Abstract
This paper examines the changing industrial ecosystem of smart cities in Korea using both input–output and structural path analysis from 1960 to 2015. The industry type of the input–output tables used in the Bank of Korea was reclassified into nine categories: Agriculture and Mining, Traditional Manufacturing, IT Manufacturing, Construction, Energy, IT Services, Knowledge Services, Traditional Services and other unclassified. The paper identified the changing patterns of an industrial ecosystem of smart cities in Korea. The study found that smart industries such as smart buildings and smart vehicles are anchor industries in Korean smart cities, and they are positively correlated with three other industries: IT Manufacturing, IT Services and Knowledge Services. The results of the input–output and structural path analysis show that the conventional industrial structure of labor-intensive manufacturing and diesel and petroleum cars has been transformed to the emerging high-tech industries and services in smart cities. Smart industries such as IT Manufacturing, IT Services and Knowledge Services have led to sustainable national economic growth, with greater value-added than other industries. The underlying demand for smart industries in Korea is rapidly growing, suggesting that other industries will seek further informatization, automatization and smartification. Consequently, smart industries are emerging as anchor industries which create value chains of new industries, serving as accelerators or incubators, for the development of other industries.
Highlights
IntroductionThe technological innovation of the steam and internal combustion engines from the first and second industrial revolutions significantly influenced mass production, urbanization and economic agglomeration, and the third industrial revolution applied information and communication technologies (ICTs) to manufacturing, while leading to the emergence of virtual space [1,2,3].The current fourth industrial revolution with artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is leading the global economy and accelerating the convergence of business, industries and IT to create new business models, including a hyper-connected society [4].In particular, smart cities are leading industrial innovation in the fourth industrial era, instigating a knowledge industries’ boom.Korea has developed ICT-driven smart cities to reinforce the national competitiveness and enhance industry value chains and production path chains through industrial ecosystems [5]
The industries were classified into nine industries through minimum units of input–output tables by year: Agriculture and Mining, Traditional Manufacturing, IT Manufacturing, Energy, Construction, IT Services, Knowledge Services, Traditional Services and Other unclassified
The spectrum of primary and secondary industries such as Agriculture and Mining and Traditional Manufacturing decreased over time, whereas those of smart city industries such as IT Manufacturing, IT Services and Knowledge Services are relatively increasing
Summary
The technological innovation of the steam and internal combustion engines from the first and second industrial revolutions significantly influenced mass production, urbanization and economic agglomeration, and the third industrial revolution applied information and communication technologies (ICTs) to manufacturing, while leading to the emergence of virtual space [1,2,3].The current fourth industrial revolution with artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is leading the global economy and accelerating the convergence of business, industries and IT to create new business models, including a hyper-connected society [4].In particular, smart cities are leading industrial innovation in the fourth industrial era, instigating a knowledge industries’ boom.Korea has developed ICT-driven smart cities to reinforce the national competitiveness and enhance industry value chains and production path chains through industrial ecosystems [5]. The current fourth industrial revolution with artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is leading the global economy and accelerating the convergence of business, industries and IT to create new business models, including a hyper-connected society [4]. Smart cities are leading industrial innovation in the fourth industrial era, instigating a knowledge industries’ boom. Korea has developed ICT-driven smart cities to reinforce the national competitiveness and enhance industry value chains and production path chains through industrial ecosystems [5]. The development of smart cities has received public attention as a global city model to foster new value creation, technological innovation and sustainable development. Smart cities perform an increasingly important role in physical infrastructure management such as transport, security and safety, power supply, sewage treatment and water supply
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
