Battery Output Research Articles

Balancing pH and Pressure Allows Boosting Voltage and Power Density for a H2-I2 Redox Flow Battery.

The decoupled power and energy output of a redox flow battery (RFB) offers a key advantage in long-duration energy storage, crucial for a successful energy transition. Iodide/iodine and hydrogen/water, owing to their fast reaction kinetics, benign nature, and high solubility, provide promising battery chemistry. However, H2-I2 RFBs suffer from low open circuit potentials, iodine crossover, and their multiphase nature. We demonstrate a H2-I2 operation with a combined neutral-pH catholyte (I3 -/I-) and an alkaline anolyte (KOH), producing an open circuit cell voltage of 1.28 V. Additionally, we incorporate a pressure-balanced gas diffusion electrode (GDE) to mitigate mass transport limitations at the anode. These improvements result in a maximum power density of 230 W/m2 when allowing a mild breakthrough of H2 through the GDE. While minimal crossover occurs, side reactions of permeating active species were found reversible, enabling long-term operation. Future work should address the stability of the GDE and optimization of the electrolyte thickness and concentration to fully leverage the potential unlocked by balancing the pressure and pH in the H2-I2 RFB.

A novel flow channel inspired by classical mathematical function: Enhancing output performance and low-grade heat recovery efficiency of thermal regeneration ammonia-based flow battery

Thermal Regeneration Ammonia-based Flow Battery (TRAFB) faces significant challenges in enhancing its output performance and low-grade waste heat recovery efficiency due to limitations in mass transfer and an incomplete understanding of the mass transfer mechanism. To address these issues, this study innovatively introduces a novel sinusoidal wave flow channel (SWFC), which is inspired by the classic mathematical function. The impact of the SWFC on TRAFB performance is thoroughly discussed and compared in detail with the conventional straight flow channel (SFC). Most importantly, this work unveils for the first time the distribution mechanism of the three mass transfer modes in TRAFB, which are convection, diffusion, and electrophoretic mass transfer. The main findings reveal that the mass transfer performance of TRAFB is primarily governed by convection and diffusion, with electrophoretic mass transfer playing a minimal role, and there is a threshold of current density beyond which the dominant mass transfer mechanism transitions from convection to diffusion. The unique design of the SWFC, which induces the Venturi effect, significantly enhances the overall mass transfer performance of the TRAFB due to the distinct local acceleration, achieving a remarkable enhancement in flux of up to 118.48 times. By optimizing the amplitude and period, the battery's output performance can be further enhanced, with the maximum peak power achieved by the SWFC with an amplitude of 0.8 mm and a period of 0.5π, which is 95.63 % over the SFC. Notably, the SWFC also excels in improving the thermoelectric conversion efficiency, particularly at high current densities, achieving an enhancement of up to 9.81 times.

Output performance analysis of a piezoelectric micro nuclear battery powered by radioisotopes

Abstract This paper investigates the output performance (output voltage, electrical energy output, power output) of a piezoelectric micro nuclear battery powered by radioisotopes. The theoretical formulations are base on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and include the effects of load nonlinearity due to radioactive source. By employing extended Hamilton’s principle, the nonlinear electromechanical Lagrange equations are derived then solved by using Runge-Kutta method to obtain the dynamic output response. The results based on present electromechanical dynamic model are validated through direct comparisons with the results in the open literatures. The effects of initial gap, length of the piezoelectric layer, thickness of the collector and load impedance on the output voltage, energy output and power output of the piezoelectric micro nuclear battery are discussed in detail.

Strategically Modified Ligand Incorporating Mixed Phosphonate and Carboxylate Groups to Enhance Performance in All‐Iron Redox Flow Batteries

AbstractIron redox flow batteries (Fe‐RFBs) hold significant promise for achieving cost‐effectiveness and utilizing abundant materials for stationary energy storage applications. Here, a design of a novel Fe complex utilizing a nitrogenous phosphonate/carboxylate mixed ligand, N,N‐Bis(phosphonomethyl)glycine (BMPG), is presented to achieve high performance Fe anolyte. Compared to its all‐phosphonate form, nitrilotri(methylphosphonic acid) (NTMPA), the new complex Fe(BPMG)2 demonstrates a negatively shifted redox potential, resulting in ≈0.07 V (≈10%) increase in battery output voltage. Full battery testing paired with ferrocyanide catholyte demonstrates stable cycling (capacity degradation <0.0001%/cycle) over 730 consecutive charge/discharge cycles with Coulombic Efficiency of 100% at a current density of 20 mA cm−2 under near neutral pH (≈8). Of particular interest, density functional theory (DFT) studies and operando Raman measurements provide strong evidence supporting a molecular structure in BPMG, which reveals the mixed phosphonate/carboxylate groups in BPMG maintain the octahedral coordination of the Fe ion center with phosphonates exclusively, while leaving the carboxylate unbound for both Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes. This structural similarity between BPMG‐based Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes effectively mitigates the slow redox reaction kinetics observed in Fe(NTMPA)2 anolyte, where significant ligand reorientation occurs between Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes.

Accordion-Structured Hydrogel Battery Capable of Maintaining Ion Gradients for Extended Periods.

Inspired by the electric eel, biomimetic, biocompatible energy storage, and power generation technologies show promise for applications in portable and wearable electronic devices by mimicking the electric cell tandem structure of the electric eel and utilizing ionic gradients between hydrogel compartments to generate electricity. Previously, inspired by the unique morphology of the torpedo fish, an artificial flexible power source that can output a large current was introduced. This power source uses a hydrogel-infused paper hybrid to create, accordionize, and reconfigure arbitrary-sized gel films in series and parallel, and the power output of the flexible battery was significantly enhanced. However, maintaining the ionic gradient of hydrogel batteries during storage remains a challenge. Here, by borrowing the isolation properties of the accordion structure, we propose a unique paper accordion structure design to fabricate an Accordion-Structured Hydrogel Battery (ASHB). Pretreatment of hydrogel-injected paper strips improved storage stability and maintained the ionic gradient of hydrogel cells in the nonworking state, so that the cell's gradient retention time after the assembly is completed is increased by at least 30 h compared to stacking, and its per-cell operating voltage is still able to reach. The design also makes the assembly and use of flexible batteries more modular and holistic. In the future, it may be possible to power the cells with ions generated by the human body or the metabolites of living organisms, leading to the development of more efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly power solutions.

Fluorinated co-solvent electrolytes enable lithium metal batteries to operate at low temperatures

Enhancing the energy output of batteries in low temperatures is critical to broadening the application areas of advanced electronic devices, which can be accomplished by utilizing high-voltage cathodes to match lithium metal anode, optimizing electrolyte electrochemical windows and forming stable solid electrolyte interphases to provide facile ion-transmission kinetics at low temperature. Herein, we demonstrate a fluorinated ester co-solvent electrolyte, which applies 1 M LiPF6 in an ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro butyrate/fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) (4/1 by volume ratio) that jointly satisfies high voltage cathode and lithium metal anode reversibility at required ambient. The performance of the battery is due to the rapid dissociation of Li+ and the formation of a fluorine-rich inorganic electrolyte interface in the fluorinated solvent. Therefore, the fluorinated ester co-solvent electrolyte system can provide 209.9 mAh g−1, 194.8 mAh g−1, and 175.5 mAh g−1 when discharged at room temperature, −20 ℃ and −40 ℃, respectively, those far exceeds the performance of carbonate electrolytes. This work advances the development of low-temperature lithium metal batteries.

Feature extraction technique based on Shapley value method and improved mRMR algorithm

Feature extraction techniques are widely used in fields such as machine learning, pattern recognition, and image processing. The quality of feature extraction is crucial to the generalization ability of a model. This paper proposes a feature extraction technique based on the Shapley value method and an improved Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR) analysis method. The improved mRMR algorithm enhances the recognition ability for fitting effects of multi-variable feature subsets by traversing all possible combinations of input variable subsets. That is, the result of feature subset selection with fewer input variables does not affect the feature subset selection process when there are more input variables, thus avoiding the limitations of the original algorithm. The research results indicate that using the Shapley value method in conjunction with the improved mRMR algorithm proposed in this study can select the optimal feature subset containing fewer feature variables and achieve a lower MSE value. This contributes to achieving lower computational complexity and higher data fitting accuracy. This technique is applied to the feature extraction scenarios of power battery output power signals and instantaneous fuel consumption signals in hybrid electric vehicles, and constructs the optimal feature subsets for the aforementioned signals.

The Impact of Temperature on the Performance and Reliability of Li/SOCl2 Batteries

The performance and reliability of lithium thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) batteries are significantly affected by temperature, but the reliability level and failure mechanisms of Li/SOCl2 batteries remain unclear. In this study, Weibull distribution statistics were used to infer the life expectancy of Li/SOCl2 batteries at different temperatures. Additionally, the battery failure mechanism was analyzed using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). It is found that under the discharge condition of 7.5 kΩ load, the mean time between failures (MTBF) and reliable life of the battery decreased with increasing operating temperature. Under the discharge condition of 750 Ω load, the MTBF of the battery peaked at 60 °C. Furthermore, the influence of temperature on the voltage output characteristics of Li/SOCl2 batteries and the voltage hysteresis were analyzed. Both the battery output voltage and the hysteresis effect increased with rising temperature. This is because high temperature accelerates internal battery reactions, thus altering the formation process of the passivation film on the lithium metal negative electrode.

Comprehensive study of high-temperature calendar aging on cylinder Li-ion battery

Calendar aging at high temperature is tightly correlated to the performance and safety behavior of lithium-ion batteries. However, the mechanism study in this area rarely focuses on multi-level analysis from cell to electrode. Here, a comprehensive study from centimeter-scale to nanometer-scale on high-temperature aged battery is carried out. After short-time high-temperature aging, measurements of electrochemical performance show notable decay of capacity and increase of internal resistance. The thermal safety behavior is studied through accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC), which indicates that the heat output of the aged battery during thermal runaway is largely increased. The aging mechanism of high temperature is investigated under various scales. Incremental capacity (IC) curves depict the deterioration of electrodes and increase of ohmic resistance. Computational Tomography (CT) reveals structure evolution of aged battery at millimeter scale, indicating gas generation after high-temperature aging. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) shows thickened solid-state-electrolyte (SEI) on anode and cracks on cathode at sub-micrometer scale. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns present crystallographic evolution of both anode and cathode. Thus, the cell degradation-mechanism after high-temperature aging is interpreted at multi-level, that high temperature induces deterioration of electrodes, formation of SEI and evolution of gas.

Relationship Between Product Features and the Prices of e-Cigarette Devices Sold in Web-Based Vape Shops: Comparison Study Using a Linear Regression Model.

Open-system electronic cigarette (EC) product features, such as battery capacity, maximum output wattage, and so forth, are major components that drive product costs and may influence use patterns. Moreover, continued innovation and monitoring of product features and prices will provide critical information for designing appropriate taxation policies and product regulations. This study will examine how product features are associated with the prices of devices sold in web-based vape shops. We draw samples from 5 popular, US-based, web-based vape shops from April to August 2022 to examine starter kits, device-only products, and e-liquid container-only products. We implemented a linear regression model with a store-fixed effect to examine the association between device attributes and prices. EC starter kits or devices vary significantly by type, with mod prices being much higher than pod and vape pen prices. The prices of mod starter kits were even lower than those of mod devices, suggesting that mod starter kits are discounted in web-based vape shops. The price of mod kits, mod device-only products, and pod kits increased as the battery capacity and output wattage increased. For vape pens, the price was positively associated with the volume size of the e-liquid container. On the other hand, the price of pod kits was positively associated with the number of containers. A unit-based specific tax, therefore, will impose a higher tax burden on lower-priced devices such as vape pens or pod systems and a lower tax burden on mod devices. A volume- or capacity-based specific tax on devices will impose a higher tax burden on vape pens with a larger container size. Meanwhile, ad valorem taxes pegged to wholesale or retail prices would apply evenly across device types, meaning those with advanced features such as higher battery capacities and output wattage would face higher rates. Therefore, policy makers could manipulate tax rates by device type to discourage the use of certain device products.

Experiment investigation for interconnected effects of driving cycle and ambient temperature on bidirectional energy flows in an electric sport utility vehicle

The constrained driving range has emerged as a pivotal quandary impeding the advancement of electric sport utility vehicles (ESUVs). In this study, energy flow tests were executed on an ESUV to investigate interconnected effects of driving cycle and ambient temperature on bidirectional energy flows throughout the entire driving range. The results reveal that air conditioner singularly imposes a substantial surge in energy consumption at high-temperature settings. Notably, energy utilization efficiency (ηuti) reaches its zenith under Fixed speed cycle at room temperature (FSR_R) and energy recovery efficiency (ηrec) attains its peak under World Light Vehicle Test Cycle at room temperature (WLTC_R). Nevertheless, ηuti and ηrec attain their acme at room temperature and reach their nadir under low-temperature conditions, regardless of the specific driving cycle employed. Battery average temperature exhibits an ascending trajectory at room temperature and displays cyclic fluctuations at high temperature, while first increasing rapidly and then decreasing gradually in low-temperature ambient. Battery output energy per cycle initially decreases and eventually stabilizes with increasing the cycle count, and the battery recovery energy shows an initial upward trend followed by a stabilization phase. These findings provide empirical substantiation and prescriptive insights for mitigating energy consumption and enhancing driving range of ESUVs.

EV BMS With Charge Monitor and Fire Detection

Electric vehicles (EVs) are undoubtedly the way of the future. However, as of 2023, EV technology has not reached its full potential in terms of efficiency and safety. The cause of majority of the electric vehicle fire events is a battery explosion or fire. This paper presents an integrated approach to manage EV battery systems, which combines a Battery Management System (BMS) with charge monitoring and fire detection. The system is built to continuously monitor the battery's voltage, current, and temperature and to immediately turn off the battery's input or output if any unexpected behaviour is noticed. Keywords: EVs, BMS, Temperature Sensor

Design and Development of Controller for Electric Vehicle

In this paper, we designing and developing controller and converter for the electric vehicles. In the electric vehicle battery is used as the energy source, by using of this battery operating electric motor. If we connect this battery direct to motor without any control device then it causes some unwanted problems in EV’s. Because of the output voltage of battery is not suitable to operating Electric vehicles. Which means without any control mechanism the output voltage cannot be controlled and it will give divergence in output voltage in terms of error signal. Its result battery output power will reduce and therefore the performance of electric vehicle is go down in terms of power torque to drive vehicle. So in electric vehicle use of control mechanism is mandatory to control the output voltage of battery and that can achieve proper power and torque by a proper feedback control system. But price of the EV’s are to much high higher the electric vehicle because of battery, motor and EV Controller.

Use of Lithium-ion batteries in environmentally friendly vehicles

The concern for the environment and energy has led to a significant increase in research on electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The main challenges that need to be addressed to popularize these advanced vehicles are related to the battery. Since the early 1990s, we have been actively promoting research and development on batteries for environmentally friendly vehicle applications. Initially, the focus was on lithium-ion batteries as a potential solution to the critical battery issue mentioned earlier. Through extensive theoretical studies and numerous experimental demonstrations, we have successfully demonstrated that the potential of lithium-ion batteries exists and can be realized. This has opened up new possibilities and values that cannot be achieved with conventional batteries. This article aims to clarify the specific performance requirements of advanced batteries for EVs or HEVs, with a particular emphasis on the critical aspects of thermal design and construction for ensuring system stability. Furthermore, it highlights the significant improvements made in the power output of lithium-ion batteries for their application in HEVs.

Detailed Analysis of Li-ion Batteries for Use in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

With the developing technologies in the aviation, the transition to more electrical systems is increasing day by day. For this reason, research on the development of batteries has accelerated. Nowadays, Lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries are more widely preferred due to their energy-to-weight ratio and advantages such as having a lower self-discharge rate when not working compared to other battery technologies. Batteries convert the stored chemical energy into electrical energy and heat is released as a result of the chemical reactions. The heat released negatively affects the battery's lifespan, charging/discharging time and battery output voltage. The battery must be modeled correctly to see these negative effects and intervene in time. In this way, negative situations that may occur in the battery can be intervened at the right time without any incident. 
 In this study, the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is powered by Li-ion batteries. It is simulated in Matlab/Simulink environment using the electrical equivalent circuit. A detailed model is created, taking into account temperature, state of charge (SoC), cell dynamics and operating functions. To estimate state of health (SoH) of the battery, resistance values must be known. Resistance and capacity values in the equivalent circuit of the Li-ion battery are obtained with the help of the simulation model. So, the SoH of the Li-ion batteries can be accurately predicted with the results obtained.

Rancang Bangun Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya dan Kendali Pakan Otomatis Berbasis ESP32

One fundamental energy needed for many aspects of daily living is electricity. Most commonly known application of electricity is in the Megaluh Village lobster pond. Due to the fact that air is essential to lobster life, an aerator must be used. Due to the distance between the farmer's residence and other issues, the aerator needs to be operated every 24 hours. The goal of this project is to build an automatic feeder based on ESP32 and a solar plant as a substitute energy source. The experiment's findings indicate that on day two, the solar panel reached its maximum efficiency of 55,74W. On the fifth day, though, the average daily was only around 41,07 W. In relation to the battery life indicator, it is around 12,72V and 2,96A. Furthermore, the battery's output voltage on the last day was 12.03 V and its resistance was 2,64A. Additionally, the average for the inverter's output over five days is 230,5V and 0.13A. The results of the optimal angle servo were 47° because provided according to the required weight, which was 10 grammes. When using a digital timing device, a load cell can achieve a 99% accuracy rate.

A new strategy of dual-material reactors for stable thermal output of sorption thermal battery

Sorption thermal battery driven by air humidity is a promising alternative technology to traditional methods of burning fossil fuels for space heating. Its dominant design of one-material reactor faces technical bottlenecks of unstable discharging thermal output and low energy efficiency. Herein, a new strategy of cascaded dual-material reactors was proposed as a solution, by utilizing their different sorption characterizations at material level and “reaction wave” properties at system level. A proof-of-concept prototype was established, whose main and regulatory reactor were packed with AA-15% LiCl composite and SrBr2·H2O, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the regulatory reactor has a strong stabilization function of the unstable output temperature of the main reactor, with the average output temperature fluctuations under 1.5 °C. The discharging/charging energy efficiency was increased by 0.4–1.7 times compared with one-material reactor. The output temperature level and heating power can be simply adjusted by changing the inlet air humidity and air velocity. Moreover, the influences of the lengths of two reactors on the thermal output and system operations were evaluated. Possible strategies to further enhance the multistage utilization of the charging energy were proposed. This new design strategy can contribute to the popularization and application of sorption thermal battery.

The impact of baffle and taper channel tilt angle on the output performance of proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells

AbstractThe performance and durability of proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are constrained by fuel delivery and water management. Based on parallel and serpentine flow fields, the effects of triangular baffles (30°, 45°, and 60°) and conical runners (1°, 2°, and 3°) on the performance output of PEMFC at different angles are studied. The three‐dimensional and multi‐phase models are established by using the simulation software package (ANSYS FLUENT). The findings demonstrate that the battery's output performance reaches its peak when the baffle angle is set at 45°. When the output current density is 0.7 A/cm2, the power density of the 45° baffle increases by 18.87%. The pressure loss is not only lower than that of the 60° baffle but also exhibits no significant difference when compared to the 30° baffle. In addition, the introduction of conical channels has enhanced the output performance of PEMFCs in comparison to the traditional serpentine flow field. The power density of the 2°tapered channel exhibits a 12.65% increase when the output current density reaches 0.8 A/cm2. However, the performance output of the 3°tapered channel is inferior to that of the conventional serpentine flow field.

Intelligent Electric Vehicle Battery Monitoring System

In recent years the need for battery vehicles has become the need of the automobile industry. The heart of the Electric vehicle system is the Battery. The performance, range, and safety of an electric vehicle (EV) depend heavily on the battery is ability to operate properly.The proposed system can precisely and consistently track the status of charge level of the battery along with the measurement of battery temperature, output voltage and current values. In this project, a voltage sensor, current sensor, and temperature sensor are used with Arduino as microcontroller. The sensors are used to measure the battery parameters and the values are sent to the Arduino micro controller. Controller checks the safe level of the battery parameters and issues alert signal if the battery is operating with unsafe values. To prevent damage to the battery and fire, the battery will be promptly withdrawn from operation when the safe levels are exceeded. Key Words: Arduino, voltage sensor, current sensor, temperature sensor and battery level indicator

Battery Impedance Spectroscopy Embedded Measurement System

The evolution of rechargeable battery characteristics have led to their use in almost every device in our everyday life. This importance has also increased the relevance of estimating the remaining battery charge (state of charge, SOC) and their health (state of health, SOH). One of the methods for the estimation of these parameters is based on the impedance spectroscopy obtained from the battery output impedance measured at multiple frequencies. This paper proposes an embedded measurement system capable of measuring the battery output impedance while in operation (either charging or supplying power to the intended device). The developed system generates a small amplitude stimulus that is added to the battery current. The system then measures the battery voltage and current to estimate the impedance at the stimulus frequencies. Three batteries were measured at different SOC levels, demonstrating the system principle of operation. Complementarily, a battery impedance equivalent circuit was used, together with genetic algorithms, to estimate the circuit parameters and assess their dependence on the battery SOC.