Output Path Research Articles

An 8-Gb GDDR6X DRAM Achieving 22 Gb/s/pin With Single-Ended PAM-4 Signaling

Demand for dynamic random access memory (DRAM) bandwidth has outpaced DRAM transistor performance. Given the options of major process investment to scale beyond sixth-generation graphics double-data-rate (GDDR6) or replace GDDR6 with costly high bandwidth memory (HBM), this article presents a solution that simultaneously increases pin and energy efficiency through the integration of four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) into the single-ended memory interface. Building upon the existing GDDR6 architecture, evolutionary modifications to input, output, clocking, and data path, along with the component package design, enable a per-pin data rate of more than 22 Gb/s.

A robust and high-precision edge segmentation and refinement method for high-resolution images.

Limited by GPU memory, high-resolution image segmentation is a highly challenging task. To improve the accuracy of high-resolution segmentation, High-Resolution Refine Net (HRRNet) is proposed. The network is divided into a rough segmentation module and a refinement module. The former improves DeepLabV3+ by adding the shallow features of 1/2 original image size and the corresponding skip connection to obtain better rough segmentation results, the output of which is used as the input of the latter. In the refinement module, first, the global context information of the input image is obtained by a global process. Second, the high-resolution image is divided into patches, and each patch is processed separately to obtain local details in a local process. In both processes, multiple refine units (RU) are cascaded for refinement processing, and two cascaded residual convolutional units (RCU) are added to the different output paths of RU to improve the mIoU and the convergence speed of the network. Finally, according to the context information of the global process, the refined patches are pieced to obtain the refined segmentation result of the whole high-resolution image. In addition, the regional non-maximum suppression is introduced to improve the Sobel edge detection, and the Pascal VOC 2012 dataset is enhanced, which improves the segmentation accuracy and robust performance of the network. Compared with the state-of-the-art semantic segmentation models, the experimental results show that our model achieves the best performance in high-resolution image segmentation.

PENGGUNAAN STRATEGIC COSTING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KINERJA UKM DI KOTA PEKANBARU SELAMA MASA PANDEMI

This study aims to determine the effect of Strategic Costing on organizational performance. It is hoped that the results of this study can help SMEs in improving their organizational performance. Samples were taken using the solving formula. The data collection method in this study is a survey method by distributing questionnaires using instruments that are delivered directly to the owners of MSME coffee cafes in Pekanbaru City. The total number of respondents used in this analysis is 100 respondents. The data analysis technique used in this research is Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) analysis with the help of the WarpPls 5.0 program. Hypothesis testing in this study uses the values ​​contained in the output path coefficients and it can be concluded that strategic costing has an effect on organizational performance. This shows that the information generated from strategic costing is very much needed by coffee cafe entrepreneurs to improve organizational performance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Analysis of the Transformation of Random Signals and Noise Using Poly-Gaussian Models

Analysis performed transformation of random signals and noise in linear and nonlinear systems based on the use of poly-Gaussian models and multidimensional PDF of the output paths of information-measuring and radio systems. The classification of elements of these systems, as well as expressions describing the input action and output response of the system are given. It is shown that the analysis of information-measuring and systems can be carried out using poly-Gaussian models. The analysis is carried out with a series connection of a linear system and a nonlinear element, a series connection of a nonlinear element and a linear system, as well as with a parallel connection of the named links. The output response in all cases will be a mixture of a poly-Gaussian distribution with a number of components. An example of the analysis of signal transmission through an intermediate frequency amplifier and a linear detector against a background of non-Gaussian noise is given. The resulting probability density distribution of the sum of the signal and non-Gaussian noise at the output of the detector will be poly-Rice. The multidimensional probability distribution density of the output processes of the nonlinear signal envelope detector is also obtained. The results of modeling the found distribution densities are presented. It is shown that the use of the poly-Gaussian representation of signals and noise, as well as the impulse response of the system, makes it possible to effectively analyze inertial systems in the time domain.

Engineering of Hong-Ou-Mandel interference with effective noise

The Hong-Ou-Mandel effect lies at the heart of quantum interferometry, having multiple applications in the field of quantum information processing and no classical counterpart. Despite its popularity, only a few works have considered polarization-frequency interaction within the interferometer. In this paper, we fill this gap. Our system of interest is a general biphoton polarization state that experiences effective dephasing noise by becoming entangled with the same photons' frequency state, as the photons propagate through birefringent media. The photons then meet at a beam splitter, where either coincidence or bunching occurs, after which the polarization-frequency interaction continues on the output paths. Along with performing extensive theoretical analysis on the coincidence probability and different polarization states, we outline multiple interesting applications that range from constructing Bell states to an alternative delayed choice quantum eraser.

Multimedia fate model and risk assessment of typical antibiotics in the integrated demonstration zone of the Yangtze River Delta, China

Due to the widespread consumption of antibiotics by humans and animals, antibiotic residues from human and animal excrements are released into the environment through domestic sewage and breeding wastewater, which ultimately affect the ecological environment and human health. In this study, the concentrations of 10 antibiotics in the air, water, soil, and sediment from 2013 to 2019 in Qingpu District of the integrated demonstration zone of the Yangtze River Delta were predicated by developing a dynamic Level IV fugacity model. The influence of seasonal environmental factors (e.g., temperature, rainfall) on the distribution and migration of antibiotics in multi-media was also explored. The simulation results show that the 10 antibiotics mainly existed in water and sediment. The concentrations of antibiotics in air, water, soil, and sediment were 0–7.629 × 10−14 ng/L, 1.187 × 10−10-16.793 ng/L, 1.042 × 10−14-3.500 × 10−11 ng/g and 8.015 × 10−12-14.188 ng/g, respectively. It was also found that the increase in temperature and rainfall can reduce the migration rate of some antibiotics into the water and sediment phases. The flux analysis of the cross-media migration and transformation of antibiotics in Qingpu District shows that advection was the prime input and output paths of antibiotics in the water. Moreover, the prime input and output paths of antibiotics in sediment were sedimentation from water to sediment and degradation. Sensitivity analysis shows that the characteristics of antibiotic emission, degradation rate, and Koc were the most influential parameters for target chemicals. The results of risk assessment based on Monte Carlo method reveal that the overall risk level of antibiotics in sediment was relatively risk-free, and the risk of antibiotics in water decreased in the order of tetracyclines > β-lactams > fluoroquinolones > macrolides > sulfonamides.

Sustainable Smart Cities and Industrial Ecosystem: Structural and Relational Changes of the Smart City Industries in Korea

This paper examines the changing industrial ecosystem of smart cities in Korea using both input–output and structural path analysis from 1960 to 2015. The industry type of the input–output tables used in the Bank of Korea was reclassified into nine categories: Agriculture and Mining, Traditional Manufacturing, IT Manufacturing, Construction, Energy, IT Services, Knowledge Services, Traditional Services and other unclassified. The paper identified the changing patterns of an industrial ecosystem of smart cities in Korea. The study found that smart industries such as smart buildings and smart vehicles are anchor industries in Korean smart cities, and they are positively correlated with three other industries: IT Manufacturing, IT Services and Knowledge Services. The results of the input–output and structural path analysis show that the conventional industrial structure of labor-intensive manufacturing and diesel and petroleum cars has been transformed to the emerging high-tech industries and services in smart cities. Smart industries such as IT Manufacturing, IT Services and Knowledge Services have led to sustainable national economic growth, with greater value-added than other industries. The underlying demand for smart industries in Korea is rapidly growing, suggesting that other industries will seek further informatization, automatization and smartification. Consequently, smart industries are emerging as anchor industries which create value chains of new industries, serving as accelerators or incubators, for the development of other industries.

Application of panel data-generalized method of moments on the impact of urban output

This article summarized the mechanism of the impact of real estate tax on city output path, on the basis of selecting the Chinese provincial panel data from 2005 to 2019, by using the PD - GMM method. The real estate tax was taken as the core explanation variable, and was added a lot of control variables to establish the impact of real estate tax on city output 7 panel data models. We estimated and analyzed the robustness through Eviews software. Research results showed that: (1) from the national level, the real estate industry tax would have a significant effect on urban output, and there is a "U" shaped relationship between the output and the real estate tax and cities. At the beginning of the urban development, the city real estate tax inhibited output, when the urban economy was in the period of high quality development. The real estate tax on urban output result, had obvious function. (2) At the regional level, the real estate tax in the eastern region had a negative inhibitory effect on the urban revenue, while the real estate tax in the western region had a significant promoting effect on the urban revenue, and the influence degree was shown as the eastern>western>middle. (3) The more real estate investment and human capital are tilted to the west, the more favorable the development of the western region, while the impact on the eastern and central regions was not significant.

Optimal Smooth Paths Based on Clothoids for Car-like Vehicles in the Presence of Obstacles

Automated Guided Vehicles are increasingly used for material transfer in factory and warehouse environments amongst humans and human operated vehicles. Safe and efficient operation is challenging when there is a mix of human and automated traffic as fixed guide paths can become blocked more frequently. In this work we aim to show smooth and efficient paths based on clothoid curves can be used to automatically plan diversions which can be traversed at high speed by automated fork-lift vehicles, which are car-like in the sense they have a limited turning radius and angular acceleration. The approach, based on numerical optimisation within convex region constraints is described in detail, and numerical results for curvature and sharpness are compared to a cubic spline on a small number of simulated environments. The clothoid spline is less affected, in terms of its objective function, by a shift in the obstacle boundaries than a cubic spline, for obstacle shifts below 0.5m. The clothoid spline takes longer to converge for but the output path has attractive qualities like lower peak sharpness, enabling high speed operation. The method is therefore most useful for applications where path quality is important and updates are required less frequently. Changing the objective function by increasing weighting parameter b allowed the path shape to be tuned to reduce the peak sharpness, at the cost of increasing the total length. With b > 100, convergence was poor because parts of the spline were pushed outside the assigned region, an artefact arising from the constraints only being enforced at the start and end of each segment. The analytical Jacobian of the constraints was effective at reducing the number of function evaluations to reach convergence.

An Efficient Shortest Path Algorithm: Multi-Destinations in an Indoor Environment

The shortest path-searching with the minimal weight for multiple destinations is a crucial need in an indoor applications, especially in supermarkets, warehouses, libraries, etc. However, when it is used for multiple item searches, its weight becomes higher as it searches only the shortest path between the single sources to each destination item separately. If the conventional Dijkstra algorithm is modified to multi-destination mode then the weight is decreased, but the output path is not considered as the real shortest path among multiple destinations items. Our proposed algorithm is more efficient for finding the shortest path among multiple destination items with minimum weight, compared to the single source single destination and modified multi-destinations of Dijkstra’s algorithm. In this research, our proposed method has been validated by real-world data as well as by simulated random solutions. Our advancement is more applicable in indoor environment applications based on multiple items or destinations searching.

Topology Synthesis of a Three-Kink Contact-Aided Compliant Switch

Abstract A topology synthesis approach to design 2D contact-aided compliant mechanisms (CCMs) to trace output paths with three or more kinks is presented. Synthesis process uses three different types of external, rigid contact surfaces—circular, elliptical, and rectangular—which in combination, offer intricate local curvatures that CCMs can benefit from, to deliver desired, complex output characteristics. A network of line elements is employed to generate topologies. A set of circular subregions is laid over this network, and external contact surfaces are generated within each subregion. Both discrete and continuous design variables are employed–the former set controls the CCM topology, appearance and type of external contact surfaces, whereas the latter set governs shapes and sizes of the CCM constituents and sizes of contact surfaces. All contact types are permitted with contact modeling made significantly easier through identification of outer and inner loops. Line topologies are fleshed out via a user-defined number of quadrilateral elements along lateral and longitudinal directions. Candidate CCM designs are carefully preprocessed before analysis via a commercial software and evolved using a stochastic search. The process is exemplified via a contact-aided, three-kink mechanical switch which is thoroughly analyzed in the presence of friction and wear.

Nonlinear output path following control using a two-loop robust model predictive control approach

In this paper, output tracking of a geometric path for a nonlinear uncertain system with input and state constraints is considered. We propose an enhanced two-loop model predictive control approach for output tracking of a nonlinear uncertain system. Additionally, we propose an optimal version of output path following control problem to improve the controller synthesis. Satisfaction of the dynamical constraints of a system such as velocity, acceleration and jerk limitations is added to the problem introducing a new augmented system. The recursive feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated, and its robust stability is guaranteed such that relaxation on the terminal constraint and penalty are achieved. To validate the theoretical benefits of the proposed controller, it is simulated on a SCARA robot manipulator and the results are compared with a two-loop model predictive controller successfully.

Comlexed RF-module with synchronized generators M-type

On the basis of previously carried out works [2, 3], it has been established that the most effective way for coherent summation of the power of two generators with a waveguide output is to use a waveguide 3-decibel bridge as an adder. In this case, the output power of the synchronized device within the synchronization band can reach 95% of the total power of the generators. Purpose of the work is to describe the installation «microwave module», which uses the method of coherent summation of the powers of two magnetrons in the power adder. Mutual phased synchronization of two magnetrons is provided by a phase shifter, matching is provided by a short-circuiting piston. The summed signal is sent to the output (antenna) path of the radar. The microwave generator module is designed to generate probing pulse signals in a multifunctional receiving-transmitting radar measuring complex. For the first time in Russia, JSC «Pluton» has created a «microwave module» installation in the 2-centimeter wavelength range, which makes it possible to use the principle of coherent addition of the powers of two commercially available magnetrons. The installation cost and manufacturing time are many times less than those for a newly developed magnetron with the parameters presented in this article.

Reversible Fluxon Logic With Optimized CNOT Gate Components

Reversible logic gates were previously implemented in superconducting circuits as adiabatic-reversible gates, which are powered with a sufficiently slow clock. In contrast, we are studying ballistic-reversible gates, where fluxons serve to both encode the information and power the gates. No power is applied to the gate apart from the energy of the input fluxons, and the two possible flux polarities represent the bit states. Undamped long Josephson junctions (LJJs), where fluxons move at practically constant speed from inertia, form the input and output channels of the gates. LJJs are connected in the gates by circuit interfaces, which are designed to allow the ballistic scattering from input to output fluxon states, using the temporary excitation of a localized mode. The duration of the resonant scattering determines the operation time of the gate, approximately a few Josephson plasma periods. Due to the coherent conversions between fluxon and localized modes the ballistic gates can be very efficient: in our simulations only a few percent of the fluxon's energy are dissipated in the gate operation. Ballistic-reversible gates can be combined with other, non-ballistic gate circuits to extend the range of gate functionalities. Here we describe how the CNOT can be built as a structure that includes the IDSN (Identity-else-Same-gives-NOT) and Store-and-Launch (SNL) gates. The IDSN is a 2-bit ballistic gate, which we describe and analyze in terms of equivalent 1-bit circuits. The SNL is a clocking gate, that allows the storage of a bit and the clocked launch of a fluxon on a bit-state dependent output path. In the CNOT the SNL gates provide the necessary routing and fluxon synchronization for the input to the IDSN gate.

A Dual-Band Coupled Line Power Divider Using SISL Technology

A coupled-line based dual-band power divider using substrate integrated suspended line (SISL) for WLAN application is proposed in this brief. Two-section cascaded coupled line in each output path is used for dual-band response. One coupled line loaded at the input port is to improve the frequency selectivity. Two lumped resistors placed between two pairs of the two-section coupled line are used for isolation enhancement. Multi-layer SISL structure is introduced to realize tight broadside coupling, as well as for low loss, miniaturization and self-packaging. To further reduce the dielectric loss, the suspended substrate is cut out in specific pattern. The proposed dual-band power divider (DBPD) is analyzed using the even- /odd- mode method, the S-parameters are derived, and the design procedure is exhibited. For verification, a DBPD prototype working at 2.45 / 5.13 GHz is implemented. The measured results agree well with the simulated ones. The two passbands are from 1.7 GHz to 3.1 GHz and from 4.6 GHz to 5.5 GHz, with fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 58.3% and 17.8%, respectively. The measured return loss and isolation are both better than 15 dB in both passbands.

Interregional supply chains of Chinese mineral resource requirements

Reliable mineral resource supply is necessary for socio-economic development. As the world’s leading consumer of mineral resources, China’s economic development largely relies on the exploration, exploitation and utilization of mineral resources. This paper explores the interregional supply chains of Chinese mineral resource requirements in 2012 via the multi-regional input–output and structural path analyses. Exergy as a common metric is used for the integrated assessment of mineral resource inputs. Results show that investment is the most crucial final demand category for most provinces’ embodied mineral uses. The Construction sector is the biggest user of embodied mineral resources in all 31 provincial regions. Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi providing most mineral resources for other regions have high proportions of interregional mineral resource exports. Developed regions as net importers of embodied resources always have large resource requirements, and Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Shandong and Shanghai are important mineral resource consumers. We further identify critical supply chain paths based on the overall mineral resource linkages through interregional trade. Coal mining→Investment is a typical path for the investment-induced intra-provincial transfer, while Coal mining→Nonmetal products→Construction→Investment is an important path for investment-induced interregional transfer. Coal mining→Electricity power, stream, and hot water production and supply→Consumption is an important path for consumption in intra-provincial and interregional transfers. The regional integrated mineral resource footprint and its critical paths will help policymakers to understand real mineral resource consumption patterns and related supply chain nexus, and to develop targeted resource policies from the consumption-based perspective.

A 4.5 GΩ-Input Impedance Chopper Amplifier With Embedded DC-Servo and Ripple Reduction Loops for Impedance Boosting to Sub-Hz

Achieving a high input impedance Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> is important for the instrumentation amplifier (IA) performing neural and biopotential signal sensing. Previously, impedance boosting techniques have been used with a positive feedback loop (PFL) driven by the output or auxiliary (AUX) path driven by the input. We propose that the conventional approach to DC-servo loop (DSL), which blocks the electrode offset (EOS), does not fully enable the function of a PFL or AUX path. This results in either limited impedance boosting or reduction of a low-frequency Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> in the sub-Hz band. To solve this problem and achieve Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> boosting down to sub-Hz, we propose a new approach to DSL for a capacitively-coupled chopper instrumentation amplifier (CCIA). The proposed DSL is realized using a 30-nA opamp, and the AUX path is designed using a 450-nA duty-cycled buffer. The CCIA achieves a gain of 40 dB and is implemented using a 0.18 μm CMOS process with an area of 0.19 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The measured results show that Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> is increased by 184 times up to 4.6 GQ at 0.01 Hz. Compared to the CCIA using conventional DSL, Z <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</sub> is improved by 7.8 times. An input-referred noise of 2.1 μVrms is achieved at 2.14 μW.

Alleviation of Data Timing Channels in Normalized/Subnormal Floating Point Multiplier

Floating point (FP) multiplication goes down in the scientific application when it sustains the subnormal inputs either in the implementation of software or hardware. Any high-level language executes the FP instructions in the graphics processing unit (GPU) and floating-point unit (FPU) for supporting the normalized numbers alone. In FP multiplication, execution times for normalized and subnormal numbers are not equal. Execution time variations create unintentional delay and data timing channels (DTCs). A circuit is proposed for floating-point multiplication to minimize the unintentional delay for the holistic support of subnormal numbers. In this proposed four-path FP multiplication, the circuit produces the four types of output in four paths having different delays for all cases of input combination. These four paths are establishing the DTCs. A maximum delay path is taken into account to combine and equalize the four paths into a single output path. Two levels of the control circuit combine the four paths to a single path for reducing the DTC effect. To evaluate the performance after path equalization, the proposed FP multiplier is implemented in Stratix-IV and Cyclone-IV FPGAs with a delay of 57.25 and 82.82 ns, respectively. Here, eight pipeline stages reduce the delay and improve the operating speed of the entire circuit. Stage delay and operating speed for this FP multiplier in both FPGA implementations are 12.44 and 16.86[Formula: see text]ns, and 153.19 and 116.78[Formula: see text]MHz, respectively.

N-Way Planar Balanced-to-Balanced Series Feeding Network for Balanced Frequency-Scanning Phased Array

In this article, a novel series feeding network as an N-way balanced-to-balanced structure for balanced frequency-scanning phased array is proposed. Design requirements of the N-way balanced-to-balanced series feeding (BBSF) network are extracted and mixed-mode S-parameters are expressed by using matrix transformation. Designing the BBSF network without using baluns at input and output paths of the network results in the compact and low-loss feeding network, while maintaining the common-mode suppression feature. Furthermore, to have a planar BBSF network, microstrip crossovers are utilized to avoid the use of multilayer PCB design, resulting in the elegant transfer of intersecting RF signals. To validate the proposed structure, a three-way BBSF network is fabricated which shows acceptable mixed-mode measurement results. Also, to demonstrate the performance of the proposed structure, a balanced frequency-scanning phased array is designed employing the proposed feeding network. The measurement results of the fabricated array show that the differential return loss and the differential mode to common mode conversions are better than 20 and 30 dB at 5.85 GHz, respectively. Meanwhile, the fabricated array shows a wide-range beam-scanning capability over its frequency band.

PERBANDINGAN ALGORITMA DIJKSTRA DAN ALGORITMA ANT COLONY DALAM PENENTUAN JALUR TRANSPORTASI UMUM

The purpose of this research is to compare the working principle and characteristics between Dijkstra algorithm and Ant Colony Optimization in determining the shortest path Dijkstra algorithm requires weight to determine the shortest path, without the weight of Dijkstra, algorithm cannot run , while Ant Colony Optimization algorithm does not require weight at run because on the working principle of this algorithm will produce the output or weight when the ant finishes the journey . Therefore, this algorithm consume more RAM and takes a long time of execution when run than Dijkstra algorithm. The Dijkstra algorithm got the fastest result 0.0045 seconds while on algorithm Ant Colony Optimization 0.0126 sec, for RAM usage result obtained by Dijsktra algorithm stable 387.14 kb different from ACO obtained results vary with the smallest result is 712.42 kb The equation of both of these algorithms are the output path and the resulting distance are the same so that it can be implemented for the determination of public transportation routes. The application of this research will be applied to Transjogja which is one of the public transportations in Yogyakarta.