Outer Lead Research Articles

Porous carbon matrix modified with copper and lead as a positive plate current collector for carbon lead-acid battery

AbstractIn this work, the experimental current collector based on a reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC®) matrix modified with copper and lead was obtained and examined for usage as the current collectors of lead-acid batteries. The collectors under investigation were obtained using galvanic methods. Electrochemical tests of the obtained collectors were carried out using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic gravimetric corrosion rate test. The morphology and metal coating compositions were analyses based on the results obtained by utilizing a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an X-ray dispersion analyzer (EDS). The measurements indicated the feasibility of obtaining a collector with a metallic copper-lead bilayer that remains stable under the operating conditions of the positive plate. However, the corrosion resistance of the collector relies on the durability of the outer lead coating. At the same time, incorporating a copper layer enables a reduction in charge transfer resistance during the electrode process.

P‐12.3: Analysis and Application of COF Peeling Failure in Display

In order to solve the problem of COF peeling on OLB (Outer Lead Bonding) side of high curvature display screen, this paper studied the peeling failure strength of COF Bonding so as to guide product design through the combination of experiment and simulation. Firstly, basic peeling test of the COF was carried out under the condition of 60 ℃/90%RH HTHHO, and the COF peeling load was obtained; Then, the linear stress of COF under the peeling load was 0.18 N/mm by finite element numerical simulation; Finally, the COF twist model of 32‐inch R1000 module was established, and the maximum COF twist value was 3mm under the maximum linear stress of 0.18 N/mm at COF Bonding; The module has passed the 60 ℃/90%RH HTHHO 500h test, which verified the accuracy of COF peeling failure judgment method. Considering the safety factor of 2, the linear stress intensity standard of this Bonding process was determined to be about 0.09 N/mm. Based on the above‐mentioned linear stress intensity standard, the 27‐inch curved surface module was optimized from double PCB to single PCB, which passed the verification of high temperature and high humidity condition and met the product quality requirements. The method proposed in this paper can guide module optimization design, reduce the risk of peeling failure at COF Bonding on the source side of curved screen, and improve product reliability.

10‐3: The Electrical Connection of In‐cell Touch between Two Individual Substrates in 5.6‐inch Flexible AMOLED Displays

A 5.6‐inch foldable AMOLED panel and an in‐cell touch sensor built up on a symmetrical stacking structure from separate flexible substrates has been demonstrated. To simplify the configuration of outer lead bonding, a key electrical transfer of touch signal to an opposite substrate along z‐axis direction is by using conducting beads. The observations of conducting beads, electrical measurements, resistance calculations and failure model analysis have been reported in this paper.

Long-Term Converse Magnetoelectric Response of Actuated 1-3 Multiferroic Composite Structures

Multiferroic composite materials operating under the principle of strain mediation across the interfaces separating different material boundaries address many limitations of single-phase magnetoelectric materials. Although significant research has been conducted to explore their responses relating to the topography and directionality of material polarization and magnetic loading, there remain unanswered questions regarding the long-term performance of these multiferroic structures. In this study, a multiferroic composite structure consisting of an inner Terfenol-D magnetostrictive cylinder and an outer lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric cylinder was investigated. The composite was loaded over a 45-day period with an AC electric field (20 kV/m) at a near-resonant frequency (32.5 kHz) and a simultaneously applied DC magnetic field of 500 Oe. The long-term magnetoelectric and thermal responses were continuously monitored, and an extensive micrographic analysis of pretest and post-test states was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The extended characterization revealed a significant degradation of ≈30–50% of the magnetoelectric response, whereas SEM micrographs indicated a reduction in the bonding interface quality. The increase in temperature at the onset of loading was associated with the induced oscillatory piezoelectric strain and accounted for 28% of the strain energy loss over nearly one hour.

Simulation Analysis of the Influence of Nozzle Structure Parameters on Material Controllability.

With the evolution of three-dimensional (3D) printing, many restrictive factors of 3D printing have been explored to upgrade the feasibility of 3D printing technology, such as nozzle structure, print resolution, cell viability, etc., which has attracted extensive attention due to its possibility of curing disease in tissue engineering and organ regeneration. In this paper, we have developed a novel nozzle for 3D printing, numerical simulation, and finite element analysis have been used to optimize the nozzle structure and further clarified the influence of nozzle structure parameters on material controllability. Using novel nozzle structure, we firstly adopt ANSYS-FLUENT to analyze material controllability under the different inner cavity diameter, outer cavity diameter and lead length. Secondly, the orthogonal experiments with the novel nozzle are carried out in order to verify the influence law of inner cavity diameter, outer cavity diameter, and lead length under all sorts of conditions. The experiment results show that the material P diameter can be controlled by changing the parameters. The influence degree of parameters on material P diameter is shown that lead length > inner cavity diameter > outer cavity diameter. Finally, the optimized parameters of nozzle structure have been adjusted to estimate the material P diameter in 3D printing.

Multiphysics computational analysis of multiferroic composite ring structures

Due to the importance of composite multiferroic structures in numerous applications including sensing, actuation, and communication, concerted analytical and experimental efforts have been afforded to these types of structures in pursuit of fundamental understanding of their behavior in the presence of different stimuli. In this study, a finite element-based Multiphysics computational framework was established to investigate a multiferroic composite ring structure consisting of an inner Terfenol-D magnetostrictive ring and an outer lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric ring. In a precursor to the full composite investigation, the computational framework was applied to a standalone Terfenol-D magnetostrictive ring structure and was found to capture the intricacies of the interaction of the magnetic field and the geometry including magnetic shielding and shape anisotropy. When extended to the composite structure, the computational model continued to perform reasonably well in comparison to previous experimentally reported data. The forecasted converse magnetoelectric coefficient of a PZT/Terfenol-D concentric composite ring structure was found to be 357 mG/V, which is in excellent agreement with 334 mG/V experimentally reported coupling coefficient for the same geometry. Moreover, the measured and calculated mechanical strains were in reasonable agreement; given the underlying assumptions of the computational model. Future work should focus on further developing the computational model to include the nonlinear magnetostrictive and piezoelectric constitutive relationship as well as the time-dependence of the response to accelerating the development cycle of devices based on magnetoelectric composites.

The effect of multidirectional bias magnetic fields on the converse magnetoelectric response of multiferroic concentric composite ring

A composite multiferroic ring was characterized under two orthogonal bias magnetic fields while electrically loaded near resonance to measure the circumferential converse magnetoelectric (CME) response. The composite multiferroic structure consisted of an inner magnetostrictive Terfenol-D ring with an axially aligned preferred magnetocrystalline axis bonded to a radially polarized outer piezoelectric poled lead zirconate titanate ring to form a concentric ring structure. A single uniform bias magnetic field was varied from zero to beyond magnetic saturation while the composite ring's axial alignment was changed from perpendicular to parallel with respect to the bias magnetic field direction. The change in the ring orientation thus subjected the ring to two orthogonal bias magnetic fields, whose strengths were calculated based on the orientation angle. The overall CME behavior was found to be largely correlated with the perpendicular magnetic field strength assisted with the shape anisotropy of the ring structure favoring magnetization along the longest axis. Nonetheless, the parallel magnetic field had a notable contribution to the CME response by enhancing the magnetization in the preferred axial direction and activating other unique magnetocrystalline axes. In all, the CME behavior with respect to two orthogonal bias magnetic fields is characterized by an interplay of magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies bolstered by the parallel and perpendicular magnetic fields.

On the formation of Basu's Type III (peeled orange) gunshot residues

Abstract In a famous paper published in 1982, a very special class of gunshot residue particles (GSR) was named by Samarendra Basu “peeled orange”, due to their particular structure, consisting of a barium/antimony core covered by an outer lead leaflet. In this class of GSR particles the surface may show nodular structures of lead. Basu proposed an explanation in terms of a nucleus of antimony and barium that captures lead vapours produced after the explosion of a cartridge into a firearm: as solidification points of antimony and barium are close one another, both higher than solidification point of lead, he stated that lead occurs as a layer around the core in peeled orange GSR particles. In this paper we study the thermodynamic of the barium/antimony alloy and we hypothesize a formation process in terms of colloidal metal growth, charged particles and electrostatic attraction. We propose an updated model of formation for peeled orange GSR particles that explains the existence of outer lead leaflet and nodules in terms of electrostatic attraction of lead nanoparticles and instability of lead droplets.

Environmental radionuclides as contaminants of HPGe gamma-ray spectrometers: Monte Carlo simulations for Modane underground laboratory

The main limitation in the high-sensitive HPGe gamma-ray spectrometry has been the detector background, even for detectors placed deep underground. Environmental radionuclides such as 40K and decay products in the 238U and 232Th chains have been identified as the most important radioactive contaminants of construction parts of HPGe gamma-ray spectrometers. Monte Carlo simulations have shown that the massive inner and outer lead shields have been the main contributors to the HPGe-detector background, followed by aluminum cryostat, copper cold finger, detector holder and the lead ring with FET. The Monte Carlo simulated cosmic-ray background gamma-ray spectrum has been by about three orders of magnitude lower than the experimental spectrum measured in the Modane underground laboratory (4800 m w.e.), underlying the importance of using radiopure materials for the construction of ultra-low-level HPGe gamma-ray spectrometers.

Sensitivity Study on High-Resolution WRF Precipitation Forecast for a Heavy Rainfall Event

A high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model for a heavy rainfall case is configured and the performance of the precipitation forecasting is evaluated. Sensitivity tests were carried out by changing the model configuration, such as domain size, sea surface temperature (SST) data, initial conditions, and lead time. The numerical model employs one-way nesting with horizontal resolutions of 5 km and 1 km for the outer and inner domains, respectively. The model domain includes the capital city of Seoul and its suburban megacities in South Korea. The model performance is evaluated via statistical analysis using the correlation coefficient, deviation, and root mean squared error by comparing with observational data including, but not limited to, those from ground-based instruments. The sensitivity analysis conducted here suggests that SST data show negligible influence for a short range forecasting model, the data assimilated initial conditions show the more effective results rather than the non-assimilated high resolution initial conditions, and for a given domain size of the forecasting model, an appropriate outer domain size and lead time of <6 h for a 1-km high-resolution domain should be taken into consideration when optimizing the WRF configuration for regional torrential rainfall events around Seoul and its suburban area, Korea.

Lead insulation failure, a serious complication: risk factors and management

“OUTSIDE-IN” ABRASIONS: A NEW PHENOMENA — MORE QUESTIONS THAN ANSWERS We may divide abrasions according to mechanism into “outside-in” and “inside-out” abrasions. The “outside-in” abrasions are well known in the pocket as the result of friction between leads or between the lead and the device, as well as in the venous system, with tearing surfaces among leads, first rib, and clavicle. However, “outside-in” abrasions most frequently appear in the intracardiac part of the lead and are associated with infective endocarditis (IE) [2]. The outer insulation abrasion remains electrically signless unless concomitant inner insulation failure occurs and in the device control both oversensing and undersensing may be observed [3]. The Banacha classification was established to morphologically describe abrasions analysed with an optical microscope, and to facilitate comparison and analysis. The classification distinguishes three levels of silicone in vivo damage: mild, moderate, and severe, all in two subtypes: a and b [2]. A severe abrasion with conductor exposure may be assessed clinically (Fig. 1A) [4]. Insulation abrasion more often concerned patients with sub-pectorally or abdominally implanted devices. Risk factors of intracardiac abrasions are implantation of two or more leads in the heart cavities, and in the case of atrial leads: passive fixation, longer mean dwell time (time from implantation), and three or more procedures proceeding lead extraction [2]. Severe abrasions with conductor exposure were associated with the number of extracted leads, dwell time, location of the lead in the coronary sinus, and excessive lead length in the cardiac chambers [4]. The most important observation was that, irrespective of the abrasion level of degradation in the intracardiac part of the lead, they were associated with IE development [2]. The process of outside-in abrasion may be INTRODUCTION Endocardial leads are the most important parts of cardiovascular implantable electronic device systems. The endocardial lead parts are located in the tissue of the pocket, in the venous system, and finally in the right heart cavities. The three different microenvironments present different impacts on lead body parts, especially the outermost insulation. Lead design also concerns the outer insulation, which has been evaluated since implantation of the first pacemaker. In the current paper we present the different mechanisms of insulation failure of the leads available on the market, and of leads that have been withdrawn from the market but still exist in living patients. The outer lead insulation may dictate the lead reliability. Silicone, polyurethane, fluoropolymers (PTFE, ETFE), and co-polymer silicone-polyurethane (Optim) are materials widely used as insulation of endocardial leads. Insulation breach and abrasions may occur anywhere along the lead. The lead parameters: abnormal sensing amplitudes, abnormal and variant pacing thresholds, and lead impedance abnormalities may be indicators of lead failure. The insulation characteristics of typical damage, lead failure symptoms, and lead management are crucial for patients, theirs doctors, scientists, and manufacturers.

PGNAA system preliminary design and measurement of In-Hospital Neutron Irradiator for boron concentration measurement

A prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) system has been recently developed at the 30-kW research reactor In-Hospital Neutron Irradiator (IHNI) in Beijing. Neutrons from the specially designed thermal neutron beam were used. The thermal flux of this beam is 3.08×106cm−2s−1 at a full reactor power of 30kW. The PGNAA system consists of an n-type high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector of 40% efficiency, a digital spectrometer, and a shielding part. For both the detector shielding part and the neutron beam shielding part, the inner layer is composed of 6Li2CO3 powder and the outer layer lead. The boron-10 sensitivity of the PGNAA system is approximately 2.5cps/ppm. Two calibration curves were produced for the 1–10ppm and 10–50 ppm samples. The measurement results of the control samples were in accordance with the inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) results.

Optimizing lead body control during lead extractions: the "Felix helix" lead compression method.

Figure 2 The twisted stylet is bent flush to the lead body, and the free lengths of the stylet are wrapped around the lead. The stylet arms are then twisted again perpendicular to the lead with a needle driver. A crucial factor in the success of a lead extraction is maintaining control of the lead body. Control of the lead can be obtained by using multiple tools. A lead locking stylet is usually placed down the pace-sense conductor of the lead to be extracted and secured. Spectranetics (Colorado Springs, CO) offers a line of lead locking devices, and Cook Medical (Bloomington, IN) offers the Liberator Beacon Tip Locking Stylet. When the lead locking device or stylet is retracted more forcibly relative to the outer components of the lead, there is an increased chance that the inner components will unravel and control of the lead may be lost. To keep the lead as one piece, the outer components of the lead need to be compressed onto the inner stylet. The outer body of the lead is usually secured with a long silk tie and half hitches may be tied to distribute the tension about the proximal portion of the lead. Cook Medical has developed the One-Tie lead compression coil that is akin to a paper clip that is wound around the lead locking stylet and half around the outer lead body. The purpose of this device is to compress the lead in a

An investigation into the forging of Bi-metal gears

This paper introduces a method for the production of bi-metal gears using the forging technique. To study the process, model materials of copper (tooth ring material) and lead (core material), were used for both experimentation and simulation. Firstly, experimental setup and test procedures are introduced and the bi-metal gears are forged with different thicknesses of the outer ring material. A simplified FE model is established based on the symmetry of a gear forging process, which enables the 3D FE analysis to be carried out in an efficient manner. The material flow and thickness distribution of the experimentally forged bi-metal gears are analysed and compared with FE predictions. The effect of friction on the axial lock caused by the material flow of the forged gears is also studied. Finally, simulations of different combinations of the inner core and outer ring materials, specifically steel (ring material), copper (ring and core material) and lead (core material) are performed. The numerical and experimental data showed that: thin rings can deform excessively, affecting the structure of the gear; and that both tooling friction and flow stress can significantly affect the relative material flow between the core and the ring.

Mutual Abrasion of Endocardial Leads: Analysis of Explanted Leads

Abrasion of the outer insulation in crush syndrome and in the pocket region is a common cause of endocardial lead failure. Lead fracture at the level of the tricuspid valve has also been described. We examined 1,212 endocardial leads removed percutaneously from 700 patients. The average time the leads had been in place was 77.3 ± 55.9 months. Macroscopic examination revealed abrasion of the outer insulation with exposure of the metal conductor in the intracardiac parts of 199 leads removed from 177 patients. Lead abrasion was confirmed by examination with an optical microscope. Multivariate analysis showed that the phenomenon was associated with the number of extracted leads, the time the leads had been in place, infections of the cardiovascular electronic device, location of the lead in the coronary sinus, and excessive lead length. We conclude that the described mechanical abrasion of the outer lead insulation in the heart chambers could result from mutual friction. It is highly likely that intracardiac lead abrasion might play a role in the formation of intracardiac vegetation and lead-dependent endocarditis.

Accelerating the life of transistors

Choosing small and medium power switching transistors of the NPN type in a 3DK set as the study object, the test of accelerating life is conducted in constant temperature and humidity, and then the data are statistically analyzed with software developed by ourselves. According to degradations of such sensitive parameters as the reverse leakage current of transistors, the lifetime order of transistors is about more than 104 at 100 °C and 100% relative humidity (RH) conditions. By corrosion fracture of transistor outer leads and other failure modes, with the failure truncated testing, the average lifetime rank of transistors in different distributions is extrapolated about 103. Failure mechanism analyses of degradation of electrical parameters, outer lead fracture and other reasons that affect transistor lifetime are conducted. The findings show that the impact of external stress of outer leads on transistor reliability is more serious than that of parameter degradation.

Ac impedance analysis of lithium ion battery under temperature control

Ac impedance spectra of electrochemical systems are analyzed by considering adequate equivalent circuits, while the differentiation of responses for each elemental step is sometimes difficult. In this study, enlarged impedances were measured by lowering the temperature of a lithium ion battery (LIB) to make the separation of confusing responses easier. The impedance spectra obtained at the temperatures between −20 °C and 20 °C showed drastic change in sizes with shifting of the characteristic frequency. The analysis of impedance spectra using an equivalent circuit revealed changes in resistance of each component and shifting of the time constant for each elemental step. The frequency domain of impedance response of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) was found to overlap with that of the inductive component of the outer electric lead at 20 °C in our study. The impedance measurement at the low temperatures is considered to be useful for the detection of the SEI and the accurate evaluation of LIB.

BASIC DESIGN CRITERIA OF EXPELLING MACHINE FOR EXTRACTING WHEAT GERM OIL

An expelling machine for extracting wheat germ oil was designed and fabricated. The study included the investigation of the design criteria relating to hopper dimension and screw shaft parameters (outer diameter, pitch, thread depth, thread width, thread length, lead, lead angle, tapered angle, and number of turns on the screw shaft). The expelling machine was tested and evaluated at five screw speeds (25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 rpm) and four levels of press head clearance (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mm) to determine the best machine capacity; percentage of oil recovery; percentage of residual oil; and specific energy consumption. The results showed that, the maximum machine capacity was 39 kg/h of raw material at 2mm outlet clearances, and 65 rpm of screw speed. The best operating pressing conditions for the wheat germ oil recovery was 45.7% at the 25 rpm of screw speed and 0.5 mm press head clearance, when the required specific energy was 0.0232 kWh/kgfeed.

Reducing RF‐related heating of cardiac pacemaker leads in MRI: Implementation and experimental verification of practical design changes

There are serious concerns regarding safety when performing magnetic resonance imaging in patients with implanted conductive medical devices, such as cardiac pacemakers, and associated leads, as severe incidents have occurred in the past. In this study, several approaches for altering an implant's lead design were systematically developed and evaluated to enhance the safety of implanted medical devices in a magnetic resonance imaging environment. The individual impact of each design change on radiofrequency heating was then systematically investigated in functional lead prototypes at 1.5 T. Radiofrequency-induced heating could be successfully reduced by three basic changes in conventional pacemaker lead design: (1) increasing the lead tip area, (2) increasing the lead conductor resistance, and (3) increasing outer lead insulation conductivity. The findings show that radiofrequency energy pickup in magnetic resonance imaging can be reduced and, therefore, patient safety can be improved with dedicated construction changes according to a "safe by design" strategy. Incorporation of the described alterations into implantable medical devices such as pacemaker leads can be used to help achieve favorable risk-benefit-ratios when performing magnetic resonance imaging in the respective patient group.

Lifetime Estimation of an ACF in Navigation (March 2010)

Recently, liquid crystal display (LCD) panels have become very important components for portable electronics. In the high-density interconnection material, anisotropic conductive films (ACFs) are used to connect the outer lead of the tape-automated bonding to the transparent indium tin oxide electrodes of the LCD panel. The ACF consists of an adhesive polymer matrix and randomly dispersed conductive balls. In this paper, we analyzed the failure mode/mechanism of ACF which were identified as conductive ball corrosion, delamination, cracking, and polymer expansion/swelling. In the accelerated life test, we selected primary stress factors, such as temperature and humidity. As time passed, an increase in connection resistance was observed. Low [50% relative humidity (RH)] and high (95% RH) conditions of average humidity show about 3-4 times difference in lifetime at the same average temperature of 30 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C. Hence, the humidity was shown to be more highly influential on the lifetime of the ACF, considering the driving patterns of regular consumers.