Original Fragment Research Articles

Несобственно прямая речь в переводе (на материале русских переводов романа Г. Флобера “Madame Bovary”)

The paper aims to determine the degree of isomorphism in the transfer of free indirect speech (FIS), using the material of French fragments from G. Flaubert’s novel “Madame Bovary” and its nine translations into Russian. Scientific novelty lies in the fact that the paper considers the ways of translating original fragments containing FIS from the standpoint of isomorphism, involving the material of parallel texts of different years. According to the results, the original fragments with someone else’s speech in italics are transferred, as a rule, by direct or indirect speech or whithout any italics in translations. On the contrary, the fragments containing FIS where the authorship of other people’s words is not indicated are transferred mainly isomorphically. Finally, the FIS that conveys other people’s thoughts is translated with the predominant preservation of the original form but also with the use of other syntactic means.

Numerical Investigation of Penetration Characteristics of Preformed Spherical Fragments at Hyper Velocity

Numerical investigation of penetration characteristics of 6mm SS304 preformed spherical fragments released from a Fragment Generator Warhead (FGW) impacting on Steel 1006 target plate of 1 mm, 3 mm and 6 mm thick in velocity range 1000 m/s to 5000 m/s and impact angle between 0° and 75°, has been carried out using the explicit code LS-Dyna which is predominantly used for solving impact problems. The simulation model employs a strain rate dependent plasticity model viz. Johnson-Cook model supplemented by Gruneisen Equation of State (EoS), to capture the large strain encountered in target plate due to impact of a spherical fragment at high velocities. The simulation model results are presented in terms of crater diameter on the target plate normalised over original fragment diameter. Empirical equations are available in literature to estimate the normalised crater diameter under the same impact conditions employed in simulation models. The simulation model results have been validated with experimental data available in literature and also found to be in good agreement with the results obtained from empirical equations. The effectiveness of the erosion contact algorithm over Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method in LS-Dyna to reasonably predict the behaviour of the target material at high velocities of impact is demonstrated in the current study.

Модель перекладу міжнародно-правового дискурсу: до проблеми застосування трансформаційної моделі і моделі еталонного набору ознак

Abstract. The article focuses on analyzes of the translation of international legal discourse applying the transformational model of translation analysis and the model involving tertium comparacionis - the language-mediator as a standard for comparing the original and target texts. The aim of the article is to highlight the peculiarities of the application of the transformation model and the model of the reference set of features for translation analysis of international legal discourse. The article used a complex research methodology involving methods of translation analysis, componential analysis, structural transformational analysis, as well as the elements of comparative method and text-interpretive analysis. The study reached the following conclusions. First, the transformation of nuclear structures of the English original text into surface text structures of the Ukrainian translation, carried out in accordance with the three-stage model of transformational analysis, shows the need to reproduce in Ukrainian translation conditional relations implied in the form of explanatory or attributive meanings. It is found that none of the obtained transformational structures completely coincides with the official translation into Ukrainian. In addition, the Ukrainian translation omits the modal verb of obligation shall, which is present in the English original text, so that the fragment of the translation loses the connotations of imperative modality, which does not correspond to the style of the translated text. The application of the translation analysis model related to the identification of the reference set of features for the original and target texts showed the presence of both common and different features from the reference set. The difference in the text of the translation is revealed by such allomorphic features as (a) "object of action in the singular", in contrast to the original fragment with the object of action in the plural, (b) change from modality of possibility to epistemic modality with verb in the present tense, as well as (c) implicated condition relations in the target Ukrainian text, in contrast to the explicit expression of the condition of the text of the original.

Fragment-Guided Discovery of Pyrazole Carboxylic Acid Inhibitors of the Kelch-like ECH-Associated Protein 1: Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2 Related Factor 2 (KEAP1:NRF2) Protein-Protein Interaction.

The NRF2-mediated cytoprotective response is central to cellular homoeostasis, and there is increasing interest in developing small-molecule activators of this pathway as therapeutics for diseases involving chronic oxidative stress. The protein KEAP1, which regulates NRF2, is a key point for pharmacological intervention, and we recently described the use of fragment-based drug discovery to develop a tool compound that directly disrupts the protein-protein interaction between NRF2 and KEAP1. We now present the identification of a second, chemically distinct series of KEAP1 inhibitors, which provided an alternative chemotype for lead optimization. Pharmacophoric information from our original fragment screen was used to identify new hit matter through database searching and to evolve this into a new lead with high target affinity and cell-based activity. We highlight how knowledge obtained from fragment-based approaches can be used to focus additional screening campaigns in order to de-risk projects through the rapid identification of novel chemical series.

Prenatal genetic testing in 19 fetuses with corpus callosum abnormality.

BackgroundCorpus callosum abnormality (CCA) can lead to epilepsy, moderate severe neurologic or mental retardation. The prognosis of CCA is closely related to genetic etiology. However, copy number variations (CNVs) associated with fetal CCA are still limited and need to be further identified. Only a few scattered cases have been reported to diagnose CCA by whole exome sequencing (WES).MethodsKaryotyping analysis, copy number variation sequencing (CNV‐seq), chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and WES were parallelly performed for prenatal diagnosis of 19 CCA cases.ResultsThe total detection rate of karyotyping analysis, CMA (or CNV‐seq) and WES were 15.79% (3/19), 21.05% (4/19) and 40.00% (2/5), respectively. Two cases (case 11 and case 15) were diagnosed as aneuploidy (47, XY, + 13 and 47, XX, + 21) by karyotyping analysis and CNV‐seq. Karyotyping analysis revealed an unknown origin fragment (46,XY,add(13)(p11.2)) in case 3, which was further confirmed to originate from p13.3p11.2 of chromosome 17 by CNV‐seq. CMA revealed arr1q43q44 (238923617–246964774) × 1(8.04 Mb) in case 8 with a negative result of chromosome karyotype. WES revealed that 2 of 5 cases with negative results of karyotyping and CNV‐seq or CMA carried pathogenic genes ALDH7A1 and ARID1B.ConclusionParallel genetic tests showed that CNV‐seq and CMA are able to identify additional, clinically significant cytogenetic information of CCA compared to karyotyping; WES significantly improves the detection rate of genetic etiology of CCA. For the patients with a negative results of CNV‐seq or CMA, further WES test is recommended.

Management of complicated crown root fracture using pizeo surgery, fiber post and fragment reattachment: A case report

A common type of fracture involving tooth is complicated crown root fracture of anterior teeth. The reattachment of the coronal fragment to the remaining tooth will provide better and long-lasting aesthetics, improved function and a positive psychological reaction. It is a simple and less difficult procedure if the original tooth fragments are retained after fracture. This paper reports about a case of complicated crown root fracture that was treated successfully using broken fragment adhesive reattachment and post placement.

Repaired lacunae and reconstructed parts of a Bronze Age ceramic urn from the 1970s embodied in a new restoration process

This is an object which was restored in the 1970s by the restorers of that time. A fragment representing the bottom of the vessel was found inside the vessel, which was kept in the storage facilities of the National Museum of Transylvanian History. The vessel had white plaster reconstructed parts, reintegrating the original fragments existing at the time of restoration. The missing fragment, subsequently found, was thus integrated into the body of the vessel.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATIONS OF THE SEVENTH BOOK OF PLATO’S “ ” WITH THE ORIGINAL TEXT. POLYVARIATIVITY OF FORM AND MEANING

An appealing to original texts, a comparing linguistic variations in the forms of their offsprings (translations), a research of processes of branching of meanings, a reconstruction of the first-sense of texts, and especially those that were created centuries ago in ancient languages, that is enabling to improve translation or understanding of the history of the mentality of native and modern na- tive speakers — will always be relevant for any philological, linguistic and philosophical studies. This article is an attempt to analyze and show how different the form and meaning of the same text can be in different languages and what can be common between different translations. For the first time, the comparison of the original fragments of Plato’s “The Republic” in Ancient Greek with their translations into Japanese and Korean translations has been done. Also, some fragments of Lithuanian, Latin, Latin and English translations are included. For the analysis, I propose the following two fragments of the text of the seventh book, namely the replica numbered 514a-514b of the dialogue of Socrates with Glaucon and the replica numbered 517b-517c. After all, in my opinion, there is the greatest concentration of philosophical terms associated with the myth of the cave, which interests me.

UV-C Irradiation as a Tool to Reduce Biofilm Growth on Pompeii Wall Paintings.

This study focuses on the experimentation of a method based on the use of UV-C irradiation to eliminate the biofilms present in a tomb located in the necropolis of Porta Nocera, in Pompeii. For this study, the autotrophic component of the biofilm was isolated in the laboratory, while, contemporarily, the characterization of the composition of the pigments of the frescoes took place on original fragments, which had already detached from the tomb and were examined in situ. These preliminary analyses were necessary for the recreation of test samples in the laboratory, which closely matched the original surfaces. Artificial biofilms were used for experimental exposure to UV-C radiation. The exposure to UV-C radiation was carried out at different distances for a fixed time interval. The effectiveness of the biocidal action was assessed by employing optical microscopy techniques, through a careful visual assessment of the area occupied by the biofilm on the different test samples, using a photographic survey, as well as by means of colorimetric measurements using spectrometric techniques. In order to obtain an additional parameter to evaluate the death rate of microorganism cultures exposed to the UV-C radiation, the concentrations of the photosynthetic pigments were also measured by spectrophotometry. Results showed that biofilms were completely eradicated by radiation, and no change in pigment color was observed.

Language shifts in the language biographies of immigrants from Upper Silesia residing in Germany

Abstract The main objective of the article is to illustrate how language ideologies and language management at the macro-level (state language policy), micro-level (in families) and meso-level (local communities) influence language change and the conceptualization of multilingualism of immigrants from Upper Silesia residing in Germany. Language biographies of persons from Silesia demonstrate the significant influence of historical and political events on sociolinguistic processes. Original fragments of biographical interviews of the people surveyed constitute an integral part of the text.

WORKFLOW FOR AN EVIDENCE-BASED VIRTUAL RECONSTRUCTION: THE MARBLES OF THE CIBORIUM OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL MONTE SORBO CHURCH

Abstract. The paper presents a practical approach to define a hypothetical virtual reconstruction of the ciborium and pergola of Monte Sorbo's Church. The high accuracy of archaeological fragments, digitally acquired, allowed to hypothesize the entire sequences of decorations of architectural elements and to define their geometrical rules. Starting from the acquisition to the 3d modelling phase, the proposed virtual reconstruction combines original fragments with their lost parts modelled in a digital environment.Digital technologies offer nowadays the great possibility to visualize and understand cultural heritage in a new and attractive way. Digital models and virtual reconstructions have a key role in encouraging and promoting the development of good practices for recording, documenting, and making accessible scientific processes beyond visual appearance. The term virtual reconstruction, within the project, is used to describe a procedure that consists of making a 3D model that reproduces a digital copy of the original, assembling digitally acquired fragments with elements philologically reconstructed following the evidence-based geometrical rules. This study aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring possibilities on digital integration of different 3d models to re-define a visual appearance of lost architectural elements.

Design, synthesis and biological activity of novel substituted 3-benzoic acid derivatives as MtDHFR inhibitors

The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase from M.tuberculosis (MtDHFR) has a high unexploited potential to be a target for new drugs against tuberculosis (TB), due to its importance for pathogen survival. Preliminary studies have obtained fragment-like molecules with low affinity to MtDHFR which can potentially become lead compounds. Taking this into account, the fragment MB872 was used as a prototype for analogue development by bioisosterism/retro-bioisosterism, which resulted in 20 new substituted 3-benzoic acid derivatives. Compounds were active against MtDHFR, with IC50 values ranging from 7 to 40 μM, where compound 4e not only had the best inhibitory activity (IC50 = 7 μM), but also was 71-fold more active than the original fragment MB872. The 4e inhibition kinetics indicated an uncompetitive mechanism, which was supported by molecular modeling which suggested that the compounds can access an independent backpocket from the substrate and competitive inhibitors. Thus, based on these results, substituted 3-benzoic acid derivatives have strong potential to be developed as novel MtDHFR inhibitors and also anti-TB agents.

Primer registro de reptiles marinos triásicos (notosaurios, sauropterigios) del Complejo Alpujárride (Zonas Internas de la Cordillera Bética, España)

Este trabajo documenta el primer registro de vertebrados fósiles, concretamente de un reptil marino (sau­ropterygia), en las Zonas Internas de la Cordillera Bética. El desarrollo de plataformas epicontinentales en el Tetis durante la fragmentación de Pangea a partir del Triásico Inferior tardío favoreció la radiación de los sau­ropterigios, grupo de reptiles diápsidos marinos que incluye a los clados Placodontiformes, Pachypleurosauria, Nothosauroidea y Pistosauroidea. Los materiales triásicos del Complejo Alpujárride de las Zonas Internas de la Cordillera Bética, SE de España, incluyen los depósitos carbonatados correspondientes a las plataformas epicon­tinentales desarrolladas durante el Triásico medio-superior en el margen norte del Macizo Messomediterraneo. El intervalo estratigráfico seleccionado se encuentra en la Sierra de Lújar (Granada) y es una sucesión de 17,5 m de potencia con una alternancia de margas y calizas fosilíferas con abundante bioturbación y restos de macroinver­tebrados. Se han identificado ciclos loferíticos con laminación a la base que cambia a un sedimento intensamente bioturbado con abundantes bivalvos hacia el techo del ciclo. El intervalo de estudio representa facies someras en un ambiente inter- o submareal como indican los ciclos loferíticos y la presencia de brechas carbonatadas en el techo de la secuencia, presumiblemente relacionadas con tormentas. Una costilla dorsal de 15 cm de longitud de un sauropterigio, probablemente un notosaurio, ha sido descubierta en esta serie en buen estado de conser­vación y sin evidencias de fragmentación, perforaciones o encostrantes. Este estudio muestra por primera vez la presencia de restos fósiles de reptiles marinos en el Complejo Alpujárride, reptiles que vivieron en aguas someras durante el Triásico al igual que se ha documentado en el Paleomargen Ibérico y en algunas cuencas triásicas de Europa central.

Reconstruction and physical fit analysis of fragmented skeletal remains using 3D imaging and printing

Physical fit analysis (PFA) entails physically fitting fragmented evidence together to determine shared origin. PFA can be challenging to conduct with bone fragments particularly when fragile, sharp, or embedded in other materials. Three-dimensional (3D) imaging and printing techniques can circumvent these challenges. We compare two different 3D imaging techniques, micro computed tomography (μCT) and structured light scanning (SLS). By generating virtual 3D models and prints of burned human bone fragments, we test the suitability of these imaging techniques and subsequent 3D printing for PFA. We found 3D imaging and printing allowed for effective PFA without excessively handling the original fragments.

Non-Destructive and Micro-Invasive Techniques for Characterizing the Ancient Roman Mosaic Fragments

The color characteristics, vibration spectra, phase and mineral composition, internal structural organization of several fragments of the ancient Roman mosaics from the Roman Mosaic Museum, Constanta, Romania were studied by non-destructive (Chromatic analysis, Neutron Diffraction, Neutron Tomography) and micro-invasive techniques (Optical Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Wavelength Dispersion X-ray Fluorescence). These investigations were performed in order to characterize the original Roman mosaic fragments. The major and minor phase components of the studied mosaic fragments were determined, the crystal structure of the main phases was analyzed, and their three-dimension spatial arrangement was reconstructed. The similar composition of the major phases of all mosaic fragments can indicate a generic recipe for making mosaic elements, but minor phases were presumably added for coloring of mosaic pieces. Some degradation areas inside the volume of the mosaic fragments were found by means of neutron diffraction and neutron tomography methods. These degradation areas are probably related to the formation of iron hydroxides during chemical interactions of mosaic fragments with the sea and urban polluted atmosphere.

Acidic-basic properties of arginine-rich peptide fragments derived from the human Pin1 protein

The effects of arginine residues in peptide sequences on their specific acid-base properties were investigated. Two short original fragments of the human Pin1 WW domain (hPin1 14–24; hPin1 15–23) and one single point mutation system (the original charged Lys14 and Tyr24 residues were replaced with nonpolar alanine residues) derived from hPin1 were considered. The amino acid composition controls to a large extent the process of folding and thus regulates the functions of the entire system. The specific behavior of arginine residues presented in the investigated peptides in a solution is directly reflected in their abnormally low values of pKa as compared to those of the reference compound. This phenomenon seems to result from the formation of aggregates within the system by the guanidine forms present in the Arg sidechains. The acid-base properties of the investigated peptides show that under physiological conditions, the charge of these systems is close to 2. Summarizing, the analysis of interactions between peptides and biologically important structures and membranes should consider cationic forms of peptides.

Urban Ecology. Bird Diversity in Cities in Southern Chile

Urbanisation is a dominant demographic trend and an important component of the earth’s global transformation. It has unprecedented socioeconomic, cultural and environmental implications, and poses a threat to the conservation of biodiversity, as it can provoke alterations in ecological systems and lead to poor functioning of urban systems as they are currently structured. From the ecological point of view, the city is a fragmented, heterogeneous, complex mosaic of habitats, including ecosystems with different degrees of alteration. Urban systems contain only small areas of fragments of original vegetation and/or artificial green spaces, leading to a drastic decrease from their original abundance and diversity. However, green spaces, including original fragments, can help to conserve bird diversity, improving the functioning of these artificial systems in the medium term. This study looks at the characteristics and benefits of urban ecology in the framework of sustainable development, and carries out a meta-analysis of research into bird diversity in four cities in southern Chile, using ecological indices (Shannon-Wiener, β diversity between cities). The results reveal that there is low evenness in the four cities and that the city with the highest evenness is Valdivia (J = 0.78). There is clear dominance by a few bird species (e.g. the exotic species house sparrow Passer domesticus and rock pigeon Columba livia, and the native species rufous-collared sparrow Zonotricia capensis, austral thrush Turdus falklandii, southern lapwing Vanellus chilensis, and chimango caracara Milvago chimango). β diversity is low as the four cities show similarity greater than 50%. Birds reject paved surfaces in squares and prefer areas with native bushes and trees, with nearby bodies of water and large spaces (parks rather than squares). The study proposes technical recommendations and suggests further research.

Identification and characterization of human PEIG-1/GPRC5A as a 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and PKC-induced gene

Homo sapiens orphan G protein-coupling receptor PEIG-1 was first cloned and characterized by applying differential display to T84 colonic carcinoma cells incubated in the presence of phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (GenBank AF506289.1). Later, Lotan's laboratory found the same gene product in response to retinoic acid analogues, naming it with the symbol RAIG1. Now the official HGNC symbol is GPRC5A. Here, we report the extension of its original cDNA fragment towards the 5' and 3' end. In addition, we show that TPA (100 ng/ml, 162 nM) strongly stimulated GPRC5A mRNA in T84 colonic carcinoma cells, with maximal expression at 4 h and 100 ng/ml (162 nM). Western blots showed several bands between 35 and 50 kDa, responding to TPA stimulation. Confocal microscopy confirmed its TPA upregulation and the location in the plasma membrane. The PKC inhibitor Gö 6983 (10 μM), and the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM (150 μM), strongly inhibited its TPA induced upregulation. The PKA inhibitor H-89 (10 μM), and the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 μM), also produced a significant reduction in the TPA response (~50%). The SGK1 inhibitor GSK650394 stimulated GPRC5A basal levels at low doses and inhibit its TPA-induced expression at concentrations ≥10 μM. The IL-1β autocrine loop and downstream signalling did not affect its expression. In conclusion, RAIG1/RAI3/GPRC5A corresponds to the originally reported PEIG-1/TIG1; the inhibition observed in the presence of Gö 6983, BAPTA and U0126, suggests that its TPA-induced upregulation is mediated through a PKC/Ca2+ →MEK1/2 signalling axis. PKA and SGK1 kinases are also involved in its TPA-induced upregulation.

How much noise can you make through an interpreter?

Abstract The paper employs critical discourse analysis for a pragmatically-oriented exploration of several racist statements by a Polish Eurosceptic Member of the European Parliament (MEP), Janusz Korwin-Mikke. The original fragments in English or in Polish were extracted from a larger corpus containing all the plenary contributions of the MEP (2014–2018). They are com­pared with their interpretations into German and, respectively, either Polish or English. The qualitative analysis reveals that the approach to racist statements by interpreters is inconsistent, both across all the three language units and when the output of each is considered separately. In the analysed interpretations, there is evidence of preservation of the pragmatic effect, slight/radical mitigation, and strengthening. Slight mitigation seems to be the most popular option. The interpreters tended to tone down anthroponyms functioning as racial slurs and to omit implicit racism.

Anastelosis of Greco-Roman Temple Remains in Western Anatolia: Principles, Implementations and Assessment

ABSTRACT Anastelosis, which is defined as the reassembly of a structure by bringing together its existing original fragments, is a technique of conservation and presentation in archaeological sites. The aim of this study is to contribute to the conservation and presentation of the structures and to determine the basic principles to be considered during the implementation by analysing and evaluating the anastelosis implementation at temple structures in Western Anatolia, Turkey. The authors examined on-site evidence, archival and literature review. Analysis criteria were determined as emphasis of the structure within site scale and in original state, structural and visual integrity of the monument, authenticity, reliability, distinguishability, visual and material compatibility, reversibility and re-treatability. As a result, it was pointed out that the principles of reversibility/re-treatability and distinguishability should be managed while providing reliability, compatibility/structural and visual integrity in line with the preservation of authenticity.