Output Line Research Articles

Wind Power-Photovoltaic-Hydropower Optimization in Watershed Based on Wind Power-Photovoltaic Cluster Convergence

With the construction of wind power-photovoltaic-hydropower (WVH-system) clean energy base in the river basin, the complex geographical distribution characteristics of WVH-system along the river basin and the randomness and fluctuation of their output bring challenges to the basin on a large scale. How to consider the complementary characteristics of wind-photovoltaic (WV-power) output and cluster effect to smooth the WV-power output curve is an important way to solve this challenge. For this reason, a WVH-system bundling optimization method based on WV-power cluster convergence is proposed in this paper. Considering the complementary coupling characteristic of wind power and photovoltaic output, the output characteristic index of the WV-power cluster is constructed to evaluate the output complementarity, output stationarity and load tracking characteristics of the WV-power cluster. Based on the characteristic index, the clustering method of the WV-power cluster is constructed to divide the WV-power power cluster along the river basin. A basin WVH-system bundling optimization model is developed based on the division of clusters and efficient utilization of pumped storage units’ regulation capacity. Finally, the WVH-system data of a river basin in southwest China are taken as an example to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Output Curves Based Hierarchical Clustering Screening Method With Static/Dynamic Current Balancing for Paralleled SiC MOSFETs

Output Curves Based Hierarchical Clustering Screening Method With Static/Dynamic Current Balancing for Paralleled SiC MOSFETs

Emergence and highly directed output of long-lived resonances in photonic step ladder structure

A bound state eigenfunction is defined here to be strictly localized within a subspace of a system and has no decreasing behavior. Its eigenvalue can be within state continua. Bound states in the continuum (BICs) and long-lived resonances have become a unique way to produce the extreme localization of light waves. In this communication, we present a theoretical and numerical demonstration of infinite bound states in the continuum (IBIC) and long-lived resonances in photonic ladder-like structures with four semi-infinite leads, together with their existence conditions. IBIC states are localized in an infinite subspace domain. Some of these states are inactive in the scattering and induce output zeros. Other are scattering active and induce output ones in the middle of long-lived resonances. Several continua of IBIC states remain hidden. They are bound in one of two infinite guides and some of them also in the closed loop. These discoveries are reported here for the first time to our knowledge. The ladder reference structure is composed of connected open loops of lengths L1 and L2 and four semi-infinite leads. The obtained results take due account of the state number conservation between the final system and the reference one. This conservation rule enables to find all the states of the final system and among them the bound in the continuum ones. In addition, we show the existence of long-lived resonances in each of two parallel output lines and long-lived anti-resonances in each of the two other output lines, when one uses two identical parallel simultaneous inputs. The analytical results are obtained by means of the Green’s function technique. The structures and the long-lived resonances presented in this work may have potential applications, in particular in sensing, filtering and communications.

Three-way maximized net power output from alkaline membrane fuel cell stacks

This work uses an experimentally validated mathematical model to maximize alkaline membrane fuel cell (AMFC) stacks net power output. Temperature distribution, efficiency, polarization, and power output curves are obtained. Fundamental optimization opportunities exist for the internal and external structure, which led to a two-way optimized AMFC stack for maximized net power. After system optimization, a parametric analysis was carried out for electrolyte KOH mass fraction, stoichiometric ratios and total fuel cell stack size (volume). KOH content was shown to lead to a third optimum, i.e., 40 wt %. The three-way optimized AMFC stack (ξs=1.37×10−3, y = 40 wt% KOH)opt was shown to be independent of the stoichiometric ratio and stack size variation, but (ξy/ξx=ξz/ξx)opt was affected by total stack volume (or size). In fact, it was found that the three-way maximized dimensionless AMFC stack net power output rises as the stack volume rises in a path that is well correlated by W˜net,mmm×10−3=36.266V˜T0.74, which is similar to the allometric law of nature that correlates basal metabolic rate (BMR, W) and body mass (mb,kg) for living beings, i.e., BMR∼mb0.74, that could be understood as an indication that inanimate and animate systems follow the same evolution laws.

Phosphorus concentration by sorbents based on polyacrylonitrile fiber modi ed with iron(III) hydroxide

The resu lts of phosphorus recovery by sorbents of our production on the base of polyacrylonitrile ber modi ed with iron(III) hydroxide from solutions with di erent pH were presented. The phos phorus degree of recovery, the dynamic exchange capacity, and the total dynamic exchange capacity of sorbents for phosphorus have been established. The output curves of phosphorus sorption were constructed, and the results of a study of the sorption physicochemical regularities (isotherm and kinetics) were presented. The sorption e ciency of 32P and 33P from rainfall samples using sorbents based on polyacrylonitrile ber modi ed with iron(III) hydroxide was evaluated. Monitoring of 32P, 33P in atmospheric fallout of the Sevastopol region was carried out.

A comprehensive investigation of a solar array with wire length under partial shading conditions

ABSTRACT Partial shading condition (PSC) leads to mismatch losses and multiple peaks on the output curves. Several static-based reconfigurations like total cross-tied (TCT), skyscraper reconfiguration (SSR), and odd-even reconfiguration (OER) were reported to address these issues. But, less shade dispersion and more wiring losses occur in these arrays. This work focuses on both power improvement and wire length reduction of solar arrays under PSC. Based on the reduced wire length to more than 50% for SSR over OER, a novel enhanced skyscraper reconfiguration (ESR) is proposed in this work. ESR is cheaper by 169.13 INR and 1699.07 INR as compared to SSR and OER respectively. Further, the performance of the novel ESR is compared by obtaining several parameters like fill factor (FF), efficiency (Ƞ), global power (GP), execution ratio (ER), current loss (IL), and mismatch loss (ML) with the existing SSR and OER. It is observed that the Ƞ is improved by 4% and 13.05% and GP is maximized by 3.74W and 4.48W for the novel-proposed ESR over SSR and OER, which is experimentally verified under regional and corner shadings respectively. Overall, the novel-proposed ESR confirms its supremacy over other considered models in this study.

Quantum-dot cellular automata-based design for three-level nanoscale full-subtractor

• A new approach to full-subtractor circuit design is proposed in this research. • The new design is built with XOR and majority gates, making it both efficient on the gate level and abstract. • This structure is created with a significant reduction in the number of cells and the amount of space used. • The QCADesigner-E tool is used for circuit design and verification, as well as for power analysis. Future digital devices and circuits can be frequently designed using quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA). High density and speed are good matches for QCA. As a result, a full subtractor is well suited for this technology. QCA can be utilized to create the full-subtractor at the nanoscale since it is a specific sort of circuit employed in important applications. A subtractor circuit can be created similarly to an adder circuit in electronics. When utilizing the traditional two's complement notation, subtractors are commonly implemented within a binary adder for a low cost by supplying an addition/subtraction selector to the carry-in and inverting the second operand. In this research, we present a new full-subtractor circuit construction. The XOR and majority gates, which work on the Columbic interaction of cells, are utilized for this purpose. QCADesigner-E is used to model and test the proposed structure's functionality. The full-subtractor architecture provides a platform for easier access to the input and output lines. This design is made using the multi-layer crossover approach and 22 QCA-based cells. The number of cells in the suggested structure has been improved by 31 percent, while the occupied area has been improved by 30 percent.

A novel reconfiguration of the solar array to enhance peak power and efficiency under partial shading conditions: experimental validation

Abstract Non-homogeneous irradiation patterns and temperature levels immensely affect the performance of solar photovoltaic arrays. Partial shading conditions on solar arrays reduce the peak power and efficiency. This paper provides a new remedy called a novel Ramanujan reconfiguration (NRR) to eliminate this physical shading problem in solar photovoltaic systems. NRR is a static-based reconfigured technique that is built using a three-diode model with the help of the MATLAB®/Simulink® tool. The special feature of the proposed NRR technique is that when shade occurs on the solar modules, it gets realigned in a particular row, column, diagonal, corner, centre and middle peripheral cages. This helps over a wide range of shade dispersion on the solar array. The novel topology is tested against the conventional total cross-tied (TCT) model and recently introduced advanced reconfigured models, namely odd–even topology (OET) and Kendoku topology (KDT). The results are tested under certain shading conditions. The proposed NRR technique increases the peak power by 4.45, 2.15 and 2.17 W under the first shading condition regarding TCT, OET and KDT. Its efficiency is improved by 0.51–2.18% under the third shading condition compared with other considered models in this study. In addition, NRR leads to smooth output curves under the second, third and fourth shading conditions, effectively mitigating the local power peaks. The experimental results show the proposed enhanced performance of the novel model against the other models.

Comparative performance of modular with cascaded H-bridge three level inverters

<span lang="EN-US">The conventional two-level inverter becomes no longer has the ability to cope with the high-power requirement, so this paper discusses two very common topologies of multilevel inverter like modular multi-level converter (MMC) and cascaded H-bridge (CHB) multi-level inverter for induction motor drive applications. This work attempts to investigate the comparison between MMC and CHB. The comparison is done in aspects of the configuration, concept of operation, advantages and disadvantages, the comparison is also consider output voltage (line to line) waveform, total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output line voltage waveform and the current drawn by both inverters. The performance of the inverters under carrier-based pulse width modulation (PWM) technique and mainly in-phase disposition (IPD), level shifted pulse width modulation is viewed. The paper discusses the comparison between the two multilevel inverters (MLIs) with motor drive applications especially induction motor. The operation of the motor is studied under certain value of load torque. The simulation results for the induction motor with the two inverters (modular multi-level and Cascaded H-bride) for three numbers of levels using MATLAB/Simulink are provided). The obtained results are encouraging and promising especially in the improvement of the THD% results.</span>

The IS-LM model and monetary policy (podcast)

Explicación macroeconómica del Modelo IS – LM en inglés adaptado las disfunciones visuales del alumnado. Dentro de las tecnologías multimedia, el uso de audios (como material de enseñanza) ha atraído la atención de los docentes debido a sus beneficios para el aprendizaje, tanto en términos de atención como de motivación de los estudiantes (Almobarraz, 2018; Brecht, 2012; Orús et al., 2016; entre otros). Entre los beneficios del aprendizaje, la literatura existente resalta los siguientes: 1) permite un proceso de aprendizaje más flexible temporal y espacial; 2) representa un ahorro en costes y tiempo tanto para los estudiantes como para las instituciones educativas; 3) mejora la autonomía del estudiante en el proceso de aprendizaje; y 4) promueve el aprendizaje colaborativo y bajo demanda. Actualmente se está realizando un testeo con el alumnado con disfunciones visuales de la Asignatura de Economía II del Grado de Turismo que culminará con una comparativa de las notas en el curso anterior a la puesta a disposición del mismo del material preparado. Se espera que las calificaciones sean superiores con el uso de esta locución.

The money market: the LM curve (podcast)

Explicación macroeconómica del mercado de dinero, la curva LM en inglés adaptado las disfunciones visuales del alumnado. Dentro de las tecnologías multimedia, el uso de audios (como material de enseñanza) ha atraído la atención de los docentes debido a sus beneficios para el aprendizaje, tanto en términos de atención como de motivación de los estudiantes (Almobarraz, 2018; Brecht, 2012; Orús et al., 2016; entre otros). Entre los beneficios del aprendizaje, la literatura existente resalta los siguientes: 1) permite un proceso de aprendizaje más flexible temporal y espacial; 2) representa un ahorro en costes y tiempo tanto para los estudiantes como para las instituciones educativas; 3) mejora la autonomía del estudiante en el proceso de aprendizaje; y 4) promueve el aprendizaje colaborativo y bajo demanda. Actualmente se está realizando un testeo con el alumnado con disfunciones visuales de la Asignatura de Economía II del Grado de Turismo que culminará con una comparativa de las notas en el curso anterior a la puesta a disposición del mismo del material preparado. Se espera que las calificaciones sean superiores con el uso de esta locución

The Four-Equation New Keynesian Model

Abstract This paper develops a New Keynesian model featuring financial intermediation, short- and long-term bonds, credit shocks, and scope for unconventional monetary policy. The log-linearized model reduces to four equations: Phillips and IS curves, as well as policy rules for the short-term interest rate and the central bank's long-bond portfolio (QE). Credit shocks and QE appear in both the IS and Phillips curves. In equilibrium, optimal monetary policy entails adjusting the short-term interest rate to offset natural rate shocks but using QE to offset credit market disruptions. Use of QE significantly mitigates the costs of a binding zero lower bound.

BAS-PSO Algorithm for Integrated Energy System Optimization of Multiple Energy Supply Facilities

Regional low carbon will play an important role in the path of achieving the “double carbon” goal, and there are still many key technologies to be broken in its planning research. In this paper, an optimal scheduling model of integrated energy system with multiple energy supply devices is established by using Beetle Antennae Search-Particle Swarm Optimization (BAS-PSO) algorithm. First, in the scheduling model, a carbon trading mechanism is introduced and a stepped carbon trading cost model is constructed to constrain the carbon emissions of the plant. Then, using drosophila algorithm, the premise of whether wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation need to be built is determined by judging the economics of wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation in the construction area, and then the target power consumption curve and new energy power supply output curve are fitted. Then use the life cycle analysis method to analyze the carbon emissions generated by electric energy storage equipment, consider the carbon trading mechanism in the system economic operation model, and solve the model by BAS-PSO algorithm to overcome the problems of local optimum and slow convergence speed. Finally, a typical park integrated energy system is simulated to analyze the economic operation conditions and energy efficiency level of the system before and after participation in demand response. The innovation of this paper lies in considering the carbon trading mechanism and solving with the optimized BAS-PSO algorithm. Considering carbon trading can effectively improve the system wind power consumption capacity, and the optimized BAS-PSO algorithm improves the defects of traditional PSO. The simulation analysis results show that the established optimal scheduling model with multiple energy supply devices can realize the optimal operation of the integrated energy system of the park in the demand response environment; the improved BAS-PSO finds the lowest energy consumption within 100 iterations in 21 out of 50 iterations; the improved BAS-PSO algorithm reduces the energy consumption by 27.1 kW on average.

Unraveling the Electrochemical Electrode Coupling in Integrated Organic Electrochemical Transistors

AbstractOrganic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have gained enormous attention due to their potential for bioelectronics and neuromorphic computing. However, their implementation into real‐world applications is still impeded by a lack of understanding of the complex operation of integrated OECTs. This study, for the first time, elaborates on a peculiar behavior that integrated OECTs exhibit due to their electrolytic environment—the electrochemical electrode coupling (EEC), which has severe implications on the device and circuit performance, causing a loss of output saturation and a threshold voltage roll‐off. After developing a physical model to describe this effect, it is substantiated with experimental data, and the crucial role of the gate electrode is discussed. Furthermore, the impact of the electrode/channel overlap on the saturation in the output curve is evaluated. It is then investigated how its detrimental effect on circuit performance can be minimized, and the optimization of a simple logic gate is demonstrated. This study has fundamental implications for researchers exploring materials and device architectures for OECTs and for engineers designing integrated OECT‐based circuits.

Model and Software for Layer-By-Layer Calculation of the Regeneration Process for Cation Exchanger

For layer –by- layer calculation of cation exchanger regeneration by limited volume method the value of the coefficient of mutual diffusion of sodium calcium ions for sulfonated coal and Ky-2 cation exchangers is determined. Determined is the height of a single calculated layer which makes it possible to eliminate the mass transfer equation from the description of the process and to restrict balance equation and the isotherm equation. Developed is a computer program for layer-by-layer calculation of the process of filter regeneration which allow it to get output curves corresponding to output curves for industrial cation exchangers. The obtained dependences can be used in layer-by-layer calculation of the regeneration process and with a complete simulation of the regeneration process of the sodium cation exchanger which allows to determine the optimal technological parameters of the filter for various initial conditions

Developmental models of motor-evoked potential features by transcranial magnetic stimulation across age groups from childhood to adulthood

To derive the maturation of neurophysiological processes from childhood to adulthood reflected by the change of motor-evoked potential (MEP) features. 38 participants were recruited from four groups (age mean in years [SD in months], number (males)): children (7.3 [4.2], 7(4)), preadolescents (10.3 [6.9], 10(5)), adolescents (15.3 [9.8], 11(5)), and adults (26.9 [46.2], 10(5)). The navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation was performed on both hemispheres at seven stimulation intensity (SI) levels from sub- to supra-threshold and targeted to the representative cortical area of abductor pollicis brevis muscle. MEPs were measured from three hand- and two forearm-muscles. The input–output (I/O) curves of MEP features across age groups were constructed using linear mixed-effect models. Age and SI significantly affected MEP features, whereas the stimulated side had a minor impact. MEP size and duration increased from childhood to adulthood. MEP onset- and peak-latency dropped in adolescence, particularly in hand muscles. Children had the smallest MEPs with the highest polyphasia, whereas I/O curves were similar among preadolescents, adolescents, and adults. This study illustrates some of the changing patterns of MEP features across the ages, suggesting developing patterns of neurophysiological processes activated by TMS, and to motivate studies with larger sample size.

The Kinematic Investigation of the Stephenson-III Spherical Mechanism with a Spherical Slider Containing a Spherical Prismatic Pair

Multi-loop spherical mechanisms are extremely beneficial for creating versatile mechanical devices, including robotic joints and surgical tools, since multi-loop spherical mechanisms possess unique capabilities to operate in spatial situations with relatively simple movement. Nevertheless, the research on multi-loop spherical mechanisms with spherical sliders containing spherical prismatic pairs is lacking. Therefore, the main innovation of this paper is to propose the Stephenson-III two-loop spherical mechanism that possesses a spherical slider containing a spherical prismatic pair and to analyze the proposed spherical mechanism’s motion characteristics. An algebraic approach was employed to obtain the branch graphs of the proposed spherical mechanism with a spherical slider. The branch graphs were categorized into two types, according to whether branch points existed. With the algebraic approach, loop equations of the two spherical kinematic chains inside the proposed spherical mechanism were established to identify the input–output curves and singularity curves, with which the branch graphs were obtained. With the branch graphs, the joint rotation spaces (JRSs) of the proposed mechanism were recognized and so were the dead center positions, branches, sub-branches, and branch points. The results from the mathematical analysis were simulated and verified by three-dimensional (3D) models of the proposed spherical mechanism. The analytical results demonstrate that the spherical prismatic pair diversifies the motion of the proposed spherical mechanism by producing rotational sliding movement, which can cover the entire circumference of a specific greater circle on the proposed mechanism’s sphere.

Model Analisis IS-LM dalam Perspektif Islam

Economic growth that exists today has always been a central issue in the problem of economic development. Economic development always aims to create prosperity in society in terms of increasing income, unemployment, and poverty. With that, the government can overcome it by enacting several forms of policies that have been created, namely fiscal policy and monetary policy. Therefore, fiscal policy and monetary policy will always be influenced by the goods market as well as the money market. In macroeconomic theory, the case of the goods market is depicted as the IS curve, while in the money extinguisher, it is described as the LM curve. The good market in the macroeconomic sphere will describe economic conditions in a position where the demand and supply of goods and services. Macroeconomic stability is seen from the equilibrium point between demand and supply in the process of producing goods and services in the market. The IS curve is a curve that shows a combination of interest rates and income levels consistent with equilibrium points in the market. The money market is a meeting in a market to generate short-term demand and supply of funds. This short-term fund is a fund collected from a company or individually with a certain amount of time limit in one year, which can be traded in the money market. Equilibrium will occur in the money market if there is a similarity between the supply and demand of money.

Hysteresis and Photoconductivity of Few‐Layer ReSe2 Field Effect Transistors Enhanced by Air Pressure

AbstractThis study reports the optoelectronic characterization of few‐layer ReSe2field effect transistors at different pressures. The output curves reveal dominant n‐type behavior and a low Schottky barrier at the metal contacts. The transfer curves show a significant hysteresis that can be exploited in memory devices with an order ofmagnitude memory window and good cycling. The devices are dramatically affected by air pressure; their conductance and mobility increase with the lowering pressure that desorbs electronegative air molecules from the surface of the material. The photoresponse under white super‐continuum laser illumination reveals that the device exhibits positive photoconductivity (PPC) at ambient and low (≈1 mbar) pressure and negative photoconductivity (NPC) in a higher vacuum (≈10−4 mbar). The transition from PPC to NPC can be explained by considering that the photoresponse is affected by molecule desorption, which yields PPC at higher pressure, and defect trapping of photogenerated carriers, which can dominate at lower pressures. The transient behavior of the device exposed to laser pulses shows a faster response and a higher photodetection efficiency at ambient pressure, with the highest signal‐to‐noise ratio at the valley of the transfer curve between p‐ and n‐type conduction.

An energy storage allocation method for renewable energy stations based on standardized supply curve

The goal of carbon emission peak and carbon neutrality requires China to vigorously develop renewable energy. However, renewable energy has obvious randomness and volatility. Therefore, it is necessary to configure energy storage systems for renewable energy stations to ensure the safe and stable operation of power systems. Given the problem of energy storage system configuration in renewable energy stations, it is necessary to consider the system load characteristics and design appropriate principles to formulate planned output curves for renewable energy stations, so that the joint output curve of renewable energy and energy storage system can match the system load curve as much as possible, which will reduce the system peak shaving pressure and promote the utilization of renewable energy. This paper first considers the impact of renewable energy stations with the different installed scales on the power system and designs the standardized supply curves differentially, and defines the supply curve deviation index to characterize the difference between the renewable energy–energy storage system joint output curve and the standardized supply curve. Then, to minimize energy storage system investment costs and supply deviation costs, an optimization model for energy storage system configuration in renewable energy stations is established, and output deviation control constraints are set to ensure that the operation of energy storage systems conforms to actual conditions. Finally, case studies analyze the energy storage system configuration results and the typical scenario operation results of a single renewable energy station and a renewable energy power generation base, which verify the rationality and effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper.