Overseas Consumption Research Articles

ЕКСПОРТНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ АГРАРНОГО СЕКТОРУ ЄС

The importance of the study subject is explained by the increase in demand on foods and its quality it the world, together with growing obstacles to producing safe and affordable foods and row materials for their production. The EU is a unique case of building effective ready-to-eat food production based on its own agri-production, providing foods both for internal and overseas consumption. Therefore, the European sector is a reliable base of food security and an important source of export income. The article examines the structure of production and export of EU agricultural products. The role of agriculture as the raw material base of the food industry and its role in ensuring the food security of the association is determined. The geographical and commodity structure of the EU exports and imports is analyzed basing on the data provided by the official statistical resources of the EU. It was determined that the key advantage of the structure of the EU agritrade is that imports are represented mostly by raw products of low value and those that are not manufactured in the EU due to climatic restrictions, while exports are formed at the expense of finished products of high quality and value. It was determined that despite the insignificant contribution of agriculture to the Union's GDP, the level of development of this sector of the economy and its efficiency are so high that the status of the leading supplier of food to the world market has been secured for the EU. The agricultural sector is the main supplier of raw materials and intermediate products for the food industry, which has a significant role in the union's exports, and is an important component of the so-called "food chain". It was alsodetermined that a unique feature of the EU internal market is the almost complete coverage of its needs in food products by its own production. Imports make up a small part of domestic consumption, and are formed due to products with a low degree of processing. The successful example of the Netherlands was considered as of the world export leader in the development of a highly efficient agricultural sector, which was formed based on the use of modern technologies in conditions of limited resources.

Cultivating ‘the heavies or opinion-forming press’: nation branding, Irish economic development and the British press, 1958–1966

ABSTRACT The transition from economic protectionism to free trade in the late-1950s saw the Irish government embark on a project to improve the state’s image abroad. Up to that point, the state had endured a tempestuous relationship with British newspapers and the adoption of free trade necessitated a new rapport to encourage positive coverage of the industrialisation project. The key components of this strategy were the courting of British newspapers through state sponsorship of special supplements, facilitating visits by British journalists to industrial sites, and providing interview access to senior ministers. Such actions constituted the state’s first exercise in nation branding and represented a sea change in how it interacted with British media. This article offers an analysis of this project to project an image of a modern, industrial Ireland for overseas consumption. It finds that the project was only partly successful: while much coverage highlighted the state’s economic modernisation, this was often accompanied by commentary that was critical of the lack of social change. It also finds that the tensions present in this initial nation branding project also characterised later nation branding projects.

Longquan celadon: a quantitative archaeological analysis of a pan-Indian Ocean industry of the 12th to 15th centuries

ABSTRACT This paper examines the Longquan celadon industry, located in Zhejiang province in China, which flourished mainly between the Southern Song and early Ming dynasties. The products of this industry are found on archaeological sites across China and the Indian Ocean. This paper attempts a quantified analysis of the development of the industry based on archaeological data, focussing on four aspects: production, domestic consumption, overseas consumption and, to a lesser degree, workshop organisation. Although much of the data is still problematic, and many of the conclusions drawn are necessarily, therefore, tentative, these are the only data available. They allow us at least to demonstrate the value and timeliness of the approach by charting the development of this industry and by arguing that the close integration of the four aspects examined indicates that the Longquan celadon industry was an industry of considerable economic significance across much of the Indian Ocean.

Re-shaping global-ness by spending overseas: Analysis of emerging Chinese consumption abroad

In most urban network studies, advanced producer service firms and transportation carriers are regarded as the main agents building intercity connections. With rising global incomes and increasing mobility of people worldwide, however, flows consisting of ordinary consumers have become a new way for cities to be connected to the globe. Using transaction data from China UnionPay, this paper explores the spatial network pattern of emerging Chinese overseas consumption by tracing the origins, destinations, and volumes of spending flows. We find that a global network built on consumption flows originating from mainland China improves the global-ness of countries and regions that have historically been peripheral in the financial networks created by multinational firms or inter-port transportation. Given the soaring consumption capacity of urban Chinese residents and the re-orientation of urban policies in China, it is expected that Chinese consumption will keep re-shaping the global-ness of both Chinese cities and numerous destinations worldwide.

Comparative Study on the Development of Overseas Consumption of Higher Education Service Trade between China and US

There is a clear gap between the overseas consumer service trade of higher education in China and the United States, but the specific performance of the gap remains to be studied. This paper uses the “diamond model” to analyze the factors affecting the overseas consumption service trade of higher education in the two countries, and find out the specific problems and existing problems in the development of China's higher education. Advice on the development of China in this field by summarizing the development experience of the United States.

The Supply-side Analysis and Countermeasures of Exuberant Phenomenon of Outbound Consumption at Present

In recent years, the exuberant phenomenon of Chinese residents leaving the country shopping has caused much attention in academic circles. Applying game theory, from the supply-side not the demand-side interpreting outbound consumption boom, it is the addition of brand value and reputation guarantee, as a result, the middle- and high-end consumers in our country are more willing to go abroad to purchase well-known foreign brand products, not to purchase domestic products with low prices, and not to favor the high domestic prices of foreign brands. Therefore, to guide the overseas consumption backflow of middle-and high-income families, we need to implement supply-side structural reform such as strengthening the brand construction of national enterprises, attaching importance to scientific research input and human capital accumulation.

The Advantage and Development Strategy of China's Higher Education Overseas Consumption Service Trade

Overseas consumption has become the most important way of international service trade in higher education. From the global perspective, there exists serious imbalance in the overseas consumption for higher education service trade. However, in the context of the growing popularity of global Chinese, the service our higher education provides for overseas students remain obvious prominent advantage in the term of traditional disciplines and service prices. Analysis of the advantages of the current higher education consumption in overseas service trade to develop and implement appropriate strategies is a very important and urgent practical issue for the promoting China's international trade in higher education services in the near future. The government must provide huge support for foreign students education system; colleges and universities must add international education, strengthen the teaching of Chinese as a foreign language, meet the students needs of local Chinese curriculum and discipline, so that a suitable learning and living environment for overseas studented can be created.

Newspaper Consumption in the Digital Age

This study performs comparative and longitudinal analyses of the domestic and overseas consumption (measured by time-spent-reading and popularity) of UK national newspaper brands across their print editions and online channels (excluding mobile “apps”). The study estimates that, in 2011, a minimum of 96.7 per cent of the time spent with newspapers by their domestic audience was in print, with “popular/tabloid” titles least successful in capturing audience attention online. In terms of popularity, the print channel accounted for a majority of domestic daily readers: in 2011 the newspapers studied had an estimated average daily readership per print copy of 2,110,633. By contrast, the average number of online sessions per day was estimated to be between 385,156 and 709,559. Nearly half the newspapers may have increased their aggregated domestic print and online popularity between 2007 and 2011, although those increases have not translated—with one exception—into increases in time spent with those brands. The online channel has increased newspapers’ daily overseas audience by between 7 and 16 times. However, because those online readers’ visits are relatively brief, the effect on the attention newspapers receive (measured in time) from overseas has been minimal. In fact, two-thirds of the newspapers for which the most recent data were available suffered decreases in the time their overseas readers spent with their print and online channels between 2008/9 and 2011.

Conflict of interest and FCTC implementation in China

ObjectiveTo critically review the structure of tobacco control policy making in China, examine conflicts of interest within this structure, and consider how these affected the introduction of on-pack warnings.MethodsGovernment policy...

Knowledge production and the construction of ‘Africa(ns)’ in the Caribbean

This article traces the roots of how knowledge on Africa was produced and reproduced in the Caribbean. The discussion ranges from the views of Las Casas, who initiated the idea of black chattel slavery, through to the views of Thomas Thistlewood (1750–1786), Edward Long (1774), Maria Nugent (1802–1805), Thomas Carlyle (1845), and J. A. Froude (1880) and beyond. Among the questions to be asked and answered are: how deeply embedded in history was this attempt to construct Africanness within the discursive space of Creole? What strategies were used to transform Africans into New World Creoles and place them in a dialectical relationship to African? How successful were enslavers in their efforts to decentre ‘nation’ or African ethnic identification and shift the enslaved's allegiance from Akan, Igbo, Yoruba, and so on to ‘Creole’ or Caribbean? The Caribbean has been affected by a historically constructed image that still influences self‐knowledge as well as global attitudes towards its citizens. This image, paraded as ‘truth’ and ‘knowledge,’ was the product of the minds and pens of generations of writers from the North Atlantic System, from Christopher Columbus (1992) through Edward Long (1774) to Lowell J. Ragatz (1928) and beyond. These writers appropriated the project of producing knowledge on the Caribbean for overseas consumption, introducing the Caribbean and its people to a wider public. The machinery of knowledge production, particularly about the colonial Caribbean, was fed by several factors that opened up a discursive space for its ‘producers’: the European colonisation of the region from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century; the subordination of the indigenous peoples; the expropriation of Caribbean resources for the development of Europe; rivalry among imperial powers; the continued migration to, and settlement of, Europeans in the region; the forced relocation of Africans to provide labour for European economic enterprises; and the creation of a racist socio‐political regime that dichotomised blackness and whiteness, ascribing a superior position to the latter. The early writings produced, especially descriptive accounts of Africa and Africans, were not necessarily the result of careful research grounded in truth and objectivity. Yet, this ‘knowledge’ was powerful enough to result in the condemnation of indigenous and African ethnicities to the experience of the colonial ‘Other’ and to have a lasting impact on Caribbean and African diasporic identity, imagination and consciousness. This is because the knowledge produced had a discrete political purpose: to support European imperialism and ‘dislodge and disorientate’ the Caribbean in a similar way that it did Africa and the Orients, following Nabudere's and Edward Said's formulations (Nabudere 1994). In other words, ‘knowledge about the distant “other” served the purpose of dominating it and exercising power and authority over it’ (Said 1992). In the specific context of slavery, as some of the works sampled in this article will illustrate, the purpose of the production of knowledge about Africa and Africans was to prolong slavery and colonialism, and to discourage self‐confidence among black people by demonising blackness and the geographical origins of African diasporic peoples and promoting whiteness (or even Creolité/hybridity) as the ideal. Of course, what colonial writers presented as knowledge about Africa and diasporic Africans was not allowed to go unchallenged. On the contrary, as this article will show, Caribbean scholars have engaged in an opposite project of reconstruction, constructing indigenous interpretations of the Caribbean experience, fashioned by explicit formulations and theoretical constructs, and offering the antithesis to the imperialist view of the Caribbean world. Before focusing on the (mis)representations of Africa and Africans, and the efforts of Caribbean scholars to reconstruct a more accurate image, this article will survey the historiography and the context within which the traditional knowledge system operated. It will be seen that even before Africans entered Caribbean space, the groundwork had already been laid in the historiography for the demonisation of the colonial ‘Other’, manifested in the writings about the indigenous peoples.

THE FOUNDATION AND ITS BACKGROUND OF WEAVING INDUSTRY IN OKU-NOTO, ISHIKAWA ISHIKAWA PREFECTURE, DURING THE 1960'S (1)

During the 1960's the production of weaving industry in Japan has been shifted to Hokup riku district, especially to its northern part. The weaving industry, which forms a highly-processed part of the textile industry and is one of the advanced modern industries, has been built up in Oku-Noto with the newest equipments, consisting mostly of eight power looms, under the direction of commercial firms. They intend to get an advantage of the keen competition in the domestic production and in the overseas consumption markets of textiles. The farm economy in Oku-Noto faces the serious crisis of collapse, losing its major sidejobs, such as charcoal industry and coastal fishery. Besides, a rise in general prices and a relative fall in rice price forced many farmers to work away from home, to quit their cultivation and to change their arable land-use pattern. Furthermore, the land price and the rent tend to decline. In order to overcome this difficult situation, the local governments have tried to introduce new industries and to gain population in Oku-Noto. Above all, the weaving industry, one of new industries in this district, has been expected to support the farm economy, taking the place of forestry or fishery. If the farmers had disposed on a large scale of their lands for raising initial funds of weaving, the agricultural cooperatives and the other financial institutions would have encountered with a land crisis owing to the sharp decline in land price. In these circumstances, the Ishikawa local government formulated and carried out the policy of paying a fixed rate of interest to the weaving industry in Oku-Noto. This policy, however, brings about a reduction of cultivation and a concentration of land. Therefore, it is not at variance with the agricultural policy of the Central Government. The foundation of weaving industry has made a considerable impact on the local politics and economy of Oku-Noto in terms of their reorganization.

India's defence perspectives

INDIA, with the fourth largest armed forces in the world, might now have been in a position to play a major role in the Indian Ocean region but for the fact that its military capability is fully extended in coping with its own security problems. Even though India's leadership keeps talking, mostly for overseas consumption, of the country's stake in peace and stability in the region, there is little evidence of willingness to work for policies which would give New Delhi more military elbow room. The possibility of making the problem of India's own security more manageable by political initiatives is raised every now and then by some Opposition parties, notably by the Left and Right Communists at one end of the spectrum and the conservative Swatantra party at the other. But the idea of accommodation with either Pakistan or China gets scant public support. As a result, Mrs. Gandhi's Government, inhibited by a slender parliamentary majority and the danger of dissidence within the ruling Congress party, is unable to face up to the political hazards inherent in the give and take of negotiations. In India's perceptions, China is seen as the bigger but long-term threat, while Pakistan figures as the more active and immediate one. The validity of this view rests on the assumption that China has already settled the boundary dispute to its satisfaction, and is now occupying such areas of territory in Ladakh as it really wants. China has, of course, outstanding claims-to 32,000 square miles in the NEFA area, for instance-but these are not expected to be seriously pursued. Likewise, no Indian in his right mind considers it feasible to recover the lost real estate, even though pledges to remove the aggressor feature in the election manifestos of most parties. In contrast, Pakistan has a live and continuing grievance over Kashmir. The fact that armed clashes took place twice in 1965-first, on a limited scale, in the Rann of Kutch, and, later, much more extensively over Kashmir-has given the long-standing confrontation between the two countries a sharper edge, triggering off an arms race which causes grave concern to the international community. The war of September 1965, during which the Chinese presented an ultimatum to India, ostensibly over military works on the Sikkim-Tibet border, gave an added dimension to Indian perceptions of danger.

India's Defence Perspectives

INDIA, with the fourth largest armed forces in the world, might now have been in a position to play a major role in the Indian Ocean region but for the fact that its military capability is fully extended in coping with its own security problems. Even though India's leadership keeps talking, mostly for overseas consumption, of the country's stake in peace and stability in the region, there is little evidence of willingness to work for policies which would give New Delhi more military elbow room. The possibility of making the problem of India's own security more manageable by political initiatives is raised every now and then by some Opposition parties, notably by the Left and Right Communists at one end of the spectrum and the conservative Swatantra party at the other. But the idea of accommodation with either Pakistan or China gets scant public support. As a result, Mrs. Gandhi's Government, inhibited by a slender parliamentary majority and the danger of dissidence within the ruling Congress party, is unable to face up to the political hazards inherent in the give and take of negotiations. In India's perceptions, China is seen as the bigger but long-term threat, while Pakistan figures as the more active and immediate one. The validity of this view rests on the assumption that China has already settled the boundary dispute to its satisfaction, and is now occupying such areas of territory in Ladakh as it really wants. China has, of course, outstanding claims-to 32,000 square miles in the NEFA area, for instance-but these are not expected to be seriously pursued. Likewise, no Indian in his right mind considers it feasible to recover the lost real estate, even though pledges to remove the aggressor feature in the election manifestos of most parties. In contrast, Pakistan has a live and continuing grievance over Kashmir. The fact that armed clashes took place twice in 1965-first, on a limited scale, in the Rann of Kutch, and, later, much more extensively over Kashmir-has given the long-standing confrontation between the two countries a sharper edge, triggering off an arms race which causes grave concern to the international community. The war of September 1965, during which the Chinese presented an ultimatum to India, ostensibly over military works on the Sikkim-Tibet border, gave an added dimension to Indian perceptions of danger.