Oxford Dictionary Research Articles

Assessment of Journalism Principles in Media: An Evaluative Instrument

ABSTRACT The integration of emerging technologies in journalism raises concerns about their impact on journalistic principles. During these technologies’ early adoption stages, there is significant experimentation with platform affordances to apply these principles in new media contexts. Current evaluations struggle to be universally applicable due to their focus on specific media platforms and contexts. To address this gap, this article introduces the Assessment of Journalism Principles in Media (AJPM) rubric, a tool that operationalizes and empirically evaluates normative journalistic principles across media technologies. The tool offers a framework for examining and comparing how different media platforms’ affordances are aligning and impacting the implementation and perception of journalistic principles. Developed using the Questionnaire Appraisal System (QAS-99), the AJPM was refined through feedback from 17 news editors and journalists from the United States, who evaluated a tool that operationalizes 21 terms from the Oxford Dictionary of Journalism. This process established content validity of the AJPM. These evaluations are crucial in validating the AJPM's effectiveness for evolving journalistic forms such as immersive journalism and AI in journalism. Future research will establish the AJPM's face, criterion, and construct validity, thereby confirming its utility in assessing journalistic principles in diverse media forms, from traditional to emerging.

An Analysis of Idiomatic Expressions found in The Lightning Thief Song Lyrics

The title of this study is An Analysis of Idiomatic Expressions Found In “The Lightning Thief (Original Cast Recording)” Song Lyrics. The objective of this study is to analyze the existence of idioms inside of an existing work of literature in the form of songs as part of a musical play and what does the idiom classified as, specifically what set them apart from each other and what pattern made them classified as one type through their semantic side. This study also includes an analysis of idiomatic expressions in the form of idiom references as it is considered part of the character’s personal touch as part of a story. Through a qualitative research method, the writer gathers and analyzes each idiom that exists based on listed idioms of the fourth edition of Oxford Dictionary of Idioms by John Ayto to separate them into 3 idiom classifications made by Cacciari & Glucksberg in 1991 to those are Compositional Opaque, Compositional Transparent, and Quasi Metaphorical. Each type is sometimes difficult to classify, possibly due to the existence of either phrasal verbs or individual words that have multiple meanings.

빅카인즈를 활용한 먹방 트렌드 분석

The phenomenon of Mukbang, which stands for “eating broadcast,” has gained significant popularity worldwide due to advancements in internet technology and the widespread adoption of social media platforms. This study aims to understand the overall trends and evolution of the Mukbang phenomenon by analyzing 70,495 articles from 104 sources in the BIGKinds database (2012-2023). The results indicate that Mukbang has evolved from an internet broadcast to a global cultural phenomenon. Initially, Mukbang started as a communication style centered around popular Broadcast Jockeys (BJs) and became mainstream with the participation of celebrities, playing a crucial role in expanding the global influence of Korean culture through various platforms. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Mukbang’s popularity grew even more due to increased online activity and interest in K-food. Furthermore, the inclusion of Mukbang in the Collins and Oxford dictionaries confirms the global influence of Korean Mukbang culture. Over time, Mukbang has undergone various changes, with new trends emerging, such as a shift from shows focused on binge eating to those centered on restrained eating. Throughout this process, Mukbang has played an important role in promoting Korean culture globally and has contributed to forming a new cultural identity. Consequently, the findings of this research are expected to provide direction for future Mukbang consumption patterns, offer useful guidelines for content creators, and contribute to further expanding the global influence of K-food.

On dictionary definitions of selected Polish Anglicisms and their English etymons

It is generally agreed that in the process of borrowing both form and meaning are transferred from the donor language to the receptor. It is also assumed that in most cases fewer senses are transferred from the source language to the recipient tongue. The aim of the present paper is to analyze an arbitrarily chosen corpus consisting of the oldest Polish Anglicisms, namely those from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, in order to determine whether the above assumption is correct, as well as to compare the scope of the English and Polish definitions of the selected vocabulary items. The Polish lexemes are considered to be of English origin on the basis of present-day knowledge. Their definitions have been attested in two comparable large dictionaries, i.e. those which include over 100,000 entries: The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current English (2011) and Uniwersalny słownik języka polskiego (2010).

The Words of the Year: Rizz, Hallucinate, Artificial Intelligence, and Authentic

Since the year 1972, several organizations have assigned “words of the year” or WOTY to define what is considered the most important word of the year, basically reflecting the theme or expression that best describes the year that was. It can be a cultural phenomenon, a controversy, an influential concept, or a popular thought. This WOTY is voted upon by linguists and lexicographers and the bodies that designate these include the American Dialect Society, Cambridge University for the Cambridge Dictionary, Collins English Dictionary, Dictionary.com, Macquarie Dictionary, Merriam Webster, and Oxford University Press for the Oxford Dictionary, among others.

DAKWAH ISLAMIYAH BERKENAAN IDUL FITHRI MEMBANGUN IDENTITAS DIRI

Eid al-Fitr is often used as an important momentum for the Muslim community to stay in touch and celebrate victory after a month of fighting against our own desires, which are the biggest enemies in our lives. Our desires have led us to an excessive love of wealth, luxury, position and power. From a sociological perspective, our society today seems to be experiencing what is called anomie. Anomie is a critical condition in society resulting from social change where old norms/values fade, but new norms/values that will replace them have not yet been formed. Thus, in school community life, it is as if there are no norms or values. The Oxford Dictionary connects the meaning of integrity with a person's personality, namely being honest and complete. There are also those who define integrity as moral excellence and equate integrity with "true self". Integrity is also defined as acting consistently in accordance with values and codes of ethics. In other words, integrity is defined as "only words and actions." The main aim of this activity is to help participants build a strong self-identity based on Islamic teachings. By reflecting on Islamic values and applying them in everyday life, it is hoped that participants can strengthen their identity as devout and responsible Muslims.

TRANSLATION SHIFTS IN THE INDONESIAN SUBTITLE OF GUY RITCHIE’S THE COVENANT (2023) MOVIE

Translation is important for people who don't know a foreign language. Translators face challenges, but use of techniques like translation shifts can make translations sound more natural and effectively communicate the original meaning to the target audience. This research aims to identify the types of translation shifts used in the Indonesian subtitle of Guy Ritchie’s The Covenant movie and to identify the possible reasons the translators used translation shifts in this movie. The research applied the theory of translation shift proposed by Catford to analyze the data. It used descriptive qualitative methods and the data is from the movie subtitle of Guy Ritchie’s The Covenant. The researcher used the Oxford Dictionary and Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) applications as instruments for analyzing the data, and to ensure the analysis results. The analysis found that the Indonesian subtitles for Guy Ritchie’s The Covenant movie included all types of shifts as proposed by Catford's theory. The shifts identified in the Indonesian subtitles included level shifts and category shifts (including structure shift, unit shift, class shift, and intra-system shift). However, among these shifts, category shifts especially unit shifts, were the most dominant. The translator probably used these translation shifts due to cultural and linguistic differences, time constraints, and creative translation choices.

A semantic study of "heavy" and its corresponding Chinese word "zhong"

This paper aims to analyze the English adjective "heavy" and its corresponding word in Chinese, "zhong", using the framework of lexical typology as suggested by François (2008). Through this article, we gain a comprehensive understanding of the various semantic meanings associated with "heavy" in English. These semantic meanings are derived from empirical observations and functional properties. Moreover, we compare these meanings with their corresponding counterparts in Chinese, revealing both similarities and differences with the word "zhong". In the English language, "heavy" is connected to several senses, as defined by the Oxford Dictionary. It can refer to something weighing a lot, being worse than usual, not delicate when modifying, being thick as a material, being full of something, being large and powerful when modifying machines, being busy, or being involved in physically demanding work (heavy digging/lifting). Additionally, "heavy" can modify actions like "fall" or "hit", describe a substantial amount of food, indicate excessive use, modify sounds, imply seriousness or difficulty, describe large bodies of water (e.g., sea/ocean), and pertain to weather conditions, air, and soil. Furthermore, it can connote strictness in certain contexts. Several of these meanings find parallels in the Chinese word "zhong", such as referring to something that weighs a lot, modifying machines to signify size and power, relating to physically demanding work (e.g., heavy digging/lifting), describing the fall or impact of objects, indicating a substantial amount of food, or denoting seriousness or difficulty. Moreover, both "heavy" and "zhong" share the function of modifying actions related to drinking, smoking, or sleeping. However, it is important to note that in Chinese, alternative words like "chen" or "si" can also be used to express similar ideas.

The Metaphor of the Animals' Names (Wolf and Sheep) in Arabic and English Proverbs: A comparative Study

This study investigated the meanings conveyed by wolf and sheep concepts in Arabic and English proverbs, as well as the similarities between both languages regarding these meanings. Data of the study comprised Arabic and English proverbs related to wolf and sheep. They have been gathered from two dictionaries of proverbs. Arabic proverbs have been collected from Majmac Al-Amthal, while English proverbs have been gathered from The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs. The data analysis focused on the investigation of the meanings of wolf and sheep proverbs using the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) and the Great Chain of Being (GCB). The analysis revealed that both animals are used to convey some meanings about human beings. Moreover, the results indicated that these meanings are common in the proverbs of both languages though they are related to two different cultures.

Influence of Using Online Oxford Dictionary Toward Pronunciation and Vocabulary Mastery

In order to clearly express the ideas, students need to master pronunciation and have vast vocabulary. Media and strategy are essential matter to achieve well-acquired vocabulary and good pronunciation. Online dictionary such as Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary (later abbreviated as OALD) is one of the media to aid students in improving pronunciation and vocabulary. Students used to utilize the book version of OALD, yet, nowadays they prefer to use the online form through internet networking. Thus, this research aims to determine the influence of using online Oxford Dictionary on students’ pronunciation and vocabulary at the fourth students of English Department of State Islamic Institute of Kediri (IAIN Kediri). 30 students of English Education study program were chosen as the subject of this qualitative study. This research used questionnaire and interview to collect the data related to an alternative reference in technology for learning vocabulary and pronunciation especially online Oxford Dictionary. The results of the questionnaire were processed descriptively. The research results showed that the online Oxford Dictionary influence students’ pronunciation and vocabulary enrichment. It is recommended to solve the problem of pronunciation and vocabulary mastery.

Models of Polysemy in Two English Dictionaries

AbstractIn this paper we argue in favor of the radial semantic structure of polysemous entries from the New Oxford Dictionary of English (NODE) and the Merriam-Webster dictionary. We formalized four polysemy theories as algorithms linking word senses into polysemy networks, considering the semantic similarity of dictionary definitions calculated using large language models. Chaining algorithms maximized similarity within polysemy nets and adequately distinguished senses that in the two dictionaries are directly related from those more distant.

The political alignment of presidents of the early Royal Society of London

PurposeThis study aims to identify the political alignment and political activity of the 11 Presidents of Britain’s most important scientific organisation, the Royal Society of London, in its early years 1662–1703, to determine whether or not the institution was politically aligned.Design/methodology/approachThere is almost no information addressing the political alignment of the Royal Society or its Presidents available in the institution’s archives, or in the writings of historians specialising in its administration. Even reliable biographical sources, such as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography provide very limited information. However, as 10 Presidents were elected Member of Parliament (MP), The History of Parliament: British Political, Social and Local History provides a wealth of accurate, in-depth data, revealing the alignment of both.FindingsAll Presidents held senior government offices, the first was a Royalist aristocrat; of the remaining 10, 8 were Royalist or Tory MPs, 2 of whom were falsely imprisoned by the House of Commons, 2 were Whig MPs, while 4 were elevated to the Lords. The institution was Royalist aligned 1662–1680, Tory aligned 1680–1695 and Whig aligned 1695–1703, which reflects changes in Parliament and State.Originality/valueThis study establishes that the early Royal Society was not an apolitical institution and that the political alignment of Presidents and institution continued in later eras. Furthermore, it demonstrates how the election or appointment of an organisation’s most senior officer can be used to signal its political alignment with government and other organisations to serve various ends.

The Generation and Avoidance Path of Emotional Turn in College Online Public Opinion in the Post Truth Era

On November 16, 2016, the Oxford Dictionary first defined the term "post truth" as the "annual vocabulary" of 2016, which refers to emotions and personal beliefs being more influential than objective facts in influencing public opinion. Since then, the "post truth" has also been increasingly concerned and discussed by the academic community. This article takes the "post truth era" as the theoretical background to explore the reasons and manifestations of the emotional shift in online public opinion in universities, and proposes corresponding response strategies.

Tracheotomy versus tracheostomy, the need for lexicographical clarification

In the healthcare field, the terms “traqueotomía” and “traqueostomía” are frequently used, often leading to confusion among professionals regarding the appropriate definition for each term or which one should be considered more correct in specific cases. A search was conducted for the terms “traqueotomía” and “traqueostomía” in general Spanish-language dictionaries such as the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy (DRAE) and the Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Language of the Royal Spanish Academy (DHLE), as well as for the English terms “tracheotomy” and “tracheostomy” in English general dictionaries like the Oxford Dictionary, the Cambridge Dictionary, and the Collins English Dictionary. Additionally, searches were performed in medical dictionaries in both Spanish, specifically the Dictionary of Medical Terms of the National Academy of Medicine (DTM), and English, including the Farlex Dictionary. The terms were also explored using the Google search engine. Definitions were analyzed from both lexicographical and etymological perspectives. Definitions found in general dictionaries, in both Spanish and English, were found to be imprecise, limited, and ambiguous, as they mixed outdated indications with criteria that deviated from etymology. In contrast, definitions in medical dictionaries in both languages were more aligned with etymology. “Traqueotomía” strictly identifies the surgical procedure of creating an opening in the anterior face of the trachea. “Traqueostomía” identifies the creation of an opening that connects the trachea to the exterior, involving a modification of the upper airway by providing an additional entry for the respiratory pathway. “Traqueostomía” becomes the sole means of entry to the airway in total laryngectomies. Both terms can be used synonymously when a traqueotomía culminates in a traqueostomía. However, it is not appropriate to use the term “traqueostomía” when the procedure concludes with the closure of the planes and does not result in the creation of a stoma. Traqueostomas can be qualified with adjectives indicating permanence (temporary/permanent), size (large/small), shape (round/elliptical), or depth, without being linked to any specific disease or surgical indication. Not all permanent traqueostomas are the result of total laryngectomies, and they do not necessarily have an irreversible character systematically.

WORD-FORMATION OF NEW VOCABULARY IN THAI DICTIONARY

The increase or decrease in the vocabulary of a language is a natural aspect of language evolution. Word formation refers to the process through which a language incorporates new words and meanings into social usage. Thai is a language known for its diverse methods of forming new words. This article aims to illustrate how new words are formed in Thai. The research data were extracted from the New Words Dictionary, published by the Royal Institute. This study adopts a documentary and qualitative linguistic approach. Rahti and Gusdian’s (2018) word-formation classification framework, based on the Oxford dictionary, serves as a guide for analyzing new words in Thai. The findings reveal 10 distinct methods of forming new words in the Thai language, with compounding being the most prevalent. While this research aligns with Rahti and Gusdian’s framework in 8 processes, it diverges in 2 processes. Specifically, this study did not identify affixation and blending processes but identified sound imitation and sound assimilation processes, which may be unique to Thai word formation. Subsequent research should explore English loanwords in the new words dictionary, categorizing them to uncover their relationships with new meanings in Thai society.

Lexicographical Landscape: An Investigation into Digital Tools, Preferences, Challenges and Usage Patterns among Pakistani Graduate ESL Learners

The present study explores the uses, preferences and challenges of ESL learners in using digital lexicographical tools in typical Pakistani context. As technologies continue to shape language learning, the importance of digital lexicographical tools has increased substantially. However, the specific preferences and challenges in using these tools by the ESL learners are less explored in Pakistani context. The researchers employed mixed method approach and floated a questionnaire among 200 ESL learners from public sector universities eliciting their preferences, challenges and frequency of use. Additionally, focus group discussions and individual interviews provide deeper insights into participant’s perspective. Findings of the study reveal that these ESL learners exhibit strong tendency in using digital lexicographical tools (DLTs) due to easy accessibility and convenience in use. Most popular DLTs include Google online dictionary, Oxford Dictionary, thesauruses and Merriam Webster (Mobile Apps). Nevertheless, the study identifies challenges faced by the participants, such as limited internet connectivity, Google advertisements that impede a successful and trouble-free consultation process, the terminology used to describe the difficult terms they seek is beyond their comprehension lack of teachers’ guidance in selecting appropriate tools. They have positive attitude towards digital lexicographical tools to help them enhance their lexical development and language knowledge. Through DLTs, they have experienced a sense of autonomy and independence in learning. Furthermore, the study proposed that there is a need to gain guidance from teacher to select an appropriate and suitable digital lexicographical tools and suggested digital lexicographical tools based on their level of understanding.

DEFINING THE SAME LEXEMES IN ONLINE DICTIONARIES: A CASE STUDY OF THREE POPULAR MONOLINGUAL ENGLISH DICTIONARIES

In this paper we presented the different ways in which three monolingual online English dictionaries (Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English Online, Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries and Merriam-Webster Dictionary) define the same lexemes that belong to different language levels (from A1 to B2). Aside from the formal elements present in all of the (online) dictionaries – part of speech, pronunciation, examples, register, pictures and synonyms, we highlighted the very nature of the definitions. We studied two lexemes for each of the language levels. When analising individual examples we employed the descriptive method, while the comparison method was used to point out the key differences in which these dictionaries define concepts such as: artist, government, immortal, meanwhile, etc. The aim of the analysis and comparison was to highlight which of the aforementioned dictionaries would be suitable for high school students to use when learning English as a foreign language. We came to the following conclusions – Longman and Oxford dictionaries break down the more complex meanings into digestible instances and use language that is appropriate for the language level of the desired lexeme. Webster’s dictionary is more formal and often uses sentence patterns and words that are above the language level of the target lexeme.

Effects of Homosexuality in The Society

Aa per Oxford dictionary homosexuality is a pattern of sexuality in which sexual behavior and thinking are directed towards people of the same sex. It is a sexual attraction, romantic attraction, or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. The term gay is frequently used as a synonym for homosexual; female homosexuality is often referred to as lesbianism. This review paper deals with the problems, causes and views of society on homosexuality.

Traqueotomía versus traqueostomía, la necesidad de una aclaración lexicográfica

In the healthcare field, the terms “traqueotomía” and “traqueostomía” are frequently used, often leading to confusion among professionals regarding the appropriate definition for each term or which one should be considered more correct in specific cases. A search was conducted for the terms “traqueotomía” and “traqueostomía” in general Spanish-language dictionaries such as the Dictionary of the Royal Spanish Academy (DRAE) and the Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Language of the Royal Spanish Academy (DHLE), as well as for the English terms “tracheotomy” and “tracheostomy” in English general dictionaries like the Oxford Dictionary, the Cambridge Dictionary, and the Collins English Dictionary. Additionally, searches were performed in medical dictionaries in both Spanish, specifically the Dictionary of Medical Terms of the National Academy of Medicine (DTM), and English, including the Farlex Dictionary. The terms were also explored using the Google search engine. Definitions were analyzed from both lexicographical and etymological perspectives. Definitions found in general dictionaries, in both Spanish and English, were found to be imprecise, limited, and ambiguous, as they mixed outdated indications with criteria that deviated from etymology. In contrast, definitions in medical dictionaries in both languages were more aligned with etymology. “Traqueotomía” strictly identifies the surgical procedure of creating an opening in the anterior face of the trachea. “Traqueostomía” identifies the creation of an opening that connects the trachea to the exterior, involving a modification of the upper airway by providing an additional entry for the respiratory pathway. “Traqueostomía” becomes the sole means of entry to the airway in total laryngectomies. Both terms can be used synonymously when a traqueotomía culminates in a traqueostomía. However, it is not appropriate to use the term “traqueostomía” when the procedure concludes with the closure of the planes and does not result in the creation of a stoma. Traqueostomas can be qualified with adjectives indicating permanence (temporary/permanent), size (large/small), shape (round/elliptical), or depth, without being linked to any specific disease or surgical indication. Not all permanent traqueostomas are the result of total laryngectomies, and they do not necessarily have an irreversible character systematically.

“There was much new to grok”: an analysis of word coinage in science fiction literature

Abstract As can be witnessed in projects such as The Oxford Dictionary of Science Fiction (Prucher, Jeff. 2007. Brave new words: The Oxford dictionary of science fiction. Oxford: Oxford University Press), science fiction has been fertile ground for the creation of new words and concepts. Whereas the aforementioned dictionary was constructed by eliciting examples and citations from volunteers, this paper presents an initial foray into data-driven methods for uncovering lexis unique to science fiction. Words unique to science fiction texts are extracted by comparing a science fiction corpus against the British National Corpus (BNC Consortium. 2007. The British National Corpus, XML edition. Oxford Text Archive. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12024/2554 (accessed 29 June 2022)) to produce a list of 306 neologisms from 74 texts. In addition, this study seeks to examine the ways in which authors impart the meaning of such words to the reader, drawing on frameworks of semantic word relations and work in cognitive linguistics. This reveals the use of definitions and glosses by the authors, both in narration and direct speech, co-occurrence with synonyms, and the drip-feeding of attributes pertaining to the concept being referenced. In addition, characters can be shown to struggle with the concepts to which neologisms refer, allowing authors to explore themes of alienation and other-worldliness.