Overcoming Gender Stereotypes Research Articles

ПОДОЛАННЯ ГЕНДЕРНИХ СТЕРЕОТИПІВ НА УРОКАХ ФІЗИЧНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ ЗАСОБАМИ СПОРТИВНИХ ІГОР

The article analyzes the manifestations of gender stereotypes in sports and notes that despite some positive changes in pedagogy, in particular, when it comes to physical education, there is still a unilateral approach in sex-role education of children. Even in new pedagogical publications, the difference between sexes is often reduced only to the physiological differences. It is stated that the introduction of sports games, in particular basketball, at high school allows to overcome a number of gender stereotypes. The model experiment has determined the appropriate age of starting playing basketball, on the basis of which you can see that at high school, both boys and girls show equally high achievements in this sport. This pattern allows you to train the basic skills of the game and directly two-way play in mixed teams. As a result, students develop an understanding that success, effectiveness and victory depend on perseverance, diligence, work on themselves and their own skills, not on gender. It is emphasized that the purpose of studying sport games at high school, in particular basketball, is not training professional athletes, but education of a number of useful life skills: the ability to work in a team, ingenuity, agility, initiative, leadership qualities and, importantly, overcome gender stereotypes about the benefits of a certain sex in sports. Thus, generalization of the results of the model experiment and many years of practical experience make it possible to argue that basketball is an effective way to overcome gender stereotypes in physical education lessons at high school. Key words: gender stereotypes, sports games, basketball, model experiment, sensitive periods of development, mixed teams.

The Persian Face of Edgar Allan Poe

Abstract This article examines the reception of Edgar Allan Poe in modern Persian literature with regard to his fiction and theory of writing. There have been scattered pieces written on Poe’s influence on Iranian poets and writers in Persian or English, but this article aims to offer a fairly comprehensive picture of Poe in Iran in general with a focus on his influence or affinities with two leading Iranian authors, Sadeq Hedayat and Sadeq Chubak, as far as female characters are concerned. The article at first surveys how Poe was introduced into Persian literature and then it studies personal, social, political, and historical backgrounds in classical and modern Persian literature that determined men’s taking a misogynous approach. A comparative study of representative works of Hedayat and Chubak reveals conscious alignment with Poe’s ideas. Confessionary monologues, gloomy atmosphere, and the lack of proper dialogues between men and women mark their writings. The article concludes that although patriarchy has been responsible for these two writers’ failures to overcome gender stereotypes, their acquaintance with Edgar Allan Poe had its impact on aggravating such tendencies.

‘We support football in our heart’: female football fandom in Iran

ABSTRACT Despite the growing research regarding sports fandom culture, the related knowledge concerning non-West female fans, specifically Muslim women, is next to absent. By drawing on gender theories alongside transnational feminism, this study critically investigates the experiences and practices of female football fans in Iran, a country with exclusive social features. Through semi-structured interviews, 25 women and 5 men talked about their lived experiences. Findings suggest that the female fandom stream is empowering, although female fans still have to overcome gender stereotypes to demonstrate the authenticity of their fandom. Also, the state still restricts female activities in different ways, such as stadium entrance ban and shortage of media coverage. However, women have followed their desires and applied strategies to remain fans and support their teams afar. In this way, alongside multiple practical opportunities, they have converted social media to a virtual stadium to demonstrate both their support and contest.

STUDY OF STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE TOWARDS CURRENT GENDER ISSUES

The article examines the attitude of male and female students to current gender issues. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature, the theoretical foundations of the problems of gender identity, gender stereotypes about the personal and professional sphere of personality are generalized. During the survey, students were asked to express their opinion, agreement or disagreement with statements about the impact on the formation of views and perceptions of parents, friends, secondary school, university or other people and institutions; on the need for gender education; abilities of boys and girls to study humanities and natural sciences; development of masculinity in boys and femininity in girls in the process of education; attitude to gender-neutral education; whether it promotes the development of personality and quality of life by following traditional gender norms; regarding the manifestation of gender stereotypes in education and training by sex; differences in teachers’ requirements for boys and girls; introduction of a gender approach in the activities of educational institutions; predominant images in school textbooks; the impact of school textbooks on the formation and maintenance of traditional roles of men and women; the importance of social institutions in the transmission of “gender information” from generation to generation; manifestation of gender stereotypes in the media; positions on the main role of a woman in society; manifestation of gender changes in mass culture, etc. The author analyzes the results of a survey of male and female students on their attitude to current gender issues. Emphasis is placed on the need to overcome gender stereotypes and introduce new forms and standards of behavior for women and men, education of gender culture of a new model. It has been established that students dissociate themselves from the most common traditional gender stereotypes regarding the roles of women and men and their position in society, which is a positive factor in the development of modern society.

Gender Approach to Teaching the Ukrainian Language in the Aspect of the Education Seekers’ Professional Self-determination / Becoming

The article focuses attention on the gender approach, which is relevant to modern education, applied to teaching education seekers, in particular teaching the Ukrainian language in terms of their professional self-determination / becoming. The research goal of the article is to analyse the problems of the gender approach in teaching basing on normative documents that govern its implementation in education; to illustrate the gender approach practical implementation to teaching the Ukrainian language in Institutions of General Secondary Education (GSE) and General Vocational and Technical Education (GVTE) in the aspect of education seekers’ professional self-determination / becoming. Methods. The research methods used by the author were observation, abstraction, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systematization, generalization and modeling. The results. The gender approach in teaching is declared by a number of normative documents, but in the content of education, unfortunately, it is at the initial stage of implementation. With this in mind, gender-competent teachers are looking for their own ways, directions, ways, methods and techniques to solve the problem of implementing a gender approach to teaching in Ukrainian language lessons. Conclusions. The author of the article stated that it is possible to apply the gender approach in teaching the Ukrainian language only with purposeful, thoughtful, systematic and regular application of text exercises and tasks to them, which directly and covertly affirm gender equality in Ukrainian society. The author added that, in particular, this could be facilitated by adding some units such as "Introducing to the World of Professions" to Ukrainian language textbooks. Moreover the texts from the units could be used by teachers for dictations, translations or exercises to each section of the school curriculum, and for stimulating schoolboys’ and schoolgirls’ interest in independent choosing a future profession, the ways of further training, in turn it will help to overcome gender stereotypes, avoid gender asymmetry, achieve gender equality in general, be aware of gender-neutral assessment of professions, gender partnership, modernize a career guidance in General Secondary Education and General Vocational and Technical Education. The proposed article contains the examples of such texts.

Gender component in the initial judicial training curriculum

The Strategy for the Development of Judicial Education in Ukraine for 2021–2025 considers regular update of the judicial education content based on the competence approach, judges' experience and individual needs, level and court specialization. The Strategy also considers enhancing values and social context while developing and delivering trainings. Among strategic aims of judicial education development is initial judicial training reform that requires, inter alia, curriculum updating. The article presents the research results on mainstreaming of gender component in the initial judicial training curriculum as well as corresponding recommendations. Among recommendations, there is improving of the initial judicial training curriculum with a 1-day training course «Overcoming gender stereotypes in administration of justice». The course was developed to have judges familiar with correlation between «gender stereotypes – prejudice – gender - based discrimination», how gender stereotypes influence judge's behavior and decision-making, and also to build up and strengthentheir skills to identify gender stereotypes, apply corresponding ECtHR case law, avoid gender bias in their daily work, etc. To build up gender competence of future judges, some gender aspects should be incorporated into a series of trainings on family, housing and labor disputes (in the Civil judiciary part), sexual violence, sentencing in criminal cases (in the Criminal one). Some gender related issues worth to be integrated in corresponding trainings, e.g. divorce prohibition due to Ukrainian Family Code (Art. 110, part 2), disputes on parenting children, equal treatment of men and women in cases of deprivation of parental rights, offender eviction, compliance with effective investigation standards in criminal proceedings on rape, other crimes against sexual freedom and sexual integrity or domestic violence cases. Actually, both gender mainstreaming and social context of justice should be integrated with due consideration of the role and place of each training in the curriculum, learning goals and expected outcomes, accompanied by careful selection of training materials and most effective modern interactive methods of adult education. Keywords: gender, gender competence, judicial education, initial judicial training.

Overcoming Gender Stereotypes in the Process of Social Development and Getting Higher Education in Digital Environment

Social development and higher education are among the essential tools for overcoming gender stereotypes. The changes in education associated with the digitalization of learning and work, studies show, have little changed the gender landscape. Studying the opinion of students on the problem of gender relations and stereotypes is relevant in terms of the need to determine the impact of higher education in digital environment on changes in perceptions of behavioural patterns and social roles of men and women. This study examines the impact of gender stereotypes, manifested even in online learning and communication and when working in the new digital economy on student’s choice of a life path, profession, education. The research aims to study the influence of students’ social development in the learning process on the formation of gender stereotypes among them. An anonymous written survey was the most suitable method of the study. The survey involved 350 students of socio-humanitarian, technical and natural specialities (60% − women, 40% − men). It was found that getting higher education in digital environment is crucial to social development, as this stage of life helps individuals overcome gender stereotypes. Yet, gender stereotypes continue to dominate among students anyway. To which extent do students agree that the primary purpose of a woman is the role of wife and mother? Most students (44%) agreed with this view of a woman's role, with varying degrees of confidence. Besides, approximately one in four who answered this question (24%) expressed complete agreement with this statement. On the other hand, about a quarter of respondents (26%) strongly or somewhat disagree with this statement. The results of the study can be used in international practice to overcome gender stereotypes. Social development of a person through higher education in digital environment plays a more critical role in overcoming gender stereotypes than previously thought.

TREINADORAS E AUXILIARES DO FUTEBOL DE MULHERES NO BRASIL: SUBVERSÃO E RESISTÊNCIA NA LIDERANÇA ESPORTIVA

Fundamentada nos estudos culturais e de gênero, esta pesquisa analisa a representatividade de mulheres em cargos de treinadora e auxiliar no futebol de mulheres, buscando identificar as estratégias de subversão e resistência adotadas para sua inserção e permanência. Os materiais de análise foram os discursos das participantes aliados a fontes documentais, como notícias e produções acadêmicas. A análise evidencia que as profissionais conquistaram o acesso aos cargos em decorrência das experiências como líderes enquanto atletas e/ou estagiárias e por seus altos níveis de capacitação. Elas asseguram sua permanência ao atestarem diariamente sua competência, mantendo o nível de capacitação e superando estereótipos de gênero. Elas personificam a eminente resistência oferecida pelas mulheres em espaços tradicionalmente reservados aos homens, tensionando as relações de poder. Contudo, a consolidação de uma condição equânime requer investimento financeiro e, sobretudo, empenho na desconstrução de estereótipos de gênero.

Indicators of gender stereotypes in a cultural career (analytical discourse)

Purpose of the article. Gender stereotypes have some inconsistency with the realities of today, and therefore become a problem for both society and the individual, as they raise pressing issues of gender equality. Research into indicators of gender stereotypes is needed to address these issues. That is why, in the context of our study, the purpose is to identify indicators of gender stereotypes in building an artistic career. The methodology of the study is conditioned by a gender approach aimed at overcoming gender stereotypes in society, equality, partnership, and interaction of both sexes. The study involves the use of common scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, and generalization. The method of comparative analysis and analogy makes it possible to thoroughly comprehend gender stereotypes and their influence on the construction of careers in the artistic field of work. The scientific novelty is to identify indicators of gender stereotypes that are related specifically to social stereotypes of role-sharing in building an artistic career. The conclusions summarize the analysis and definition of indicators of gender stereotypes in the construction of artistic careers. It is understood that gender stereotypes are shaped by culture as generalized beliefs, and gender role means a set of expected patterns (norms) of behavior for men and women. It is proved that the division of labor continues to reproduce gender-role stereotypes. The problems of social stereotypes, self-identification, and free-thinking that women face in realizing themselves in the art are analyzed. It has been found that gender-based views on gender differences in employment are related to social stereotypes of role-sharing. Such stereotypes do not allow for an objective assessment of women's opportunities and competencies in employment or career development in the arts, and therefore the offer of employment for men and women differs significantly in terms of quantity and quality.

Balance of Career and Personal Life (on the Example of Higher Education Employees)

Work-life balance (WLB) is extremely important in the modern world. Every person strives to achieve goals in all spheres of his or her life and therefore needs to be able to balance. When the boundaries between work and personal life vanish, a person inevitably comes to stress, burnout, problems at work and at home. The purpose of this article is to identify the level of WLB and to suggest alternative ways to improve it in Ukrainian families with both working partners, specifically in families with research and teaching staff of higher education institutions (HEIs). The research implied analysing previous studies to determine the influence of family models and the state gender policy on the level of WLB. We found out that people who follow traditional family models are less likely to change their initial choice between office and personal life than families where both spouses work and share childcare responsibilities equally. The intersection of gender issues in the labor market and the requirements for a competitive employee highlights the need for psychological support of a personal career development, taking into account the peculiarities of its gender identity, overcoming gender stereotypes and prejudices. In Ukraine, in the field of higher education, there is no gender imbalance at work, except for the management positions in which the number of men significantly predominates. Still, almost one third of women respondents report that they alone are responsible for housework, which demonstrates the gender imbalance at home. A survey of employees of higher education institutions (HEIs) in Ukraine was conducted on their satisfaction with the state of the work-life balance. It has been proven that employees often, consciously or unconsciously, contribute to imbalance on their own, which is the cause of many problems in the future, such as lack of time for self-development, family and sports; deterioration of physical and mental health; lack of time for rest and travel; a possibility of professional burnout. Therefore, the main advice to employees is to be able to refuse or ask for help, improve time-management, reward themselves, and check whether they are doing the right thing. JEL classіfіcatіon: M12, I31, I23, J28 Manuscript received 30.04.2020

Challenges of Gender Policy Implementation in the Security and Defense Sector

The authors of the article have studied the problems of ensuring the principles of gender equality in the free trade sector of the security and defense sector. Aspects of gender equality have a special role in ensuring the educational process, managing the free economic zone and overcoming stereotyping of society, especially in the security and defense sector. It is extremely important to ensure the implementation of the principles of gender equality for the formation of a gender-neutral environment in the power sector of the state. This situation is possible only with the use of an integrated approach to equal opportunities for women and men to realize equal rights. The analysis of gender approaches used in free economic education with specific learning conditions on the example of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs made it possible to recommend to use best practices of international experience to accelerate the pace and quality of gender implementation at the University. The authors analyze all the activities of the University, which are aimed at ensuring the implementation of the principles of gender equality: institutional change, personnel component, academic disciplines, scientific and educational work of staff, projects, involvement of the international component.
 It has been concluded that higher educational institutions with specific learning conditions launched a comprehensive approach to ensure the implementation of the principles of gender equality both by the University administration and in educational and research activities. However, summarizing the above, it is necessary to emphasize the need to gain international experience to accelerate the pace and quality of gender at the University. Information support from international experts ensures more successful implementation of the principle of gender equality and overcoming gender stereotypes, which are obstacles to building a gender-balanced society.

ФОРМУВАННЯ КУЛЬТУРИ БАТЬКІВСТВА УЧНІВСЬКОЇ МОЛОДІ: ГЕНДЕРНИЙ ПІДХІД

У статті аналізується гендерний аспект формування культури батьківства учнівської молоді, досліджується батьківство як соціальне та культурне явище, що зумовлене ціннісною складовою розвитку особистості, визначаються провідні тенденції організації гендерночутливої практики в сучасних закладах освіти. Культура батьківства визначається як компонент загальної культури молодої людини, який відбиває ступінь усвідомлення батьківського призначення в її соціальному існуванні та прояви цього в конкретній діяльності, що зумовлює передавання та розвиток духовних цінностей суспільства через дітей, сприяє підвищенню ролі прогресивних соціальних цінностей для подальшого розвитку дитини та включення її в соціум як суб’єкта соціального розвитку. Із соціально-педагогічних позицій аналізується процес формування усвідомленого батьківства як одного з напрямів скерованої соціалізації в процесі соціального виховання нової генерації. Автором виробляються пропозиції щодо запровадження гендерного підходу з метою засвоєння соціальної ролі матері та батька молоддю в освітньому середовищі, які ґрунтуються на визначених теоретичних позиціях. Доводиться, що сучасна теорія гендеру актуалізує гендерний підхід до соціальних явищ, обумовлює продуктивне засвоєння ролі матері чи батька в процесі соціалізації учнівської молоді; подолання гендерних стереотипів є основою формування виваженої моделі батьківської поведінки, зумовлює ефективне виконання цієї відповідальної ролі представниками обох статей. Пропонується інтеграція гендерного підходу до діяльності закладів освіти, позаосвітніх та культурно-дозвіллєвих установ, що сприятиме реалізації комплексної гендерної політики на основі врахування рівних можливостей всіх незалежно від статі. Акцентується увага на необхідності запровадження науково-обґрунтованих просвітницько-культурних програм із розвитку культури батьківства молоді, яке має охоплювати освітній і сучасний інформаційний простір. Підготовка фахівців є основною передумовою для ефективного запровадження гендерного підходу в процесі формування культури батьківства в освітніх установах. Вона має ґрунтуватися на компетентісній основі та креативній активності майбутніх фахівців.

Gender open university as a platform for continuous gender education: experience in the development of innovative educational practices in Ukraine

In the article the relevance and necessity of overcoming gender stereotypes, regarding the distribution types of labor and areas of work, the development of effective mechanisms for promoting female leadership and non-discriminatory practices in choosing human development strategies within the labor sphere in Ukraine are substantiated in the context of searching the ways to reduce the negative consequences of labor migration in Ukraine. The system of non-formal adult education plays an extremely important role in introducing the concept of general gender education into life, as a focused process of developing a person throughout life through the implementation of educational programs and services, and educational and informational activities within and outside higher education. The problem of creating the innovative structure of non-formal adult education, reducing the negative impact of gender stereotypes in the labor sphere, attracting to a competitive activity in various public spheres those segments of the population that have traditionally been the object of labor discrimination and deprivation (women, persons with disabilities, elderly people, migrants, etc.) is becoming relevant in Ukraine.To overcome the gender discrimination and ensure the process of continuous gender education of the population, an innovative partnership project “Gender Open University” was introduced for the first time in Ukraine. Its goal was to overcome the consequences of gender discrimination in the social and labor sphere, to prevent the spread of gender stereotypes and discriminatory practices in the field of social protection and labor relations through continuous gender education of social specialists and the general public.The project is designed for a long-term result - the creation and systematic functioning of an innovative educational structure to increase the level of gender literacy and culture of social workers as a factor in preventing the leakage of labor resources, mitigating the effects of labor migration through the involvement of new traditionally deprived social groups in labor activity

РОЗВИТОК ЛІДЕРСЬКОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ ТА ГЕНДЕРНОЇ ОБІЗНАНОСТІ ЯК НАПРЯМ СТРАТЕГІЧНИХ КОМУНІКАЦІЙ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ АКАДЕМІЇ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ГВАРДІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article analyzes the implementation of the author's mentoring project by Khrystyna Boychuk #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ within the strategic communications of National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine. The project aims to maintain the image of the National Guard of Ukraine by building leadership potential and gender awareness among young men and women who plan to link their future with service in the security and defense sector of Ukraine. The aim of the study was to identify the features of the development of leadership potential and gender awareness in the process of implementing a mentoring set. The #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ project is a mentoring platform designed to educate modern leaders. The project aims to develop leadership potential in students, including students with enhanced military and physical training, by providing them with basic tools to combat gender and other types of discrimination and skills that will help in the future to adequately respond to social challenges related to gender stereotypes. The first implementation of the project #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ was carried out on the basis of National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine, where a training program was conducted based on the main module on gender equality and 2 training modules - legal and leadership, which previously integrated the principles of gender equality. The aim was to demonstrate the possibilities of non-formal education with an integrated aspect of gender equality, as well as inclusiveness and tolerance. The second implementation of the #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ project envisaged an increase in the target audience and took place on the basis of educational institutions with enhanced military and physical training in Kharkiv in five stages: acquaintance with the program, gender aspects of military service, legal course, leadership course and public speaking course. The results of these courses were evaluated using a survey conducted at the beginning of the training modules and after their completion. These surveys showed how much the participants' knowledge of gender issues has increased. An important result of the training modules, as the survey showed, was that the project drew students' attention to the importance of developing leadership potential and the ability to consciously approach the formulation of goals and make choices for future self-realization. As the information support of the project is an important component of the strategic communications of the National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine, information about the implementation of the #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ project was disseminated on various Internet resources. The approbation of the project #ТІЩОЗМОГЛИ as a direction of the strategic communications of National Academy of the National Guard of Ukraine showed the relevance of the topic and the interest of the target audience. The mentoring project resulted in the development of participants' leadership potential, raising awareness of gender issues, overcoming gender stereotypes and establishing harmonious communication between girls and boys, based on respect, non-discrimination, equality and mutual understanding.

Female Lecturers at the Faculty of History and Philology of the Bestuzhev Women’s Higher Education Courses as a Manifestation of Russian Emancipation of the Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Century

The article describes the phenomenon of female “intrusion” into academia, particularly the social and legal status of the first female historians in Russia who became university lecturers. Analysis of the self-fulfillment strategies that Russian female historians pursued in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century allows to reconstruct the social mechanisms that they used in their zeal to achieve the status of highly-qualified scholars and lecturers at universities. Regulatory documents defining the status of faculty in the Russian Empire, as well as Bestuzhev Courses faculty meeting reports and unpublished memoirs are analyzed to reconstruct the sources and mechanisms of overcoming gender stereotypes, the long way that female historians had to go to be allowed to teach and study the science of teaching, the innovations that they brought to the Bestuzhev Courses teaching practices, the specific aspects of their approach to teaching, and the legal and social norms they had to change to secure themselves a faculty status equal to that of male academics. This article is the first publication analyzing the regulatory enforcement of placing the graduates from the Faculty of History and Philology of the Bestuzhev Courses into jobs. It also addresses for the first time the economic aspects of female teaching and the ways in which female lecturers interacted with course administrators and other faculty staff.

ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ ПОДОЛАННЯ ГЕНДЕРНИХ СТЕРЕОТИПІВ В ОРГАНІЗАЦІЯХ

Стаття присвячена узагальненню здобутків гендерної психології з проблематики гендерних стереотипів, поширених в організаціях та інших установах сфери зайнятості, на основі чого обґрунтовується технологія їх подолання. Ця технологія розроблена із застосуванням комплексного підходу, який передбачає реалізацію системи взаємопов’язаних заходів та впливів на масову й індивідуальну свідомість громадян з метою її переорієнтації зі стереотипної на гендерно толерантну. Описуються складники технології подолання гендерних стереотипів на макрорівні, мезорівні та мікрорівні.

Gender and Perception of Profession

There are negative impacts of gender stereotypes particularly on the education of girls and women. The purpose of this study is to examine pre-service teachers’ profession perceptions within the context of gender using word association test technique and to identify the definition of the concept of “profession” depending on sex. This study is designed as a qualitative research and involves 250 pre-service teachers. In analysing the data, descriptive analysis method is used. Findings are presented in frequency tables and concept networks. The results show that the first profession pre-service teachers mention in their sentences about the concepts of “women and profession” is “teacher”, whereas it is “worker” for the concept of “men and profession”. In the light of the findings, suggestions are made to overcome gender stereotypes and to help individuals to become aware of the acts and talks that reproduce gender inequality.

HISTORICAL-PHILOSOPHICAL-LEGAL RESEARCH OF THE PHENOMENON OF THE GENDER AS THE FACTOR OF THE SOCIAL STATUS OF THE UKRAINIAN WOMAN

Topicality. Under the conditions of Ukraine’s integration into the European community, there is an urgent need to restructure all social institutions, freeing them from all forms of discrimination, including on the basis of gender. Modern problems of the state's socioeconomic development require a new look at the functional roles of men and women, as well as the understanding that the political, economic, cultural future of society depends on overcoming gender stereotypes that are deeply rooted in the social and individual consciousness and inhibit social progress, and also the development of democracy. That is why, today, it is extremely important to study the issue of social influence and the role of women and determine their social status against the backdrop of the historical development of our state. Purpose. The article studies the emergence and adoption of the phenomenon of gender as a factor of the social status of the Ukrainian woman in the historical, philosophical and legal realm. Methodology. In the research process the authors used the methods of analyzing and synthesizing historical sources to study the content and main provisions of philosophical concepts and legal norms that formed the social status of a Ukrainian woman at different historical periods of society development, with their subsequent comparison and generalization. Originality. The work further develops the theory of gender processes with the use of interdisciplinary approaches to the study of the phenomenon of gender in the historical, philosophical and legal field as a factor of the social status of the Ukrainian woman, to critically re-evaluate the value guidelines on the construction of modern society and the formation of new ideas about the role and model of behavior of men and women and their interaction in society. Conclusions. For a long time, the social status of women was formed under the influence of philosophical views and concepts, slowly turned into the moral traditions of peoples and the rule of law. The high status of a woman, as a full-fledged member of society, formed in the early state stages, lost its relevance already in the days of antiquity. The woman became a symbol of exclusively domestic, family relations and played the role of guardian of the private foundations of the social being of men. This trend found its continuation in the Roman Empire, significantly increased in the Middle Ages and left an imprint in the philosophy of modern times and German classical philosophy. In the period from Kievan Rus to the twentieth century, the Ukrainian woman remained a victim of stereotyped thinking. Despite the normative settlement of the equality of men and women in modern conditions, this equality has a purely declarative nature.

Women in the CSDP: strengthening the EU\u2019s effectiveness as an international player

Security and defence cooperation in the EU is being upgraded, and therefore the importance of the civilian missions and military operations launched in the framework of the Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) is likely to increase. This article argues that much can be gained by improving the gender balance in CSDP missions and operations. The participation of female personnel in crisis management has a positive effect on operational effectiveness and contributes to the acceptance of the mission by the local population. Moreover, women deployed abroad play an important role in overcoming gender stereotypes and demonstrating the EU’s commitment to gender equality. This article explores the reasons for the low number of women in CSDP missions and operations. It suggests ways to improve the gender balance at the national and EU levels, which would increase the EU’s chances of resolving foreign affairs issues abroad.

Comparison of Personality Traits and Gender Schemas in Sexual and Physical Damage Referred to a Coroner with Healthy Girls in Shiraz

Throughout his life with various human diseases have faced life-threatening and health. Some of these diseases and more important due to the spread and severity. Global epidemic of HIV infection is the greatest challenge of our time. The disease spread rapidly over the past 20 years, about 3.40 million people infected in 2005. The only way to reduce the risk of dangerous diseases and AIDS prevention program among high-risk behavior and sexually transmitted main method of transmission It psychology plays an important role in predicting risk in individuals and groups to explain the risky behavior and regulatory interventions in this area. Sexual risk behaviors for the number of sexual partners and unprotected high-risk sexual behavior are defined. The risk to young girls becomes entangled. To be more serious strategies to prevent it operated (Bayrami, 2009). The accepted classification of sciences such as biology existed long ago. But it should be noted that the classification of personality traits in personality psychology, due to being abstract concepts more difficult categories of biological sciences. Fortunately, in spite of such difficulties, it can be claimed after decades of research, personality psychology is closer to a consensus on the classification and characteristics of the human personality are (Sabeti et al., 2011). As a determinant of personality, all human behavior can be influenced in terms of personal and social life and (sometimes because of maladaptive traits and characteristics) ofthe individual and his family faced with a serious problem. The importance of personality factors among the most important features that work on them is tangible (Schultz, 1990). Development of theoretical and empirical knowledge to a greater understanding of sexual relationships have been effective. Various cognitive factors play a role in sexual problems. In this regard, Epstein and Bakom suggest that some kind of understanding that these relationships are important, they are schemas. In the field of cognitive therapy Beck wrote in his first referred to the concept of schemas, life is essential. He believes that most ofthe problems people experience between people who imagine they are under the effect of which he calls schemas (Beck, 2009; quoted Kariminejad Nayargh et al., 2010).Some schemes, particularly those who primarily as a result of adverse childhood experiences form, may be the core of personality disorders, and interpersonal problems. Schemas, cognitive psychological concept that deals with this point how people think, how they perceive and process information and how they remember (Bam, 2007).Gender stereotypes are closely related to self-concept.Gender stereotypes generalize gender aspects of the person who originated from previous experiences and a range of dimensions including sex, sexual orientation, sexual behavior, sexual attitudes and cognitive representation of one's sexual identity in the fall. Since the image of his own behavior affects the individual, it is believed that processes information on sexual and gender stereotypes also affect sexual behavior guidance. Women with sexual stereotypes are positive compared to negative stereotypes of women who feel better about their sexual experiences and the positive schemas them to enter into a sexual relationship leads satisfactory. (Radlov, 2009). Psychologists traditional view was that masculinity and femininity are on opposite sides of a particular spectrum. Namely that a one-dimensional continuum bipolar describes the changes masculinity and femininity.This view is based on the current dominant cultural stereotypes is that the pre-determined behavioral patterns of men and women. Today's trend is for new models of human behavior that have overcome gender stereotypes. One solution proposed is significant, or a combination of both gender and positive personality traits of feminine and masculine (Khamsei, 2006).Discussion and conclusionFirst hypothesis: Features of girls affected by sexual significant difference compared to healthy girls. …