Abstract
Multiferroic composite materials operating under the principle of strain mediation across the interfaces separating different material boundaries address many limitations of single-phase magnetoelectric materials. Although significant research has been conducted to explore their responses relating to the topography and directionality of material polarization and magnetic loading, there remain unanswered questions regarding the long-term performance of these multiferroic structures. In this study, a multiferroic composite structure consisting of an inner Terfenol-D magnetostrictive cylinder and an outer lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric cylinder was investigated. The composite was loaded over a 45-day period with an AC electric field (20 kV/m) at a near-resonant frequency (32.5 kHz) and a simultaneously applied DC magnetic field of 500 Oe. The long-term magnetoelectric and thermal responses were continuously monitored, and an extensive micrographic analysis of pretest and post-test states was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The extended characterization revealed a significant degradation of ≈30–50% of the magnetoelectric response, whereas SEM micrographs indicated a reduction in the bonding interface quality. The increase in temperature at the onset of loading was associated with the induced oscillatory piezoelectric strain and accounted for 28% of the strain energy loss over nearly one hour.
Highlights
Research interest in single and multiphase multiferroic materials has expanded greatly in the past two decades to reduce the footprint of electronic devices while efficiently managing power consumption
These research efforts are widely spread over multiple investigation areas that span from chemistry to material science and from mechanical engineering to device reliability testing to understand and optimize the underlying fundamental phenomena to improve the resulting magnetoelectric coupling metrics [1,2,3,4]
The results section is divided into two subsections corresponding to the two main forms of analyses discussed above, starting with the micrographic analysis based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, followed by a discussion of the converse magnetoelectric effect (CME) response of the composite structure over
Summary
Research interest in single and multiphase multiferroic materials has expanded greatly in the past two decades to reduce the footprint of electronic devices while efficiently managing power consumption. Contrary to their original hypothesis that this higher strain would transfer to the Terfenol-D cylinder and result in a higher overall magnetoelectric coupling, the CME of the radially polarized PZT composite was limited to 282 mG/V They attributed this clipping of the output to a mechanical clamping force that altered the magnetostrictive response of the Terfenol-D cylinder within the investigated frequency and bias magnetic field ranges [13]. Newacheck et al recently discovered an extended frequency-modulated operation range of concentric multiferroic cylinders beyond the magnetic field required to achieve the peak piezomagnetic response and magnetic saturation [17] The culmination of these studies provides the experimental validation of the standing hypothesis by Bichurin and Viehland regarding cylinder structures outperforming their 2-2 laminated plate counterparts [12,13,14,17,18,19]. This was compared to the virgin, undamaged structures to glean information about the performance implications of the intentionally debonded interface and the resulting fracture propagation behavior
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