Outer City Research Articles

The Buddhist sculpture hoard at Bei Wuzhuang in the Ye City Site, Hebei Province

AbstractIn 2012, nearby the Bei Wuzhuang Village, which is in the east outer city of the South Ye City, a Buddhist sculpture hoard was found and rescued. From this hoard, thousands of Buddhist sculptures were unearthed, many of which bore exact dates including the eras of the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Northern Zhou, Sui and Tang Dynasties. Both of the discoveries powerfully proved the position of the Ye City as the center of the Buddhism in northern China during the 6th century.

"Hedonic Value Perception for Cellular Phone: An Exploratory Study of Indian Consumers"

This exploratory research tries to identify the determinants which affect the attitude of a buyer. The study explores the psychographic, socio-economic and demographic dimension and finds to what extant these factors affect the value perception of the product. Study tries to identify whether product is used as functional product or as a status symbol or luxury product Previous research has established that hedonism plays a strong role in positioning the product, but how individuals' dimensions play important role in determining product's luxury image has not been explored deeply. This research attempts to find the differentiator of hedonism of non food products and evolve a model that can help to predict the determinants effecting hedonic value perception value of a product . Data for the research was collected from different inner and outer cities of India, using quota sampling technique, and respondents were contacted through the shop stop method. The questions were rated on a 5-point Likert scale. All measures were evaluated on SPPS 16. The results show that the hedonic values perception for non food products of inner city consumers depends mainly on order wise age, lifestyle, and education of the buyer where as for outer city it depends on education, income and marital status of the consumers. Results also showed the influence of ethnicity in consumers' hedonism for the product.

The Cités Strike Back: Restive Responses to Territorial Taint in the French Banlieues

Territorial stigmatisation in France is produced and enacted through a wide range of agencies: the media, political and policy discourses, academic debates on the alleged ‘ghettoisation’ of French outer city, and the official ‘urban policy’ of the central government. This paper departs from research seeking to analyse the production and diffusion of these disparaging images by focusing on the perspective and reactions of the bearers of the stigma. Drawing on 18 months of field observation in two defamed housing estates in Nîmes, in Southern France, I question the thesis of the wholesale internalisation of negative representations by residents of the banlieues. I propose instead that their perceptions of stigma are deeply ambivalent, as evidenced by their abiding attachment to place. Mindful of the danger of romanticising the subaltern, I argue that many transgressions of the norms of dominant society are ways of deflecting and displacing the language of spatial stigma.

Perbandingan Perhitungan Trafik Jam Sibuk CDMA 2000 1x pada BTS Inner City dan BTS Outer City dengan Mempergunakan Metode ADPH, TCBH, FDMH dan FDMP

Cellular communication system is a wireless communication system where the subscriber can move within a wide network coverage. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a multiuser access technology that is each user uses a unique code contained in the access channel in the system. Calculation and determination of peak hours can be done by several methods such as: Average Daily Peak Hour (ADPH), Time Consistent Busy Hour (TCBH), Fixed Daily Measurement Hour (FDMH), Fixed Daily Measurement Period (FDMP). The effectiveness of the channel should be determined by occupancy both at inner city territory and outer city territory location. Using design Erlang (Erl) for supply channel at Base Transceiver Station (BTS) that provided, BTS has a design Erlang of 369,83 Erl at inner city and it has a design Erlang of 241,8 Erl at outer city. Peak hour on the inner city occurred at 12:00 to 15:00, whereas the outer city of peak hour occurred at 18:00 to 21:00. Effectiveness value that determined by operator are : <20% = low occupancy (not effective), 21% to 69% = normal occupancy (effective), and > 70% = high occupancy (very effective). In this case occupancy values obtained in each method is between 21% to 69% which means effective

State land policy, land markets and geographies of manufacturing: The case of Beijing, China

The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between state land policies, land markets and geographies of manufacturing in Beijing. Industries have decentralised moving from the centre, and agglomerating in various types of development zone in the outer city. The new patterns of industrial location in Beijing are to a significant extent due to state land policies that impact on manufacturing geographies through land prices, the land supply system and land property reforms. However, industrial relocation involves not only negotiations between government and firms, but is also a game played among different levels of government. National, provincial, municipal, county and even rural level governments bargain with each other to shape and gain from the relocation of industries.

Everyday physical education for 11-year-olds in a ‘rurban’ (outer city) secondary school in the south of France: the conflict between norms and arts de faire – an ethnographic approach

Objective: The aim of the paper and the research is to describe as precisely as possible the life of a physical education class in an ordinary secondary school in the south of France. Method: This paper presents direct, participative observations of the social behaviour of 11-year-old pupils and their teacher during compulsory physical education classes in France with the aim of improving our understanding of the myriad expected and unexpected behavioural incidents in an interactive and micro-sociological perspective. Context: The pupils recieve 4 hours per week “total immersion” for a full school year (2 hours twice a week). Results: The findings led to a further discussion of fundamentally related teaching and learning issues in this discipline. The findings also brought to light the reality of learning from peers, which is virtually independent of the institution and the will of the teacher, although a dialogue may be maintained with the latter.

Passato/presente: recupero e valorizzazione dell'ex ospedale psichiatrico Paolo Pini a Milano

The former Paolo Pini hospital in Milan, built between 1921 and 1924 at Affori, is a paradigmatic interpretation of the design of a modern psychiatric hospital, in which the rules governing the spatial distribution of the pavilions consisted of a selfreferencing morphological model, based on the scientific and spatial assumptions of separating patients, by gender, disease and treatment and of isolating them from the surrounding environment. Following the process of abandonment and reuse imposed by the 1978 ‘Basaglia Reform’, today the former hospital is an emblematic example of the delinking of architectural features and their meaning, which occurred with the change of the original uses and the informal growth of the outer city area. The architectural integration of the rigid morphological layout and the redesign of its borders are able today to give rise to a new formal and organisational order designed to enhance the identity of the place.

A Symbol in Mass Production: Ruyi Images in the Inner and Outer Cities Under the Qianlong Reign

Qianlong's predilection for the Chinese auspicious symbol ruyi was satisfied by court artists and echoed in the country at large by the mass production of the New Year Picture workshops. This imperial cult manifests Qianlong's authority on the country and the Han subjects' recognition of the Manchu emperor.

Construction of the Kaifeng Outer City Wall and the Form of the City Gate of Northern Song Dynasty

On the base of the city wall of the Wudai period, the outer city wall of Kaifeng of Northern Song Dynasty formed internal and external structure with maintenance of many times. On the wall are some defending facilities such as Mamian, barbican, dilou,zhanpeng,etc. The city gate consists of double ones, treble barbicans and water gates. The outer city make Kaifeng city of Northern Song Dynasty looks like a military castle.

Associations between standardized school performance tests and mixtures of Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, and V in community soils of New Orleans

In New Orleans a strong inverse association was previously identified between community soil lead and 4th grade school performance. This study extends the association to zinc, cadmium, nickel, manganese, copper, chromium, cobalt, and vanadium in community soil and their comparative effects on 4th grade school performance. Adjusting for poverty, food security, racial composition, and teacher-student ratios, regression results show that soil metals variously reduce and compress student scores. Soil metals account for 22%–24% while food insecurity accounts for 29%–37% of variation in school performance. The impact on grade point averages were Ni > Co > Mn > Cu ∼Cr ∼ Cd > Zn > Pb, but metals are mixtures in soils. The quantities of soil metal mixtures vary widely across the city with the largest totals in the inner city and smallest totals in the outer city. School grade point averages are lowest where the soil metal mixtures and food insecurity are highest.

Sediment Pollution, Transport, and Abatement Measures in the City Canals of Delft, the Netherlands

This paper presents an overview of a long-term study on sediment pollution in the city canals of Delft, the Netherlands. This pollution was most evident for the inner city canal system, with copper, lead, zinc, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as main pollutants. Sediments of the outer city canals generally had a much better quality. Pollution levels, mutual correlations, and spatial variations were investigated for the various sediment parameters. Also, heavy metal binding forms onto Delft sediments were assessed with the help of sequential extraction techniques; results were found to be in line with expected preferential physicochemical binding processes. Input of sediments into the Delft inner city canals was shown to be largely driven by busy shipping traffic on the main canal surrounding the inner city. Mass balances for the inner city were used to quantify internal and external pollution sources; 65–85 % of the heavy metal pollution can be attributed to sources outside the Delft area. As shown by factor and cluster analyses, it is highly probable that these external sources derive from the river Rhine. A gradual improvement of the sediment quality has set in; it is expected that, due to further pollution abatement measures, this improvement will continue over the years to come. With respect to the ship-induced sediment input into the inner city canals, it was estimated that a reduction of ship velocities to <1.5 m/s will bring down the sediment input mentioned above to about 85 %.

The dynamics and sustainability of Ambon’s smoked tuna trade

This article analyses the contemporary nature of the smoked tuna (ikan asar1Ikan asar is a term that refers to smoked fish in general (ikan: fish+asar: smoked) but is used almost exclusively in Ambon to refer to smoked tuna. To avoid ambiguity we refer to ‘smoked tuna’ throughout the article rather than using the Bhasa term that its retailers and consumers commonly employ.1) trade in Ambon city (in Maluku province, eastern Indonesia) with particular regard to the operation of its central precinct along Piere Tendean Road, between the outer city suburbs of Galala and Hative Kecil, and the connection between this area and the region’s fishing grounds. The precinct is chosen as a focus since its location has been determined by a complex set of historically determined socio-political forces that are still actively in play. The article’s case study emphasises the dynamic nature of circumstances concerning the supply chain of products in locations experiencing substantial population growth, socio-cultural disruption and/or modernisation. The ‘foodways’ involved in the article’s case study are, thereby, not discrete and/or stable but, rather, volatile ones that have been variously shortcut, diverted and/or disrupted under external pressures of various degrees of magnitude and/or immediacy. The maintenance of the foodways involved has required adaptation, ingenuity and the investment of socio-cultural commitment over and above the simple inducement of commercial opportunity. The food product engendered by this dynamic system is therefore not purely a market commodity (as in a simplistic economic model) but rather a cultural one with distinct attributes and significance that crystallise the intersection of various spheres of human and environmental activity in a spatio-temporal context. In attempting to provide an analysis of Ambonese smoked tuna and its Galala–Hative Kecil precinct – and the context of the Ambonese circumstances that have delivered it – the article also reflects on the sustainability of the trade and the manner in which the dynamic development of the Ambonese population may overwhelm the adaptive potential of its entrepreneurs and patrons.

Chongqing: Beyond the latecomer advantage 重庆：超越后发优势

AbstractThe spectacular growth of Chinese cities since the 1980s is often theorised as reflecting the advantages of latecomer development (ALD). ALD has been more effective in cosmopolitan, globally accessible coastal cities than outer cities. As leading cities, like Shanghai, close the development gap, the potential for ‘easy’ ALD growth falls off rapidly. Because institution building is more difficult than firm‐based growth, ALD strategies may generate rapid short‐term economic growth but not sustainable development. Accordingly, Chongqing municipality, with a population of 33 million, in West China, is pursuing a beyond latecomer advantage model. This is characterised by: (i) reducing poverty and rural‐urban disparity through accelerated urbanisation, rural‐urban integration and emphasising human resource development; (ii) upgrading the value added of Chongqing's economy through targeting of FDI and incentives to local start‐ups; (iii) endogenous development, reducing risks from external shocks; (iv) Hukou reform; (v) establishing a land use conversion certificate market to rationalise land use; (vi) emphasis on morality to address crime/corruption; (vii) recognition of the importance of amenity in attracting investment and talent; and (viii) establishing a longer developmental time perspective. This paper explores this Chongqing model in detail.摘要中国自20世纪80年代以来所取得的辉煌经济增长，在很大程度上是基于其引进外资和利用后发优势来实现的。而后发优势的推进，在国际化大都市和那些拥有全球通达性的沿海城市会更为有效。作为先锋性城市，如上海等，随着与全球城市发展的差距日益缩小，“易于”实现后发优势的潜力就会迅速消失，这是因为制度建设要比以企业为基础的经济增长更难推进，因此后发优势或许能带来快速的短期经济增长，但并不能带来当然的可持续发展。有鉴于此，重庆市，这座拥有3300万人口的中国西部城市，正在寻找一条“超越后发优势”的发展道路。这一模式目前正在成长中，表现出如下特征：（1）通过加快城市化进程、城乡融合发展和强调人力资本开发，减少贫困和城乡差别；（2）通过引进外资和刺激本地企业创业，提升重庆市的经济附加值；（3）通过内生性发展，减少外部动荡所引起的风险；（4）通过农村集体土地资产的创新性盘活，有效地进行户籍改革；（5）通过建立土地市场的流转证制度，优化城乡土地的利用效率；（6）通过强调道德建设和反腐倡廉以及强有力的打击犯罪，提升全体市民的向心力和士气；（7）通过强调环境质量在吸引投资和人才方面的重要作用，加快外向型和宜居型城市的发展步伐；（8）通过建立公务员服务质量评价体系，倡导长期发展观，以推进经济社会发展的持续平衡性。

Job Switching Of Garment Workers Decreasing Productivity: An Analytical Research

Frequent job changing or migration creates huge problems in production and management in the readymade garments sector of Bangladesh. Job changing or migration is very common character for professions but frequently change make the system interrupted. Garments workers change their jobs for higher salary, bad environment, transportation, housing and related others problems related with their working stations. From the research it was revealed that lots of job opportunities for the garments workers makes them easy to find out the better option, though their working environment almost same in everywhere excepting some special cases. Mainly the workers change their jobs for higher salaries, increasing house rent where the female for good environment, good communication and harassment free working condition. Three areas of Dhaka district have been selected for this study where two areas from Dhaka city and another one is outer side of Dhaka city. The comparative study has come here regarding their job change from city to outer city area. Workers job changing for higher salary and good environment is almost common to everywhere but for increasing house rent and communication, the workers of city area change their jobs normally.

Epiphytic macrolichens in Seoul: 35 years after the first lichen study in Korea

Many lichens have been used as bioindicators for air pollutants such as <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX>. The first ecological study on lichens in Korea was conducted in 1975 by Kim and Lee, disclosing that areas adjacent to the center of Seoul were lichen deserts. Air quality in Seoul has improved significantly since the 1980s. However, the distribution of lichen species has not been reevaluated since then. We examined the spatial and temporal pattern of lichen distribution by selecting six (inner city green [ICG] and four (outer city green [OCG]) sites, based on the distance from the city center of Seoul and the land use pattern. The change in lichen distribution was related to yearly mean concentrations of <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$NO_2$</TEX>, and <TEX>$O_3$</TEX> for the years 1980-2009. Four and 13 lichen species were found in ICGs and OCGs, respectively. Although mean sample numbers per species were much higher in the former, species richness tended to increase with distance from the city center. Since 1980, <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> has declined drastically to < 0.01 ppm in both ICGs and OCGs, indicating that <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> is no longer a limiting factor for lichen establishment and growth. In contrast, <TEX>$NO_2$</TEX> has increased steadily for 20 years (1989-2009) and a considerable proportion of lichen species in both ICGs and OCGs are known as nitrophilic or pollution-tolerant species. Appearance of nitrophiles in both ICGs and OCGs and the dominance of a few lichen species in ICGs may reflect the effects of the increase in <TEX>$NO_2$</TEX>. In contrast to <TEX>$SO_2$</TEX> and <TEX>$NO_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$O_3$</TEX> was higher in OCGs, but it was difficult to identify a causal relationship between <TEX>$O_3$</TEX> and lichen distribution.

Leaving the City: Artist Villages in Beijing

Leaving the City: Artist Villages in Beijing

Reappraising the Role of Suburban Workplaces in Darwin’s Creative Economy

Traditionally, suburbs have been conceived as dormitory – in binary opposition to the inner-city (Powell). Supporting this stereotypical view have been gendered binaries between inner and outer city areas; densely populated vs. sprawl; gentrified terraces and apartment culture vs. new estates and first home buyers; zones of (male) production and creativity against (female) sedate, consumer territory. These binaries have for over a decade been thoroughly criticised by urban researchers, who have traced such representations and demonstrated how they are discriminatory and incorrect (see Powell; Mee; Dowling and Mee). And yet, such binaries persist in popular media commentaries and even in academic research (Gibson and Brennan-Horley). In creative city research, inner-city areas have been bestowed with the supposed correct mix of conditions that may lead to successful creative ventures. In part, this discursive positioning has been borne out of prior attempts to mapthe location of creativity in the city

The continuing impact of lead dust on children's blood lead: Comparison of public and private properties in New Orleans

BackgroundCompared with a maximum collective lead (Pb) estimate of ∼1811 metric tons (MT) in exterior paint on 86,000 New Orleans houses, Pb additives in gasoline were estimated at ∼12,000MT in New Orleans, yielding ∼9100MT Pb exhausted as aerosols from vehicles; ∼4850MT were particles >10μm and ∼4200MT were particles <0.25μm. ObjectivesTo evaluate pre-Hurricane Katrina soil Pb and children's blood Pb at public housing and private residential properties in the inner-city compared with the outer city of New Orleans. MethodsThis study includes 224 soil samples from 10 public housing properties and 363 soil samples from residential private properties within an 800m radius of centroids of public housing census tracts. The Louisiana Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program data from 2000 to 2005 (pre-Hurricane Katrina) was the source for 9807 children's blood Pb (μg/dL) results. Soil and blood Pb data were grouped by public housing census tracts and private residential properties. This study uses Multi-Response Permutation Procedures for statistical analysis. ResultsBrick public properties in the city core had significantly more soil Pb contamination and higher prevalence of elevated children's blood Pb than same-aged brick public properties in the outer areas of the city. The pre-Hurricane Katrina New Orleans concentration of Pb dust in the inner-city soil displayed a median of 438mg/kg or 3.7 times larger than Pb dust in outlying areas where the median soil Pb was 117mg/kg (p-value=2.9×10−15). Also, the pre-Hurricane Katrina prevalence of children's blood Pb ≥10μg/dL was 22.9% within the inner-city compared with 9.1% in the outer areas of New Orleans (p-value=3.4×10−74). ConclusionsComparing the quantities of Pb dust from paint and Pb additives to gasoline, this study supports the later source as a more plausible explanation for the differences in soil Pb and children's blood Pb within public and private housing in the higher traffic congested inner-city core compared with the lower traffic congested outer areas of New Orleans. Similar patterns of environmental Pb dust contamination and childhood Pb exposure are expected in all cities.

Exposure to Particulate Matter, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

PP-29-017 Abstract: Background/Aims: Air pollution, especially from traffic, is a serious problem in Kathmandu Valley. The project compared personal particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and respiratory health based on occupation and roadway proximity. Additionally, temporal and spatial trends for ambient PM10 were examined. Methods: We investigated personal PM2.5 exposure and respiratory health for 3 groups: (1) traffic personnel (TP), (2) indoor officer workers near main roads (IOW_NMR), (3) indoor office workers away from main roads (IOW_AMR). At 3 locations (urban, urban residential, and semiurban), we recruited 6 TP, 3 IOW_NMR, and 3 IOW_AMR. For each participant, personal PM2.5 monitoring, time activity dairy, respiratory health questionnaire, and spirometer test was performed from 28 June 2009 to 7 August 2009. Traffic count was measured during peak traffic hours. Ambient PM10 data (2002–2007) from 6 government monitoring sites was assessed for temporal and spatial variation. Results: TP had the highest average PM2.5 exposure (50.16 μg/ma) with 78.3% of study days exceeding World Health Organization guidelines (25 μg/ma). The IOW_NMR average PM2.5 levels were 46.18 μg/ma, with 53.9% of days exceeding guidelines. The IOW_AMR had the lowest levels at 25.23 μg/ma, exceeding guidelines on 20.8% of days. Exposure was higher during morning rush hours than evening rush hours for all participant types and areas (71.9% of days for TP; 83.9% for IOW at urban settings). Similar prevalence of respiratory symptoms and lung function was observed across participant types. A weak association was noted between PM2.5 and lung function. Government PM10 monitors from 2003 to 2007 exceeded Nepal's daily PM10 standard (120 μg/ma) 48.8%–80.5% of days annually for inner and 3.36%–29.3% for outer city sites. Conclusion: High PM2.5 exposure was observed, with levels differing by location, time of day, and occupation. Findings indicate that air pollution is likely to have substantial health impacts in this region, especially for traffic police. A larger dataset is required to evaluate links between air pollution and health.

Chemical, biological, and ecotoxicological assessment of pesticides and persistent organic pollutants in the Bahlui River, Romania

Background, aim, and scope Current knowledge on environmental impacts of industrial activities in Romania, particularly persistent organic pollutants (POPs), indicates that environmental standards of the European Union are not systematically met. In our study area, additional sources of POPs are agriculture and domestic wastes. Very scarce information is available upon environmental contaminations and effects. In the present study, we investigated the chemical pollution and their eventual impact on the ecosystem by measuring POPs and by using biological indicators of pollution.