Overhead Pass Research Articles

Evaluation of hand-eye coordination fitness test performance in folk dance

Hand-eye coordination refers to the ability to perform tasks that require the simultaneous use of the hands and eyes, such as using visual-spatial perception to guide hand movements. An intricate comprehension of the brain’s functioning is vital for individuals to possess hand-eye coordination, which necessitates the integration of visual and motor abilities. The study assessed the level of hand-eye coordination fitness during folk dance. This study employed a quantitative methodology, with researchers utilizing a quasi-experimental approach evaluating the hand-eye coordination of participants in folk dance. This study comprised of seventh-grade students during the academic year 2023-2024. Researchers noted that individuals without previous performance experience encountered challenges in executing the dance action, while those who engaged in practice found it effortless. The researchers discovered a statistically significant disparity in the pretest and post-test scores of the respondents. The findings indicated that the respondents’ hand-eye coordination level may be improved and cultivated when executing a folk dance by diligently practicing the given pattern. The researchers suggested the utilization of the Drop Stick Game, Head Shoulder Knees and Ball, Chest Overhead Pass, and Clap-Catch Game. These four developmental exercises enhance hand-eye coordination and optimize performance. Additionally, it will aid students in cultivating hand-eye coordination, particularly during performances.

The Effect Of Vitamin B Plus With Special Exercises On Some Physiological Variables, Skill and Physical Abilities In Volleyball


 The importance of the research lies in using B vitamin with special exercises as well as identifying their effect on some physiological, skill and physical variables in volleyball. The problem of the research was the lack of using vitamins for athletes in addition to weakness in training programs. The research aimed at identifying the effect of using vitamin B with special exercises on physiological variables ( Hb – Pcv, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse), physical abilities (legs and arms explosive power – power defined by speed, speed of reaction and agility), and fundamental skills (underarm and overhead pass, blocking and spike).The researcher hypothesized statistical difference between pre and posttests in both groups in physiological, skill and physical abilities in volleyball. In addition to that she hypothesized significant differences in favor of the posttests for the experimental group. The results showed a positive effect for using vitamin B with special exercises on physiological, skill and physical variables in volleyball. Finally the researcher recommended using different types of vitamins with other spcial exercises to develop these abilities.
 

Development of volleyball skills in physical education lessons using visual imagery in 10-11-year-old schoolchildren

Background and Study Aim. Volleyball is a popular team sport that requires a combination of technical skills, coordination, and teamwork. However, there is a need for innovative and effective teaching methods that can enhance the learning experience and skill acquisition process for young learners. The study aim to assess the efficacy of using visual imagery (scheme kinematic poses of an athlete) as a teaching tool to improve the volleyball skills of 10-11-year-old schoolchildren.
 Materials and Methods. The study involved schoolchildren from Lyceum № 89 in Kharkiv, Ukraine. A total of 62 schoolchildren were selected to participate in the study, with 28 students assigned to the experimental group and 30 students assigned to the control group. Among the participants, there were 22 girls and 40 boys, all aged between 10 and 11 years. The study employed a pedagogical experiment that spanned over a duration of 5 weeks, comprising 14 classes. The participants completed tests on Overhead Pass and Forearm Pass to assess their baseline volleyball skills. Cyclograms (scheme kinematic poses of an athlete during Overhead Pass and Forearm Pass), which provided visual representations of the technical techniques involved in volleyball, were utilized during the study. Brief information sessions were conducted with the schoolchildren in a "question-answer" format. Prior to the study, consent was obtained from the children's parents as well as the school administration to ensure the participation of the schoolchildren in the experiment. Ethical guidelines were followed throughout the study to ensure the well-being and safety of the participants.
 Results. There was no significant difference in the performance of tests between the experimental and control groups. Both groups displayed a low level of competence in technical volleyball skills at the outset. However, the control group achieved a sufficient level of competence, while the experimental group showed significant improvement and attained a high level of competence in technical volleyball skills.
 Conclusions. Physical education teachers should consider incorporating cyclograms as teaching tools when instructing 10-11-year-old schoolchildren in volleyball techniques. These visual aids can enhance comprehension and execution of the skills, leading to improved performance. Physical education classes should involve interactive teaching methods, such as brief information sessions in a "question-answer" format. This approach fosters engagement and active participation, enabling schoolchildren to grasp the concepts and techniques more effectively.

Mind Map Technique in Physical Education: Development of Cognitive and Psychomotor Skills

The study aimed to measure the success of teaching the subject of volleyball in the physical education course with the mind map. The study employed a quasi-experimental pre-posttest design with an experimental and a control group. The study was completed with a total of 66 students 33 students allocated to the experimental and 33 students to the control group. A pre-test was administered to the experimental and the control groups in order to explore students’ cognitive and psycho-motor skill levels of the relevant subjects before teaching volleyball subject.The experimental group was trained using the mind map with 40min courses a week for 9 weeks. Meantime, the control group was trained using conventional teaching methods. At the end of 9 weeks period, tests were again administered to groups. To collect data, a Volleyball Skill Test and a Psychomotor Observation Form were used. The post-tests results showed that levels of cognitive domain and overhead pass and bump pass were higher on behalf of the experimental group. In the comparisons of the cognitive and psychomotor skill levels of the two groups, a statistically significant difference was found in favor of the experimental group in the cognitive and psychomotor domains.

Revising the application of cross-spectrum processing in motion parameter estimation for harmonic sources

Single-receiver motion parameter estimation is an effective and economical technology for passive source localization and train-bearing fault diagnosis, in which time-consuming time-frequency analysis (TFA) methods are widely used to suppress noise when extracting the continuous Doppler shift of the overhead pass. Cross-spectrum processing is a potential way to improve the computational efficiency of TFA methods, but its application is overshadowed by the phenomena of unknown Doppler shift offset and power spectrum estimation error. In this paper, conventional cross-spectrum processing is proven to be an approximation trick for power spectrum estimation in a small frequency interval, and the two phenomena are fully explained by the frequency aliasing of bandpass sampling and the approximation error. On this basis, an revised framework for applying the cross-spectrum processing is provided. Processing results of the SWellEx-96 experiment data demonstrate that the computational efficiencies of spectrogram and a parameterized TFA method could be improved up to 85% and 88.2%, respectively, without a noticeable impact on the accuracy of parameter estimates.

Biomechanical analysis of distance adjustment in volleyball overhead pass

ABSTRACT In volleyball, the overhead pass is important. Coaches usually teach players to push the ball, utilising the legs, especially for a long distance pass. The purpose of this study was to conduct a biomechanical analysis of an overhead pass to different distances. Twelve male elite volleyball players participated. They were told to pass a ball with an overhead pass through a 2.43 m high ring located 3 m, 6 m, and 9 m in front of them. Twenty-four reflective markers were placed on the ball and the subject’s body to obtain joint centres, joint angles, and ball position. EMG activities were recorded from four right arm muscles. Triceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis pull and push phase activities differed significantly between 3 m and 6 m, but not between 6 m and 9 m. On the other hand, leg movements were significantly different among 3 m, 6 m, and 9 m, suggesting that leg movements supplement the power given to the ball. Thus, as the distance to a target lengthens in an overhead pass, not only arm movement but also leg movement is required.

Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) Model Learning for Overhead Pass Volleyball in Elementary School Students

This study aims to determine the expert validation of the research product in the form of a learning model for the basic technique of overhead pass volleyball based on Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) in elementary school students. The research method used is research and development from Borg & Gall. The research product was validated by physical education learning experts and volleyball game material experts. The results of the expert validation of Physical Education and Sports learning for the top pass, namely the feasibility indicator, were obtained at 77.08%. The results of the validity indicator were obtained at 81.25%. The results of the expert validation of the volleyball game indicators in the variation of the TGfU-based learning model for passing over are 81.25%. The results of the ease indicator in the variation of the upper passing learning model obtained 83.33%. The research product on learning to pass over volleyball was validated by motor learning experts; the results obtained were 83.33% of the upper passing safety percentage. The results of the learning model that can improve volleyball passing skills are 79.17%. Based on the validation results that have been obtained, this research implies that the research product in the form of a TGfU-based learning model is suitable for use in passing learning on volleyball for upper-grade elementary school students.

HUBUNGAN POWER OTOT LENGAN OVER HEAD PASS BOLA TANGAN PADA MAHASISWAPENDIDIKAN JASMANI KESEHATAN DANREKREASI

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between arm muscle power and the over head pass ability of handball in all 643 students of Physical Education for Health and Recreation. Furthermore, 358 people who had programmed handball courses consisted of 274 boys and 84 girls. The sample was carried out using purposive sampling technique, namely based on predetermined criteria, as many as 30 instruments were used to measure the muscle power of the medicine ball throw arm, while the instrument used to measure the over head pass ability was the 15 second passing skill test. Arm muscle power data was taken through a medicine ball throw test, while data on the over head pass ability were taken through a passing over head pass skill test. The analytical technique used to analyze the proposed hypothesis was the correlation test using SPSS version 26.The results obtained from testing the arm muscle power hypothesis with the ability to over head pass handball where the correlation value rxy = 0.575 significant value = 0.001˂ 0.05, the coefficient of determination r² = 33 or 33%. Arm muscle power contributes to the ability to over head pass in handball play. Based on the results of this analysis, it can be concluded that the better the arm muscle power, the better the ability to over-head pass the handball game for Health and Recreation Physical Education students, Halu Oleo University

The Development of Overhead Pass Learning Models in Volleyball

This study aims to develop a learning model of passing volleyball for class VIII junior high school students. This study uses research and development research methods with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development or Production, Implementation or Delivery and Evaluations). The subjects in this study were students of SMP N 1 Palembang Class VIII class 2018/2019. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis techniques. This research was conducted up to the development stage, namely large-scale trials. The validation of this model of passing was carried out by experts in phycical education, volleyball game experts, and linguists. The results of the model validation (Design stage) of this top learning model obtained a percentage of 87.5% of PJOK experts, 90% of volleyball game experts, and 87.5% of linguists from the results of expert validation show that the learning model is the top volleyball game Valid or worth using. The development stage consists of one-on-one evaluations, small group trials, and large group trials. The results of the large group trial were obtained using the instrument of the upper pass motion assessment process, the percentage was 12.5% or 3 students were very good, 87.5% of students got good grades or as many as 21 students. Based on large group trials, the product in the form of a learning model for volleyball can be used in the volleyball learning process.

The Effect of Target and Netting Games on Overhead Pass Volleyball Accuracy

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of target games and net games training on the accuracy of passing volleyball. The research method used is the experimental design method using pretest-posttest control group design. The research subjects used the experimental method. The research subjects were 120 participants of men's volleyball extracurricular activities at Makassar City Junior High School. Participants are divided into two groups using total sampling, namely 60 subjects in the experimental group (net games) and 60 control subjects (target games). The test instrument is passed over the head using the Russell-Lange test. The effectiveness test was delivered to see the difference between the control group and the experimental group using the t-test. Data analysis techniques used the help of SPSS 21 application. The results of the study with a value of t = 10,971, df = 118 and sig (2 tailed) or p-value = 0.000 <0.05 or Ho was rejected. As the result, the hypothesis proposed was tested with the data so that it could be concluded that the accuracy of overhead pass the experimental group using the netting games method was higher than the control group that used the target game. The netting games training method is suitable for increasing the accuracy of beginner age athletes in passing on volleyball. The novelty of this training method combines the netting games training model into volleyball games, especially over passing. The research contributes to the accuracy of passing skills for junior high school volleyball players.

A Variation of Push Up for Overhead Pass on Volleyball Games

This study aims to determine the effect of various push up exercises on the results of passing over in extracurricular volleyball activities for male students of class VIII Muhammadiyah Junior High School Megang Sakti, Musi Rawas. This type of research is a quasy experiment with a pretest-posttest one group design. The sample in this study amounted to 30 people. The instrument used was a passing test on the wall. The treatment in this study was in the form of various push-up training methods, after being given exercise for 6 weeks with a frequency of training 3 times a week. Based on the results of research and data analysis with statistical t test with a significant level of α = 0.05, it was obtained tcount (0.10) while ttable (1.70), then tcount> ttable, then Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected. Thus Ha can be submitted it can be accepted, that the push up exercise varies with the results overheadpass in the volleyball extracurricular activities of male students class VIII Junior High School Muhammadiyah Megang Sakti Musi Rawas. The findings in this study are the results of training methods of variation push up that can be used to improve the ability overhead pass volleyball. The implication of this research is that various push up exercises can be used as a type of exercise to improve of the volleyball overhead pass ability. This research was conducted in junior high schools and the samples were students who took volleyball extracurricular activities, so this study was aimed at novice athletes or new to volleyball, so this research is suitable for beginners.

Towards Automatic Modeling of Volleyball Players’ Behavior for Analysis, Feedback, and Hybrid Training

Automatic tagging of video recordings of sports matches and training sessions can be helpful to coaches and players and provide access to structured data at a scale that would be unfeasible if one were to rely on manual tagging. Recognition of different actions forms an essential part of sports video tagging. In this paper, the authors employ machine learning techniques to automatically recognize specific types of volleyball actions (i.e., underhand serve, overhead pass, serve, forearm pass, one hand pass, smash, and block which are manually annotated) during matches and training sessions (uncontrolled, in the wild data) based on motion data captured by inertial measurement unit sensors strapped on the wrists of eight female volleyball players. Analysis of the results suggests that all sensors in the inertial measurement unit (i.e., magnetometer, accelerometer, barometer, and gyroscope) contribute unique information in the classification of volleyball actions types. The authors demonstrate that while the accelerometer feature set provides better results than other sensors, overall (i.e., gyroscope, magnetometer, and barometer) feature fusion of the accelerometer, magnetometer, and gyroscope provides the bests results (unweighted average recall = 67.87%, unweighted average precision = 68.68%, and κ = .727), well above the chance level of 14.28%. Interestingly, it is also demonstrated that the dominant hand (unweighted average recall = 61.45%, unweighted average precision = 65.41%, and κ = .652) provides better results than the nondominant (unweighted average recall = 45.56%, unweighted average precision = 55.45, and κ = .553) hand. Apart from machine learning models, this paper also discusses a modular architecture for a system to automatically supplement video recording by detecting events of interests in volleyball matches and training sessions and to provide tailored and interactive multimodal feedback by utilizing an HTML5/JavaScript application. A proof of concept prototype developed based on this architecture is also described.

The Effect of Adapted Basketball Exercises on the Development of Non-Oral Communication Skills of Autistic Children

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adapted basketball exercises on the development of nonverbal communication skills of autistic children. Among the single-subject research models, multiple-polling inter-polling behavior was used. The population of the study consists of children with mild autism spectrum disorder in the special education center in which autistic children are educated in Isparta. The sample of the study was determined by using simple random sampling method for two (2) mildly autistic children of ten (10) years. Written consent was obtained from the parents for the selected children to participate in the study. The aim of the study is to teach selected children the skills of non-verbal communication, to the other person, to shake hands and to shake hands with the other person. The study lasted a total of seventeen (17) weeks, one week of observation and sixteen weeks of application. The same program was applied to both children during the study. The content of the program consists of teaching basic technical skills specific to basketball. These skills include ball holding, right and left hand bouncing, right and left hand dribbling, chest pass, bounce pass, overhead pass and smash techniques. The skills were adapted to the readiness levels of both children. In order to record the data, video camera, entry level data recording form and teaching process data recording forms were used. The data obtained at the end of the application were analyzed by showing on the graph. Since the number of participants was two (2), the data obtained during the seventeen (17) week period were converted to point points in accordance with the scale protocol and converted to line graphs to reveal the change. When the findings of the study were evaluated, it was seen that there were positive changes in the development of non-verbal communication skills of autistic children who extended their hands, squeezed their hands and shook hands with the other person.

Biomechanical analysis of volleyball overhead pass

ABSTRACT In volleyball, the overhead pass is an important skill for passing a ball and making a set to attackers. In the present study, we analysed the overhead pass motion and involved muscle activity with special attention to the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). Electromyogram was recorded from the wrist and elbow joint flexors and extensors. The movement period when the ball touched the hand was divided into the pull and push phases with the moment when the ball was at the lowest position. In the pull phase, although the wrists were extended, the activity of wrist flexor muscle was higher than the extensor muscle in both skilled and unskilled groups. And the activity in the wrist flexor muscle in the pull phase was higher in the skilled participants than that of the unskilled participants. Thus, the skilled participants pushed the ball by utilising the SSC of the wrist, while the unskilled participants did this in a less degree. In addition, the kinetic chain was observed from elbow to wrist in the skilled participants. We conclude that it is important for an overhead pass that the wrist flexor muscles accumulate elastic energy during the pull phase which is then released in the push phase.

Assessment of Random and Blocked Practice Schedules on Motor Skills’ Acquisition, Retention and Transfer Among Selected Senior High School Students

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of blocked and random practice schedules on acquisition, retention and transfer after teaching basketball skills among novice Senior High School students. Using a quasi-experimental design, a combination of simple random and purposive sampling procedures were used to select 60 novice participants who were equally assigned to a Blocked Practice Group (BPG [N= 30]) and Random Practice Group (RPG [N= 30]) respectively. After 9 sessions of teaching and learning of chest pass, overhead pass and sidearm pass, results for skill acquisition indicated that the BPG scored higher means than the RPG in all the three motor skills. For retention, improved performance for the RPG than the BPG in all 3 skills was noted. Similar results were obtained for the transfer phase. ANOVA test for retention produced significant mean differences between the three motor skills. However, the RPG recorded more superior values for between group analyses than the BPG. Independent sample t-test also revealed significant difference between random and blocked practices in terms of overall learned skills. Based on these findings, Physical education tutors and perhaps coaches should consider adopting blocked practice approach during isolated skill learning. Additionally, random practice scheduling should be used when the main objective is based on retention and transfer of knowledge regarding motor skills, especially during competitive milieu or other analogous related activities.

Strategies of Optimizing the Motor Learning Process by Applying Means of Monitoring the Individual Evolution of Beginner Volleyball Players

Abstract This paper aims at presenting theoretical-methodical and practical aspects which allow the optimization of motor learning to an age interval between 10 and 12. For specific skills in volleyball we have introduced the system monitoring the sportsman's evolution which includes an infrared barrier and a computer equipped with a software application enabling network control, communication and interface with the user (DIRPAS-NS2006). Data processing confirms the positive evolution of all followed parameters, to girls indicating 46.22% for the overhead pass and 44.31% for the forearm pass, 46.03%, respectively 45.11% to boys, meaning significant differences as compared to control groups.

Skills and Offensive Tactics Used in Pick-up Basketball Games

The purpose of this study was to describe skills and offensive tactics frequently used in pick-up basketball games. 65 participants were recruited from public basketball courts. An observational instrument was developed to analyze the performances of pick-up games. Participants' performances were videotaped and coded. Results indicated that the passing skills most frequently observed in the games were chest pass, overhead pass, and bounce pass. For dribbling, crossover dribble and change-of-pace dribble were frequently observed. Jump shot, set shot, and layup were also frequently used. The offensive tactics frequently used included drive, cut, and set screen. The study may be beneficial for helping young people prepare to play pick-up basketball games.

The inside game in World Basketball. Comparison between European and NBA teams

The purpose of the present study was to register the inside game and its determinants in both European and NBA teams. The sample consisted of 80 video-recorded European and NBA games. Elements analyzed were offensive tactics, the position of the pass maker, the kind of in pass, the frequency of players in post up position, the area of out pass. For the game analysis, the computer program used was the “Sportscout”. The program used for the statistics analysis was the statistic packet SPSS and the non-parametric X² (chi square) distribution. The findings revealed that the dominant pass to centers in Europe was the bounce pass while in NBA, the overhead pass. In Europe, the center of a team had the biggest percentage of receiving a pass in post up position. On the other hand, in NBA, more players of the main team were found in post up position. In Europe, 72.7% of the control offence concerned the outside game while in NBA, only 55.0% of the offence concerned the outside game. The registration of the offensive behavior of high-level basketball teams could offer coaches a valuable aid at defining their aims in offence.

A relação entre a eficiência e a eficácia no domínio das habilidades técnicas em Voleibol

Relationship between Efficiency and Efficacy in Volleyball Skills. The features of motor skills in volleyball must focus on the quality of the technical skill's performance, not disclosing the functional structure of the game. The main goal of this study was to determine the functional degree of dependence between efficiency and efficacy on jumping overhead pass (attack) and forearm pass (floor defense), in tasks with different complexity. The subjects were 21 novice female players aged 13 to 14 years old. For two skills 1680 motor responses were analyzed in two assessment time points with an interval of two months. Multiple regression was used to analyze the results. The present study demonstrated that not all of the efficiency indicators had the same degree of importance in the efficacy results. Also, the demands required by the evaluation task interfered with the dependence relationship between the efficiency and efficacy indicators.

Effects of training in visual discrimination after one year: visual analysis of volleyball skills.

Although the effects of specialized training in visual analysis of skills are well documented, whether the effects are lasting is not. The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effect a visual skills training program in volleyball had on participants one year after the completion of a training intervention. Subjects received either traditional performance instruction supplemented with visual training or traditional performance instruction in volleyball only. All subjects remaining in the teacher education program from a previous study were given a visual test on diagnosing errors in three different volleyball skills (the forearm pass, the overhead pass, and the overhead serve). Subjects exposed to visual training remained significantly better at diagnosing errors for the three volleyball skills one year later as compared to those subjects who had not received visual training.