Overload Effects Research Articles

Choice, Psychological Ownership, and Option Valuation

ABSTRACTIn the past few decades, there have been concerns of a possible “choice overload effect” in that the provision of more (vs. less) choice might decrease choice satisfaction as it increases the difficulty of selecting an option among many. However, beyond choice satisfaction, there are other outcomes of offering more choices worth investigating. We examine another potential outcome of offering more choices. The results from four experiments suggest that offering more choice increases the chooser's valuation of the chosen option, relative to offering less choice. This is because offering choice increases the chooser's psychological ownership of the chosen option, a premise derived from prior conceptualizations of choice as fostering control. Thus, we extend theoretical understanding of the consequences of offering choice beyond satisfaction, while at the same time offer implications for marketers interested in understanding the benefits—in addition to the potential harms—of offering choice for consumers.

Physicians' Views of a Digital Intervention to Support Respiratory Patients: Take-a-Breath Pre-Pilot Usability Study.

Although eHealth interventions are increasingly recognized as a useful tool to support healthcare, relatively few studies focus on the physician-end's usability. This study aims to evaluate the Healthcare Professional's (HCP) platform of the Take-A-Breath project, a Greek initiative for personalized respiratory disease monitoring, training and self-management. The pre-pilot usability study, involving 10 participants, combines qualitative methods, behavioral observations, and standardized measures of user experience and usability. While relatively high scores indicate overall acceptance, concerns are also discussed, particularly related with the volume of information provided and actions available to the users, hindering the usability of the system due to an overload effect. Findings emphasize also the need for more tailored in-app wordings as well as the integration of similar systems with the already set up electronic health record systems. This study contributes to understanding digital intervention success among HCPs in respiratory healthcare.

The Overload Effect on the Crack Tip Damage Mechanism in a 7075 Aluminum Alloy.

In the serviced components of a 7075 aluminum alloy, the propagation of fatigue crack can be retarded because of the overload effect; however, the corresponding retardation mechanisms are complex. To provide further insights into the retardation mechanisms of 7075 aluminum alloys, this study addresses the crack tip damage response of a cracked 7075 aluminum alloy under an overload effect. Based on the dual-scale modeling approach and the damage-coupled crystal plasticity model, the effect of the microstructure of a 7075 aluminum alloy on the damage behavior ahead of the crack tip under an overload was studied. The factors affecting fatigue damage accumulation ahead of the crack tip, such as dislocation density, the variation in the activities of slip systems, and the orientation effect of the nearest neighbor grains, are described. The results show that for the 7075 aluminum alloy, the compressive residual stress induced by the overload effect not only decreases the number of activated slip systems, but also lowers the rate of increase in dislocation density. This causes a decrease in fatigue damage accumulation during deformation. Moreover, the overload effect decreases the slip system activity as well as the resultant plastic slip; however, the decrease in plastic slip varies with the grain orientation, indicating that the overload effect depends on the grain orientation. It can also be found that both the damage strain energy release rate and lattice strain are influenced by the orientation of the nearest neighbor grains, which can eventually affect the overload effect. These findings contribute to understanding the retardation mechanisms from a microscopic perspective and provide guidance on improving the material design of a 7075 aluminum alloy to some extent.

Effects of single overloads on fatigue crack propagation behaviour of AZ31B magnesium alloy under different temperatures

An experimental study examined the influence of single overload ratio (OLR) on fatigue crack growth (FCG) behaviour in AZ31B magnesium alloy at different temperatures (300 K, 373 K, and 473 K). The results showed that FCG rates and stress intensity factor ranges (ΔK) vary with temperature and overload ratios. After applying a single overload (OL), the FCG rate initially decreased, then increased rapidly, and stabilized at a value consistent with constant amplitude loading (CAL). The fatigue life increased by 86 % to 143 % at 300 K, 75 % to 132 % at 373 K, and 75 % to 134 % at 473 K for OLRs ranging from 1.75 to 2.25 when compared to the fatigue life at CAL. A single overload accumulates energy at the crack tip, forming an overload region with tearing ridges, secondary cracks, dimples, and fatigue striations under varying temperatures.

Fuzzy logic-based estimation model of distribution transformers aging

Currently, we are moving towards more ecological modes of transport. As a result, the demand for electric vehicles is growing exponentially, and new loads, related to charging, can negatively affect the operation of electrical grids and their elements. Concurrent and uncontrolled charging of electric vehicles can cause a blackout. Considering the stochastic nature of the additional load from electric cars, it is difficult to predict such a load by analytical methods. The fuzzy logic approach can be used to formalize the tasks with ambiguity. In this paper, a fuzzy-based block diagram of the algorithm was developed in the MATLAB-Simulink environment for evaluating the impact of the charging load of electric vehicles on the aging of transformers, as well as a model was built and the effect of various penetrations of electric cars was evaluated. The fuzzy logic-based model includes the effects of ambient temperature, power quality, and overloads. It contains a diagnostic part that warns the dispatcher of the power distribution network about possible problems, providing up-to-date information about the state of the transformer. In addition, the efficiency of photovoltaic generators to increase the service life of distribution transformers was analyzed. The results show that photovoltaic power plants are not effective enough for high levels of electric vehicle penetration, and more advanced strategies should be used.

Effects of multiple overloads and high-low sequence loading on the fatigue crack propagation of AZ31B magnesium alloy

An experimental study was conducted to examine the initiation of cracks in the AZ31B magnesium (Mg) alloy for tensile overload effects, exploring the influence of overload cycle number, magnitude, and multiplicity of the applied overloads (OL). The number of cycles to failure increased from 8 % to 15 % for overload ratio (OLR) of 1.5 and 2.0 respectively applied as first cycle when compared with constant amplitude loading (CAL). However, the number of cycles to failure increased from 25 % to 43 % for OLR of 1.5 and 2.0 respectively when overload was applied at 5000th cycle. The onset of cracks was delayed when two overloads were applied as the first and 5000th loading cycles. The longitudinal-transverse (L-T) specimens were tested using a two-step high-low sequence loading procedure by varying maximum and minimum load. The fractography results also depict variations in the initial crack formations under different overload conditions. The effects of different overloads on the fracture surfaces of Compact Tension specimens were examined using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, indicating substantial reduction in both the number and size of microcracks. 3D profilometer tests were performed, indicating a surface roughness of 0.20 μm to 0.30 μm.

The effects of types of touch and haptic cues on choice overload

AbstractAlthough consumers are commonly exposed to numerous choices and the opportunity to touch products when they shop, the literature remains unclear on how both factors simultaneously affect choice. With the growth of online shopping, touch literature has studied the effects of mere touch (i.e., nondiagnostic tactile contact) or vicarious touch (e.g., observing a hand in physical contact with a product or imagining touching a product) to demonstrate that these nondiagnostic haptic inputs can comparably influence consumer attitude, just like diagnostic touch. By investigating the moderating effects of different haptic inputs on choice overload, this research reveals certain conditions in which nondiagnostic haptic inputs operate differently than those of diagnostic touch. We find that both mere touch (Study 1) and vicarious touch (Study 2) help reduce choice overload effects by eliminating the effect of choice set size on choice uncertainty, which is typically observed in the no touch (i.e., control) condition. As haptic cues have been increasingly employed to aid the online shopping experience for consumers, we also find that the choice overload effect is eliminated when an autotelic haptic cue is presented but amplified when an instrumental haptic cue is provided (Study 3). Besides, this research demonstrates that, while the moderating effects of the nondiagnostic haptic inputs are driven by increased personal control, instrumental touch can amplify choice overload effects due to the increased choice difficulty when choosing from large (vs. small) choice sets. These findings help retailers know what type of haptic cues to apply or avoid, as consumers have already been overloaded with abundant choices when they shop online.

Effects of initial overload on the fatigue crack initiation and growth in notched plates

This paper studies the initial overload effects on the stages of the crack initiation and its growth under fatigue loads in v-notched plates. V-notched samples made of aluminum alloy 2024-T3 were overloaded with different values. These specimens went under fatigue loads with various constant amplitudes and their fatigue behaviors were investigated. Numerical analysis in finite element software with a proper crack growth law was used to estimate the crack initiation cycles to reach a specified length and also crack growth rates and propagations. The superposition principle was employed for considering the effects of the applied and residual stresses on the stress intensity factor ranges. For validation, the estimated results were compared with experimental data which showed good agreement. Results show that the crack initiation lives were increased significantly after an overload cycle due to retardation of micro-cracks creation around the notch root. Compressive residual stresses in comparison with the tensile stresses are dominant in the affected area by the overloads.

Choice overload interferes with early processing and necessitates late compensation: Evidence from electroencephalogram.

Having a multitude of choices can be advantageous, yet an abundance of options can be detrimental to the decision-making process. Based on existing research, the present study combined electroencephalogram and self-reported methodologies to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of choice overload. Behavioural data suggested that an increase in the number of options led to negative evaluations and avoidance of choice tendencies, even in the absence of time pressure. Event-related potential results indicated that the large choice set interfered with the early visual process, as evidenced by the small P1 amplitude, and failed to attract more attentional resources in the early stage, as evidenced by the small amplitude of P2 and N2. However, the LPC amplitude was increased in the late stage, suggesting greater investment of attentional resources and higher emotional arousal. Multivariate pattern analysis revealed that the difference between small and large choice set began at around 120 ms, and the early and late stages were characterised by opposite activation patterns. This suggested that too many options interfered with early processing and necessitate continued processing at a later stage. In summary, both behavioural and event-related potential (ERP) results confirm the choice overload effect, and it was observed that individuals tend to subjectively exaggerate the choice overload effect.

Fatigue crack growth and microstructural analysis of rail steel specimens under periodic overloads

The present paper aims to study the effects of periodic overloads on the fatigue crack growth and microstructure of railway rail specimens. Numerical analysis and experimental tests were exploited to examine the crack path in specimens. A three-dimensional nonlinear boundary element model was used to predict the crack path in specimens. The effect of several parameters on the fatigue life of the rail steel specimens were evaluated using numerical model and experimental tests. The numerical and experimental test results revealed that the fatigue life curve had an optimal overload ratio at which the fatigue life was maximized. The number of fixed cycles was kept fixed between the overloads, measuring the effect of the overload ratio on the fatigue crack growth. Also, the fractographic analysis showed that by increasing the stretching speed of the rail steel specimens, the amount of plastic deformation is reduced and the brittleness of the material is increased.

Are Audit Committees Overloaded? Evidence from the Effect of Financial Risk Management Oversight on Financial Reporting Quality

Audit committee (AC) responsibilities have increased over time, prompting concerns that overloading the AC with too many duties may impair the AC’s ability to oversee financial reporting. Using new AC charter-based proxies to measure AC responsibilities, we find that an emphasis on the AC overseeing financial risk management (which is a noncore AC duty) is associated with worse financial reporting quality, as proxied by restatements—consistent with the argument of AC overload by distraction. This overload effect is attenuated when an AC has more directors to share duties or when the AC retains an expert auditor who can serve as a substitute for AC oversight. This overload effect is accentuated when AC members are busy with multiple board appointments or when the external auditor is busy with other audits. We also find that AC financial risk oversight is associated with more AC meetings and greater turnover of AC directors, consistent with the notion of overload. In sharp contrast, we find that greater AC oversight over internal controls (which is a core AC duty) is associated with improved financial reporting quality. Overall, we document that the nature of AC duties impacts the AC’s ability to promote financial reporting quality and that noncore duties may overload ACs. This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting. Funding: The authors are grateful for funding provided by the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona, the Broad College of Business at Michigan State University, and the Carson College of Business at Washington State University. Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.00360 .

Effect of Expansion Agent and Glass Fiber on the Dynamic Splitting Tensile Properties of Seawater–Sea-Sand Concrete

In marine structural engineering, the impact resistance of concrete holds high significance. The determination of whether the combined use of expansion agent (EA) and glass fiber (GF) has a synergistic effect on the impact resistance of seawater–sea-sand concrete (SSC) and plays a role in its performance and application. In this study, the dynamic Brazilian disc test at various strain rates was carried out with an SHPB device to investigate the effect of mixing 0% and 6% EA with 0% and 1% GF on the dynamic splitting tensile properties of SSC. The results show that strain rate effect on EA and GF-reinforced SSC during dynamic splitting tensile tests at higher strain rates, indicating strong strain rate sensitivity. The synergistic reinforcement of EA and GF consumed more energy under impact loading, thus maintaining the morphological integrity of concrete. However, the dynamic splitting tensile strength obtained in the Brazilian disc test had a significant overload effect which cannot be ignored. EA doped at 6% and GF doped at 1% showed a synergistic enhancement of SSC’s dynamic splitting tensile properties.

The impact of individual short-term memory capacity on choice overload effect: Is there stimulus specificity?

The impact of individual short-term memory capacity on choice overload effect: Is there stimulus specificity?

The first results of the international multicenter clinical study RheoSTAT-CP0669 on the effectiveness and safety of infusion solution Rheosorbilact® in the complex treatment of patients with burns

Mechanization and urbanization are accompanied by an increase in the prevalence of burns. A burn causes both local damage and systemic inflammatory response that leads to inadequate oxygen delivery to vital organs and inadequate elimination of metabolites. Infusion therapy for burns aims to restore perfusion and prevent ischemia. The implementation of effective dynamic schemes of infusion therapy has led to a decrease in mortality, however, an excessive amount of injected fluid does not improve the patient’s volumetric status, instead increasing tissue swelling and causing a number of complications. Therefore, doctors are faced with the question of choosing the optimal infusion therapy, which will allow maintaining the patient’s status at the needed level called normovolemia. According to the results of the open, blinded evaluation of the randomized controlled trial RheoSTAT-СР0669, administration of Rheosorbilact to patients with burns by intravenous infusion at a dose of 200-400 ml/day for 3 days significantly improves the clinical condition, reduces the manifestations of (poly-) organ failure and endogenous intoxication. Small-volume infusion therapy with Rheosorbilact causes a statistically significant decrease in the breathing rate, a decrease in endogenous intoxication and the intensity of inflammation, as well as positive dynamics of the blood gas composition. Administration of the drug in this mode has a favorable safety profile: it does not lead to fluid overload, associated complications, or other serious undesirable side effects, and does not cause a clinically significant increase in blood lactate level. The RheoSTAT-СР0669 study substantiates the feasibility of using Rheosorbilact in the complex therapy of burns.

Overload and variable amplitude load effects on the fatigue strength of welded joints

Different load spectra and individual load peaks might substantially relax high residual stresses as well as induce compressive residual stresses in welded components and, consequently, affect the fatigue performance of these joints. Consideration of peak loads and resulting relaxation of residual stresses in fatigue analyses can substantially enhance the accuracy of life prediction. The aim of the current study is to experimentally investigate the fatigue strength of welded joints subjected to different levels of overloads and variable amplitude (VA) loads and to develop local fatigue assessment method to account for the relaxation of residual stresses via a mean stress correction using the 4R method. The 4R method applies a local stress ratio for the mean stress correction considering material strength, residual stresses, applied stress ratio of external loading and local weld geometry in elastic–plastic material behaviour. Fatigue tests were carried out on fillet-welded longitudinal gusset joints made of S700 high-strength steels under applied stress ratio R = 0–0.1. A mild strength steel (S355) and ultra-high-strength steel (S1100) were selected as reference steel grades for the fatigue testing to study the material strength effects. Numerical analyses were conducted to evaluate the fatigue notch factors using the effective notch stress concept with the reference radius of rref = 1.0 mm and theory of critical distance (TCD) using the point method. The experimental results indicated that a substantial improvement in the fatigue strength capacity can be claimed in the joints subjected to tensile overloads, particularly in the studied S700 and S1100 steels. The higher-level overload (0.8fy), corresponding to the nominal cross-sectional area, improved the mean fatigue strength of the welded joints manufactured of high-strength S700 steel by approximately 60%, while the lower overload (0.6fy) improved the mean fatigue strength by 20%. In addition, a use of equivalent nominal stresses for the joints subjected to VA loads resulted in conservative assessments when employing S–N curves obtained for the CA loading. The 4R method, via the local mean stress correction for individual cycles, provided higher accuracy for the fatigue assessments.

ChatGPT for Trip Planning: The Effect of Narrowing Down Options

ChatGPT is expected to have significant implications for trip planning from a traveler’s perspective. ChatGPT has the potential to be a revolutionary search tool, enabling travelers to bypass an often complicated and disturbing process with a simple conversation with ChatGPT. This research aimed to explain the impact of ChatGPT on travelers’ trip planning behavior; specifically, it examined how travelers perceive ChatGPT when they narrow down multiple travel options. Based on the choice overload effect, we conducted five experimental studies to determine the negative effect of reducing options from the initial recommendations using ChatGPT. The results showed the importance of a hybrid decision-making process involving both humans and ChatGPT. Using our empirical results, we provide significant theoretical and practical implications for travelers’ trip planning behavior incorporating ChatGPT.

The silicone metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty: An in-vitro analysis

BackgroundSilicone is still the gold standard implant in metacarpophalangeal arthroplasty. Whereas the clinical results are acceptable, in follow-ups with >10 years, high rates of implant fracture are common, and 5 to 7% of implants required revision. This work's purpose is to analyse the hypothesis that the joint flexion amplitude has a relevant effect on bone strain level, implant stress and bone-implant micromotion, which can reflect an increase in the risk of bone resorption/fatigue failure, implant fracture and osteolysis. MethodsTo experimentally predict the cortical loading behaviour, composite metacarpals and proximal phalanges were used in intact and implanted states. A finite element model was developed to evaluate the structural behaviour of cancellous bone and implant. This model was validated by comparing cortical strain and load–displacement curve with experimental measurements. FindingsBone strain changes between the intact and the implanted states showed a load transfer effect from the cortical to the cancellous bone that increases significantly with the flexion's amplitude rise. The peak implant stress occurred in the flexion amplitudes further away from the implant neutral angle. The highest implant pistoning motion and the highest phalanx cancellous-bone strain occurred simultaneously at the maximum flexion amplitude. InterpretationLimiting joint flexion range will be helpful to reduce the strain-shielding effect on cortical bone, minimizing the overload effect on cancellous bone and decreasing the stress levels and the pistoning motion on the implant, ultimately contributing to the longevity of silicone arthroplasty.

Verification of stress transfer mechanism in fatigue crack growth under overload

Cyclic plastic finite element modeling was carried out to investigate effect of overload on fatigue crack growth under blunting and no-blunting mechanisms at different overload ratios. The stress transfer mechanism was verified and was found more obvious in the case of crack blunting though its effect was time-limited. The level of crack closure varied periodically due to gradual relaxation of compressive residual stress during crack propagation. Both the overload plastic zone and the overload affected zone were linearly correlated with overload ratio, and an overload ratio value of 1.1 was the best choice for studying overload effect.

PERFORMANCE INTERSECTION OF PANGLIMA SUDIRMAN – UNTUNG SUROPATI NORTH STREET OF MALANG CITY

The roads hold a vital role in the transportation system in the Province of Papua, especially in the Jayapura area. However, real road conditions often experience a decrease in performance (damage) due to construction failures or deviant utilization. On Koti Road in Jayapura, sometimes vehicles passing it do not match the maximum permissible load. Consequently, excessive loading on the pavement can directly affect the design life of a road section. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the percentages of actual overload on each vehicle class, the increase in the cumulative VDF value, and the decrease in the design life on Koti Road, Jayapura. The research results indicated that the actual overload on Koti Road, Jayapura, obtained 81.06% for group 6a, 43.13% for group 6b, and 40.42% for group 7a. According to the Bina Marga method (1987), the cumulative VDF value increased by 133.8% due to actual excessive load in the field, while based on the NAASRA method (2004), it was 121.2%. In terms of the actual overload effects, the design life decreased by 9,273 years, or 46,365%, from the 20-year design life using the Bina Marga (1987) method, while based on the NAASRA (2004) method, the decrease in design life was 8.7898 years, or 43.949%, from the 20-year life plan. Keywords: Importance Performance Analysis; Facility Feasibility; Field Show Terminal.

THE EFFECT OF OVERLOAD ON THE DESIGN OF LIFE OF ROAD PAVEMENT (CASE STUDY: KOTI ROAD, JAYAPURA CITY)

The roads hold a vital role in the transportation system in the Province of Papua, especially in the Jayapura area. However, real road conditions often experience a decrease in performance (damage) due to construction failures or deviant utilization. On Koti Road in Jayapura, sometimes vehicles passing it do not match the maximum permissible load. Consequently, excessive loading on the pavement can directly affect the design life of a road section. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the percentages of actual overload on each vehicle class, the increase in the cumulative VDF value, and the decrease in the design life on Koti Road, Jayapura. The research results indicated that the actual overload on Koti Road, Jayapura, obtained 81.06% for group 6a, 43.13% for group 6b, and 40.42% for group 7a. According to the Bina Marga method (1987), the cumulative VDF value increased by 133.8% due to actual excessive load in the field, while based on the NAASRA method (2004), it was 121.2%. In terms of the actual overload effects, the design life decreased by 9,273 years, or 46,365%, from the 20-year design life using the Bina Marga (1987) method, while based on the NAASRA (2004) method, the decrease in design life was 8.7898 years, or 43.949%, from the 20-year life plan.
 Keywords: Importance Performance Analysis; Facility Feasibility; Field Show Terminal