in the middle zone of Russia. The average content of the studied components depends not only on the region of cultivation, but, first of all, on the varietal composition of the crop. The study of 25 blackberry varieties bred in the USA, England and Australia in the Krasnodar Territory allowed us to identify the most adapted of them for cultivation in the south of Russia,the most promising varieties are Thornfree, Smoothstem and Black Satin. In the Republic of Belarus, blackberries are grown on personal subsidiary plots, the most common is the American Agavam variety, which is noted for its high sugar content and the content of P-active substances. At the Maikop Experimental Station. N.I. Vavilov, as a result of studying the biochemical composition of blackberry berries, the following varieties were identified: by the content of dry matter – Oregon, Black Satin, Thornfree; sugar content – Oregon, Silvon, Black Satin, Thornfree, Young; by the content of organic acids – Derrow, Raven (1.67%), Cherokki (1.87%); by the content of ascorbic acid – Himalaya (54.6 mg / 100 g), Derrow (45.8 mg / 100 g), Raven (45.4 mg / 100 g) and Cherokki (47.8 mg / 100 g).

Rational use of wheat processing products to create a composite flour mixture

The article presents data on the chemical composition of the powder from sprouted wheat pomace, which determines its high nutritional value: dietary fiber (45%), vitamins, mg / 100g (C - 450, P-active substances 390), minor components, mg / 100g (flavonoids 690, chlorophyll 41, tannins 1310) and minerals, mg / 100g (calcium 60, magnesium 85, phosphorus 300, iron 6.8). The resulting powder is able to provide a daily physiological need for minor components from 41 to 1950%, for micro and macromineral substances from 6 to 48%. It also strengthens the functional significance of the main components in the composition of enriched products due to biologically active substances and dietary fiber. Titrimetric, photometric, and spectrophotometric standardized methods were used in the study of the powder chemical composition and the quality indicators of the composite flour mixture. The composition is justified. A rational ratio of wheat, hemp flour, and powder from sprouted wheat pomace - 70:20:10 respectively is determined, based on the results of organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators. The study revealed increased nutritional value compared to wheat flour. The developed composite flour mixture is able to meet 40 % of physiological norm in terms of nutrients and more than 5000% in selenium; it can be considered as an alternative to wheat flour for the development of enriched food products.

BIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES OF BLACK CURRANT BERRIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF NORTHWESTERN RUSSIA

Background. Black currant occupies one of the leading po­sitions among berry plants in terms of the content of nutri­ents and bioactive substances that are necessary for a bal­anced human diet. The modern standards for black currant varieties include mandatory requirements to the quality of fruits, including their biochemical composition. The high content of nutrients and biologically active substances in the berries is one of the priorities in breeding of this crop. The fruit biochemical composition is a genetically deter­mined trait that can vary in different soil and climatic zones. In this regard, the analysis of the degree of bioactive sub­stances accumulation in berries in a particular region of cultivation is relevant. Materials and methods. The con­tent of bioactive substances in black currant berries was analyzed in 2010–2012 in the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of the N.I. Vavilov Institute (VIR). The content of P-active substances (flavonols, phenol car­boxylic acids, flavanes, anthocyanins) was determined in accordance with the methodological guidelines accepted at VIR. Results and discussion. Black currant varieties culti­vated in Leningrad Province contain from 518.1 to 813.6 mg/100 g of bioflavonoids, including 20.6 mg/100 g of flavonols, 75.4 mg/100 g of phenol carboxylic acids, 233.8 mg/100 g of catechins and 335.1 mg/100 g of antho­cyanins. As a result of the study, the sources of high total content of bioflavonoids and separate groups of phenolic compounds have been identified and can be used in breed­ing programs. The sources of high phenol carboxylic acids content are cvs. ‘Orloviya’(k-35789) and ‘Sensei’ (k-42646); high catechin content is characteristic of cvs. ‘Vospomi­nanie’ (k-40471), ‘Orloviya’ (k-35789), ‘Nadiya’k-42478) and ‘Оcharovanie’ (k-41980); while the sources of Р-active substances (˃ 700 mg/100 g) are cvs. ‘Vospominanie’ (к40471), ‘Orloviya’ (k-35789) and ‘Nadiya’ (k-42478). All the studied varieties are characterized by a high level of antho­cyanins accumulation (˃ 200 mg/100 g) and can be used in breeding for the indicated trait. The highest variability of indicators of phenolic compounds was observed for hydroxycinnamic acids. The existence of negative relation­ships between the berry mass and the content of individual bioactive compounds was established.

ПОПОЛНЕНИЕ ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКОЙ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ЯБЛОНИ ФГБНУ ВНИИСПК ДЛЯ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ В СЕЛЕКЦИИ

A brief description of genetic collection of apple in the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) is given in this article. The collection is annually saved and replenished with the introduced apple varieties from various breeding institutions of Russia, CIS, Europe, America and Australia as well as varieties and hybrids of VNIISPK breeding. At the Institute in 01.01.2019, the apple gene pool consisted of 830 accessions and 350 selected seedlings for further study and selection of new source material for breeding. In the genetic collection of the Institute there are sources and donors for apple breeding for columnar habit, winter hardiness, precocity and high productivity, long shelf life of fruit, high resistance and immunity to scab as well as donors of diploid gametes for breeding on a polyploidy level, sources and donors of high content of sugars, titrate acids and biologically active substances (ascorbic acid and P-active substances). Creation, preservation, study and replenishment of the gene pool are a priority and actual direction of research.

Modern aspects of using secondary plant-based raw materials in food production

The paper substantiates the efficiency of using non-traditional plant materials in food and culinary recipes with high nutritional value. The purpose is to find new technological solutions for using secondary raw materials in the technology of functional food production. The chemical composition of lingonberry (Vaccínium vítis-idaéa) and cranberry (Oxycóccus) press residues obtained after juice extraction was investigated. The sanitary-hygienic indicators of lingonberry and cranberry press residues were determined. Based on this research, we developed the method for the production of powders and pastes from secondary berry resources - lingonberry and cranberry press residues. The research involved quantitative assessments in order to define if the manufacturing process for the production of powders and pastes satisfies non-wastefulness. The optimal storage parameters for lingonberry and cranberry powders and pastes, ensuring maximum safety of biologically active substances - antioxidants: ascorbic acid, P-active substances were determined. Tests revealed that lingonberry and cranberry powders can be referred to the group of baking improvers, while lingonberry and cranberry paste can be used as thickening and gelling agents.

ЦЕЛЕБНЫЕ СОРТА ЯБЛОНИ (ПОПУЛЯРИЗАЦИЯ СЕЛЕКЦИОННЫХ ДОСТИЖЕНИЙ)

Purposeful large-scale work on the creation of apple cultivars with improved biochemical composition of the fruit has been carried out at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) for more than 60 years. Some results of the work on the creation of cultivars with the improved biochemical composition of fruit are summarized in the article. A number of the apple cultivars with high contents of sugars, ascorbic acid and P-active substances have been created. The best cultivars according to a complex of commercial traits and content of sugars in fruit are: Osipovskoye - 12.2% (on State testing), Orlovsky Partizan - 11.8% and Ivanovskoye - 11.8% (included in the State Register). The best cultivars according to the content of ascorbic acid in fruit: Vita - 21.4 mg/100g, Veteran -19.4 mg/100g and Ivanovskoye -19.5 mg/100g (the last two cultivars are included in the State Register). The best cultivars according to the content of P-active substances in fruit: Kandil Orlovsky - 558 mg/100g, Orlovsky Pioner - 514 mg/100g and Pamyati Khitrovo - 480 mg/100g (all are zoned). These cultivars are significantly different according to the biochemical composition from wide-known cultivars Antonovka Obyknovennaya, Grushevka Moskovskaya, Osenneye Polosatoye, Papirovka, Pepin Shafranny and the most new cultivars of VNIISPK breeding. Apple breeding for higher content of sugars and biological active substances (vitamins C and P) has great prospects, because the introduction of such cultivars as irreplaceable energy sources into production will allow to increase nutritional and preventive value of fruits without additional costs. However, we must remember that the purposeful development of high-sugar and high-vitamin cultivars requires the creation of large hybrid funds and years of hard work. It is also necessary to develop rapid methods to carry out mass tests quickly so that to determine the nutrients and biologically active substances in the fruit of a large number of seedlings.

БИОХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА НОВЫХ СОРТОВ КРЫЖОВНИКА СЕЛЕКЦИИ ВНИИСПК

The results of studies of the chemical composition of gooseberry varieties breeding of Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding are presented. It has been stated that according to the content of dry solubles (DS), sugars and organic acids as well as maximal sugar-acid index (SAI), the best are the varieties ‘Discovery’ (DS — 14.9 %, sugars — 11.20 %, organic acids — 1.97 %, SAI — 5.9), ‘Zemlianichny’ (17.7 %; 11.32 %; 1.76 %; 5.9) and ‘Moryachok (13.6 %; 10.29 %; 1.87 %; 5.8, respectively). The best varieties have been identified by the accumulation of biologically active substances in berries: ‘Zemlianichny’ and ‘Nekrasovsky’ by ascorbic acid and ‘Nekrasovsky’ by P-active substances. The greatest stability in the content of sugars is observed in the varieties ‘Discovery’ and ‘Moryachok’; in the content ascorbic acid — in the variety ‘Nekrasovsky’.

Сравнительная характеристика плодов яблони триплоидных сортов, полученных от интервалентных скрещиваний и от скрещивания диплоидных сортов

In this article the comparative data on quality of fruits of triploid varieties from intervalence crosses and received from crossing diploid are presented. The aim of the work is to show the prospects of apple breeding on the polyploid level. Terms of fruit ripening, their keeping capacity, mass, appearance and taste, biochemical composition were evaluated by generally accepted methods. The determination of sugars was carried out according to the method of Bertrand, ascorbic acid by titration of oxalate extracts with Tilmans paint (2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol), vitamin P (P-active substances) by the colorimetric method in the modi fi cation of L. I. Vigorov. It was reliably shown that fruit of triploid apple varieties created from intervalence crosses have larger mass and contain more sugars, although they are inferior in ascorbic acid content of fruit of triploid varieties created from diploid parents. In the article it is described the best two zoned triploid scab immune varieties created from intervalence crosses (‘Aleksandr Boiko’ and ‘Vavilovskoye’) and the best two zoned triploid scab immune varieties created from crosses of two diploid varieties (‘Rozhdestvenskoye’ and ‘Yubilar’).

Biochemical fruit composition of domestic and foreign apple cultivars and their use in breeding

The report is devoted to the results of the long-term study of the biochemical composition of fruit in 11 most common in the recent past apple cultivars in Central Russia, 58 apple cultivars developed at Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding and 56 foreign cultivars. In each group, cultivars with the highest content of sugar sum, ascorbic acid and sum of P-active substances have been allocated. The long-term study showed that previously most common domestic apple cultivars on average are significantly inferior to foreign ones in terms of soluble solids and sugars in fruit; they do not differ significantly in the average content of ascorbic acid, but significantly exceed the average content of P-vitamins. The cultivars possessing high content of sugars, ascorbic acid and P-active substances in fruit have been allocated in each of the groups under consideration. These apple cultivars are of great interest as sources of theses indications for further breeding. The examples of their use in the development of apple varieties of a new generation are given in this article. On the basis of the long-term experience the conclusion is made about the prospects of apple breeding for biochemical fruit composition improvement.

MALUS SIEVERSIIЖАҢА СОРТ-КЛОНДАРЫ ЖЕМІСТЕРІНІҢ АЛМАТЫ Қ. БАС БОТАНИКАЛЫҚ БАҚ ЖАҒДАЙЫНДАҒЫ БИОХИМИЯЛЫҚ ЖӘНЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЯЛЫҚ ЕРЕКШЕЛІКТЕРІ

In this article the date of biochemical and technological quality features of fruits of Malus sieversii clones is given. M. sieversii differs by high intraspecific diversity in spread area and its fruit biochemical composition. Chemical and technological evaluation, which will be conducted for the first time using new clones of the Dzhungar population, are relevant. The aim of our work was the investigation of biochemical and technological quality features of fruit of M. sieversii clones and the selection of the most valuable cultivars for their processing and use in breeding. During our investigation 10clones of M. sieversii selected from different populations of the Dzungarian Alatau were engaged. To study the chemical composition of fruit the generally accepted methods were used. The percentage of dry matter, sugar, organic acids, water-soluble pectin, leucoanthocyanins and P-active substances was determined. The analysis was carried out during the period of 2012 till 2015. Fruits of the researched clones of M. sieversii in most cases were small and characterized by a higher acidity, from 1.11 to 1.73 %. Low content of acids was found in 2 clones. Among the M. sieversii clones possessing a high sugar-acid index, only 1 clone was outstanding. Among 10 clones of M. sieversii 4 of them were outstanding by high sugar content, up to 14%. The leucoanthocyanins’ content of the researched clones was from 74 to 651 mg per 100 g. High content of P-active substances was found in 4 clones. Most of the researched clones of M. sieversii demonstrated a high level of water-soluble pectin; it was from 1.04 to 2.5%. A high level of dry substance in fruit of the researched plants was noted. As a result of biochemical and technological characteristics of clones of M. sieversii, we have determined cultivars containing a high level of nutrients and biological active substances. And it can be used as a valuable source in breeding and product processing. Key words: Malus sieversii clones, chemical composition, biological active substances, apple fruit.

A comprehensive assessment of source material for apple breeding for immunity and fruit quality

The results of years of studying new and promising varieties of Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) grown in Southern Russia. Evaluation of Apple cultivars was carried out for resistance to the major fungal pathogens scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha Salm.), the quality and marketability of fruits, the content of biologically active substances underlying the antioxidant properties of fruits. An advanced method of polyploidy based on inclusion of parental forms with immunity to scab was applied in Apple selection. Integrated assessment of key biological traits of varieties and forms of Apple with diverse ploidy in unstable environments resulted in a selection of donors and sources of significant characteristics for Apple breeding such as resistance and immunity to major fungal pathogens, large fruit, bright red color of the fruit, improved chemical composition. High-quality varieties of Apple breeding in SKZNIISiV together with VNIISPK combining immunity to scab (the Vf gene) with high resistance to powdery mildew were selected: Fortune, Amulet, Carmen, Nika, Margo, Orfei, Souyz and others. Apple-tree grades, immune to scab, with a high viability of pollen (83–98%) were revealed: Azimuth, Vasilisa, Carmen, Lubava, Margo, Fortune, Liberty, Prima, Florina, Freedom. The promising parental forms passing to most of their hybrid progeny good tastes of fruits are Golden Delicious tetraploid, Wealthy tetraploid, Belle de Boskoop, Balsgard 0247 E, Papirovka tetraploid, and diploidy grades to Alkmene, Prima, Redfree and Kuban. Apple cultivars were revealed with high chemical indicators including the content of sugars: Orfei (10.8 %), Champion (10.5 %); vitamin C: Vasilisa and Souyz (more than 9.0 mg/100 g), hybrid form 44-24-49-uy (more than 11.4 mg/100 g); and P-active substances – Vasilisa, Lubava, Margo (more than 110.0 mg/100 g), whose use in breeding programs encourages the rapid creation of new genotypes with improved biochemical composition of fruits.

Apple gene pool use, sources and donors of economically valuable traits

The significance of an apple genetic collection and its use in the development of new adaptive apple cultivars meeting up-to-date requirements are investigated. Nevertheless, the genetic diversity of existing collections is shown to be still insufficiently used in breeding institutions. McIntosh, Jonathan, Wealthy, Golden Delicious, Melba, Antonovka Obyknovennaya, Ranetka Purpurovaya, and Papirovka are valuable parental varieties in apple breeding, used in Russia and worldwide. In spite of the availability of a large genetic collection, only 48 cultivars were used as initial parental forms when developing about 50 apple varieties (according to the All-Russia Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding). That makes up less than 7% of the gene pool of over 700 cultivars kept at the Institute. Among 10 most valuable sources of new varieties are McIntosh (12), scab immune Seyanetz 814 (9), Antonovka Obyknovennaya (7), Papirovka Tetraploid (11), etc. We recommend sources and donors for apple breeding for commercially valuable traits (winter hardiness, columnar tree type, precocity and high productivity, long fruit storability, high resistance and immunity to scab), as well as donors of diploid gametes for triploid cultivar breeding, sources and donors of high contents of sugars, titrated acids and biologically active substances (ascorbic acid and P-active substances) in fruits. The necessity of selection and breeding of complex sources and donors possessing two and more valuable traits (immunity to scab and tetraploidy, immunity to scab and the columnar tree type, etc.) is discussed.

FOLIAR FEEDING TO INCREASE YIELD VALUE AND QUALITY IN STRAWBERRY (Fragaria ananassa) UNDER METEOROLOGICAL STRESSES

In formation of fruit quality, an application of bio-stimulants that can protect plants against external unfavorable factors and regulate specifically the plant growth, development and metabolism, is prospective, enabling full realization of a varietal potency. In this paper, the data are summarized on studying influence of meteorological conditions of the growing season and the growing factors on the yield and quality of strawberries grown in the southern Russia in 2006-2010. There are reported the results of using GUMI 20K fertilizer and growth regulators Mival-Agro, Stimolante 66f, Alga mix B Mg at the phases of stem extension, early flowering and ripening of berries to control yield formation and chemical composition of strawberries under extreme weather conditions. Due to application of tested preparations, in the varieties Cleary, Arosa, Marmolada the weight of a berry was by 0.7-2.2 g higher as compared to the control. That improves trade quality and ultimately has a positive effect on productivity. Joint use of growth regulators Mival-Agro and fertilizer GUMI 20K improves the quality according to the content of dry matter and sugars (by 7-10 %), organic acids (by 10-15 %), vitamin C (by 9-14 %), and P-active substances (by 3-12 %). It was found out that the use of growth regulators Stimolante 66f and Alga mix B Mg on the Marmolada plants contribute to increased resistance to late spring frosts occurred in 2009. The number of flowers exceeded the control by 9.1 %, and the number of berries was higher by 18.5 % with an average weight of a berry increased by 1.7 g. The berries also accumulated more soluble dry matters (9.0 %) and sugars (6.8 %), their acid content increased (1.0 %), but the synthesis of vitamin C and P-active substances slowed. A response of varieties to the treatments differed. In Arosa variety the similar treatments resulted in decrease of sugar content and acidity, but the concentration of biologically active substances increased as compared to the control. Thus, the application of fertilizers together with growth stimulants can reduce the impact of stresses, improving productivity, fruit quality and content of biologically active substances in strawberries.