Original Latin Research Articles

The Liber Restauracionis: A newly discovered copy of a mediæval algebra in Florence

The main purpose of this article is to establish a new critical edition of the anonymous Liber restauracionis et opposionis [Book of Restoration and Opposition] taking into account three manuscripts. Two of them are well-known from earlier historical writing, especially the work of Wolfgang Kaunzner who made the first edition in 1986. The third one is a newly-found manuscript in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana in Florence. We present this copy in detail here. To introduce our edition, we come back to the main arguments which lead us to make the hypothesis that this text is an original Latin adaptation, rather than a possible Arabic–Latin translation of a version/adaptation of al-Khwārizmī's Algebra.

Dismissals of the Congress for Cultural Freedom’s representatives in Latin America as part of the strategy of “Opening to the Left” (1961-1964)

This article reconstructs the history and the polemics surrounding an operation of dismissals of the Congress for Cultural Freedom’s [CCF] local representatives in Latin America carried out between 1961 and 1964. The operation was a consequence of adoption of the new guidelines -“Opening to the Left”- implemented as a basis of the new Latin American program in response to the Cuban Revolution by the CCF’s executives. The process of dismissals in the local Committees dismantled the original Latin American program of the CCF and affected mainly representatives proceeding from the Spanish exile diaspora. In fact, the operation became a culmination of a process of marginalization of the Spanish exiles within the CCF structures. The study highlights the CCF’s politics of limiting of the personal political and cultural agendas of those of its employees who entered into collision with the Congress’s general ideological changing strategies.

Avatars de Raphaël Hythlodée, ou l'influence de l'Utopiede Thomas More dans le roman portugais contemporain

L'histoire de la réception littéraire de l'Utopie de Thomas More au Portugal a été une histoire d'omissions, de censures et de traductions différées qui met en évidence un défaut dans le système culturel portugais. En effet, il est quelque peu ironique qu'une œuvre aussi représentative de la littérature et de la pensée occidentale, historiquement associée à l'ouverture des horizons géographiques du monde, et qui attribue au personnage d'un marin lusitanien, Raphaël Hythlodée, la découverte d'un lieu idéal, n'a été traduite en portugais que dans la seconde moitié du vingtième siècle. Cependant, la première décennie du vingt-et-unième siècle semble annoncer une fortune littéraire plus favorable à l'Utopie de More dans la langue portugaise: non seulement une édition du chef d'œuvre de More a finalement été traduite du latin, mais aussi deux romans ont été publiés en 2004, A lenda de Martim Regos, de Pedro Canais, et Rafael, de Manuel Alegre. Dans le cadre de leurs propres déroulements narratifs, les deux œuvres réaccentuent les traits complexes du personnage du marin portugais et découvreur de l'île idéale. La même réinvention du personnage de Raphaël avait déjà été tentée, en 1998, par José V. de Pina Martins dans son long récit dialogique Utopia III. Dans cet essai, je me concentrerai à la fois sur les sources documentaires liées à la culture portugaise qui sont à la base de l'Utopie de More et sur certains aspects pertinents de la réception du personnage de Raphaël Hythlodée dans les romans susmentionnés.

The Greek library of Giannozzo Manetti (1396–1459): his collection and his Greek studies

AbstractGreek studies were central to the movement of fifteenth‐century Italian humanism, as the humanists claimed themselves. But before 1450, Greek manuscripts were scarce, and many humanists were more enthusiastic about learning the language in theory than in practice. The case of Giannozzo Manetti (1396–1459) helps us understand the nature of humanist Greek studies in practice in this period. My study of Manetti's Greek skills is based on his collection of Greek manuscripts, which have been preserved as a set among the Palatini graeci in the Vatican Library. I compare the way he collected and used his Greek manuscripts with his use of Greek sources in his Latin writings. Whereas Manetti hardly used Greek sources in the 1430s and 1440s, after 1450 he produced new Latin translations from the Greek. I suggest that this change could result from a sudden improvement in his Greek skills, but also from a different modus operandi in the case of his original Latin compositions as opposed to his translations.

The status of Latin nominotypical formations with a propriate component in the microsystem “Infectious diseases”. Objectives

The paper outline’s results of complex research of multicomponent termsphrases with proprial component and depropions with suffixosis based on material of terminological sublanguage «Infectious deseas». The method of continuous sampling and quantitative analysis made it possible to select the studied nominations; inventory of selected terms was done with the help of the descriptive method as well as their analyzing of structure and the framework of functioning; the component analysis enhanced to establish basic meanings of the concept.Nowelty. The study of lexical-semantic and word-building structure of Latin terminological combinations with eponymous and toponymic components was conducted for the first time, both mechanisms of formation and productive models of formation were observed.Conclusion. The use of the proprietary component remains a highly productive way of nominating multicomponent terminological units representing infectious pathologies. The results of a linguistic study concerning transposition of propriate formations in the microterminological system “Infectious diseases” are described: the tendencies of intrasystemic synonyms and terminological variability are examined.The results of linguistic study show that the following groups of terms exist in modern Latin infectious terminology: terms of Greek origin, terms of Latin origin, hybrid terms, terms, that are formed with the help of Greek and Latin word-building elements, as well as the ones borrowed from modern languages and terms with proprial component. Anthroponyms and toponyms are of particular interest, the number of which in the denotative field of infectious diseases" is too high. Among the selected infectious terms with a proprial component, accordingly the cognitive aspect, the following are singled out: nomens for designation of research methods terms - nominees with the notion of illness terms, nominating symptoms and features that are specific to a particular infectious desease terms for indication of syndromes terms for designation of a specific nosological unit. A separate group includes depropionate terms with the suffixosis. Particular attention is paid to eponimic terms consisting names of Ukrainian infectionists. Lexical-semantic, morphological and syntactic structure of infectious terms with a proprietary component for verbalization such infectious deseases as febris, typhus, lepra, leptospirosis icterohaemorrhagica are being studied carefully.

LATYNIZMY W TEKSTACH PRAWNYCH I PRAWNICZYCH – UJĘCIE KONTRASTYWNE POLSKO-NIEMIECKIE

Terms and Phrases of Latin origin have been incorporated into the contempo-rary Continental and Anglo-Saxon legal systems. Latin borrowings are a sign of the common cultural and social origin of European countries. Most of the bor-rowings have been adapted on the phonetic, morphological and grammatical level. Others, like Latin proverbs, terms and phrases retained their original pronunciation and orthography.The main goal of this article is to discuss the essence of Latinisms, in particular their place in the contemporary linguistics and their function in legal texts. In the second part the article presents the results of the analysis of the Latin struc-tures, used in Polish and German legal texts, available in the Eur-lex databases. The research is aimed not only at comparing the occurrence of Latin terms, phrases or proverbs in legal documents, but also at showing the way of their introducing to the text and discussing the consequences of their usage for the understanding of the law.

Nicolaus of Damascus: The Life of Augustus and The Autobiography by Mark Toher

Reviewed by: Nicolaus of Damascus: The Life of Augustus and The Autobiography by Mark Toher Liv Yarrow Mark Toher. Nicolaus of Damascus: The Life of Augustus and The Autobiography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. Pp. xii, 488. $160.00. ISBN 978-1-107-07561-0. Edited with Introduction, Translations and Historical Commentary. Much of a biography of Augustus composed in his lifetime by one of his friends has been transmitted to us though the tenth-century c.e. encyclopedic works of Constantine Porphyrogenitos. Aside from references in the Ciceronian corpus, it contains our earliest account of the assassination of Julius Caesar and details of the rise of the future Augustus. Yet this readable and engaging narrative on a much-studied and much-taught period is rarely assigned to students. [End Page 440] Twice before it has been translated into English, by C. M. Hall, Nicolaus of Damascus, Life of Augustus: A Historical Commentary Embodying a Translation (Northampton 1923) and J. Bellemore, Nicolaus of Damascus, Life of Augustus: Introduction, Translation and Commentary (Bristol 1984). Both are out of print, but Hall's translation is freely available online. Yet there is no Loeb edition and Brill's New Jacoby, an ongoing subscription-based digital project, has not (yet?) created a new updated version of Felix Jacoby's 72,910-word original entry (no. 90) in his Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker. This new text, translation, and commentary by Mark Toher constitute a beautiful culmination of a scholarly life dedicated to an underappreciated historical figure and his literary output. It surpasses and largely replaces all previous treatments of the same texts. In structure, execution, and feel it has much in common with the Cambridge Classical Texts and Commentaries (the "orange" series). The commentary is billed as "historical" but also treats in depth literary and linguistic issues. Frankly, it should be part of the personal library of any scholar of ancient Rome, and most certainly on the shelves of every college and university library, perhaps even multiple copies. Yet for many it may be prohibitively priced at 160 USD or 99 GBP. Those lucky enough to have institutional subscriptions may access it electronically through Cambridge Core (the new combined replacement of Cambridge Journals Online and Cambridge Books Online). It is the hope of this reviewer that a paperback edition perhaps reworked for undergraduates might be produced by Cambridge, or that, like other Cambridge scholarly translations such as those by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, some arrangement might be made for the translation and text to appear in a Loeb or Penguin edition. The 65-page introduction is a major scholarly work in itself, providing the best reconstruction to date of Nicolaus' biography and historical significance, essential reading for anyone interested in Herodian Judaea or Roman Provincial Studies. Likewise, the introduction and commentary take great care to situate Nicolaus against other major authors treating the same period, thus making the scholarship relevant to students of Cassius Dio, Suetonius, Appian and more. Toher's new critical edition of the Greek is based on the eleventh-century Codex Turonensis and the sixteenth-century Codex Scorialensis, cuius imaginem luce expressam contuli ("for which [he says] I consulted a photographic impression," 67). He shows particular sensitivity to the issues of transmission and conveys in both the text and the translation where we must assume omissions and interventions by the Byzantine excerptor. Previous generations of translators of fragmentary historiographical texts often obscured these points from readers. If this reviewer had any small criticisms, they would be: (1) the choice to list in the works cited only items cited two or more times; this seriously restricts the reader's ability to use the bibliography as a definitive starting point; and (2) the quoting of comparable passages in the commentary only in their original Latin or Greek, with no translation, limits its utility for some audiences. Both can be assumed to be economical decisions to limit the size of the book, which already runs close to 500 pages. [End Page 441] Liv Yarrow City University of New York Copyright © 2018 The Classical Association of the Atlantic States, Inc.

Exemplary Novels by Miguel de Cervantes

Reviewed by: Exemplary Novels by Miguel de Cervantes Steven B. Wenz Miguel de Cervantes. Exemplary Novels. Trans. Edith Grossman. Ed. Roberto González Echevarría. New Haven: Yale UP, 2016. 448 pp. ISBN (Hardback): 978-0-300-12586-3; ISBN (eBook): 978-0-300-22482-5. Edith Grossman’s translation of the Novelas ejemplares strikes an effective balance between scholarship and art, preserving the salient features of Cervantes’s text while drawing upon the aesthetic potential of English. This edition contains an engaging introduction by Roberto González Echevarría, which provides background information on Cervantes and his work, as well as critical commentary on some of the novelas. Brief yet useful footnotes, usually fewer than ten per story, accompany the translation. Most of the notes are intended for a general audience and explain mythological references or aspects of Golden Age Spanish culture, while others appear intended for specialists, pointing out very specific historical allusions or discrepancies between Cervantes’s citations of Ovid and the original Latin. The book concludes with a short “Translator’s Note,” in which Grossman compares the Novelas ejemplares with Don Quijote and shares her experiences as a reader. This translation is successful in multiple ways, but Grossman’s diction is her greatest achievement. Throughout the volume, Grossman seems always to choose the correct word, using language as a powerful means of establishing tone and depicting characters. In a superb reflection of Cervantes’s original, language calls attention to itself only when it should. An insolent remark in “La ilustre fregona,” for example, appears as “Oh yeah, sure” (256), while Grossman finds a phonetic equivalent of affected gypsy speech in “La [End Page 232] gitanilla”: “Do you, Theñoreth, with to give me a tip?” (18; my italics). Word choice is essential to characterization in “Rinconete y Cortadillo,” where malapropisms reveal the gaps among members of society, and Grossman offers humorous parallels in English. When the crime boss Monipodio mentions a celebration “con la mayor popa y solenidad,” an error that Rinconete later mocks, Grossman introduces “pop and circus-dance” (119), a particularly admirable solution because it imagines a mispronunciation of a common English phrase. A similar innovation appears in “El coloquio de los perros,” when the Latin formula Deum de Deo, comically misunderstood in Spanish as “dé donde diere,” appears in English as “Dare do derring-do” (373). Grossman’s creativity and sense of humor also allow her to translate many of Cervantes’s puns and maintain the light tone of certain novelas. At the beginning of “El casamiento engañoso,” Campuzano uses a play on words to express his disappointment with marriage, calling his “casamiento” a “cansamiento.” This quip is based on the one-letter difference between the terms in Spanish, and translators to English face a difficult task, as “marriage” in no way resembles “tiredness.” A pun on “married” and “wearied” would be possible yet stilted. Grossman’s insight is to change the expression and apply an appropriate variation: “when I took my wife, or should I say my life” (355). With this translation, Campuzano considers his matrimonial deception a form of suicide. The phrasing here is stronger than in the original, to be sure, but Grossman follows Cervantes in evoking the character’s suffering as a result of venereal disease. Grossman reflects the tone of another ribald pun in “El licenciado Vidriera,” in which Tomás Rodaja describes “cortesanas” as having “más de corteses que de sanas,” and his English counterpart defines courtesans as “more courteous than sanitary” (193). Grossman’s translation is at its best when it manages to convey not only the humor but also the cultural context of Cervantes’s work. In the original, Rodaja witnesses an argument in which a Portuguese speaker swears by his beard, shouting “Por istas barbas que teño no rostro!” Rodaja, a bitter enemy of men who dye their beards, accosts the Portuguese man in the same language with a marvelous bilingual pun: “não digáis teño, sino tiño!” Grossman closely approximates this exchange, capturing the foreignness of the first utterance (“By dis beard dat covers my face!”) and the ingenuity of Rodaja’s reply: “don’t say covers...

CLASSICAL ELEMENTS AND WORD-FORMATION IN ACADEMIC DISCOURSE

Despite the variety of disciplinary discourses, the global academic discourse in English preserves the uniform language of study and research, the lexical corpus of which contains structures composed of classical elements, morphemes of Latin and Greek origin. Understanding and mastering this international academic corpus is essential for all members of the academy, especially neophytes and international researchers. However, the information concerning classical combining forms and word-formation in dictionaries, reference books and academic English teaching materials is often insufficient, inaccurate or unsystematic. The paper analyses the state of affairs in the study of classical elements in academic discourse in English and offers an interdisciplinary approach to more effective comprehension of academic vocabulary. The approach draws from linguistics, discourse analysis, contrastive rhetoric (viewed as intercultural rhetoric) and the theory of common underlying proficiency of language acquisition, aimed at developing academic vocabularies simultaneously in both the native language and English. The approach has been tested in a variety of academic contexts and provides an efficient model for developing academic vocabulary by activating the prior, tacit knowledge of classical elements shared by participants of academic discourse across cultures.

Transfers of anti-Waldensian material from a polemical treatise to a didactic text

Ulrich von Pottenstein translated Petrus Zwicker’s anti-Waldensian treatise Cum dormirent homines (1395) in his large catechetical encyclopaedia (ca. 1410), written in Early New High German. The translation was dispersed in different chapters, transforming the reading experience of the anti-heretical work but at the same time adding a polemical element to a pastoral text. The article discusses the historical context of Zwicker’s original Latin treatise and Ulrich’s translation, in particular the inquisitions against Waldensians that Zwicker led in Austria in the 1390s, as well as Ulrich’s ecclesiastical career. The second part of the article explores solutions Ulrich had to employ when he translated a text for a lay audience that was not only polemical but also required from its readers a basic understanding of exegesis. Finally, the reasons for Ulrich’s decision to translate Zwicker and the composite nature of the pastoral-didactic text with polemical passages is discussed. As for polemical treatises in general, the motivation behind Ulrich’s translation was to defend the Church against its enemies. Ulrich’s vernacular text had potential to extend the audience of a Latin anti-heretical treatise, but his catechetical encyclopaedia was too large and tedious to read to ever become a popular work. The article proposes that the polemical nature of the original was not mitigated in the process. On the contrary, Ulrich does not shy away from using denigrating or violent language, and polemical style is an essential part of his catechesis. A further study of polemical style in late-medieval pastoral and didactic works, especially vernacular texts, is proposed as a promising area of future research.

Hyacinth Karpinsky’s translation of the “Tractatus de Processione Spiritus Sancti” by Adam Zernikaw

The anti-catholic Tractatus de Processione Spiritus Sancti by Adam Zernikaw was created in the late 17th century in Latin and was significant for interconfessional polemic between the Orthodox and the Catholic Church in the Russian Empire over the next centuries. In this paper we systematize information about the history of the tractate in Russia, including its significance for the Tractatus de Processione Spiritus Sancti by Theophan Prokopovich. Russian translations of Adam Zernikaw’s Tractatus are also considered. The earliest Russian translation was done in Kiev in the late 18th century by Hieronym Koptsevich into late Church Slavonic. In 1795, the Ober-Procurator Aleksei Musin-Pushkin commissioned Hyacinth Karpinsky to do another translation, this time into Russian, but the translator had died before the translation was finished. After that, the Synod ordered the members of the Moscow Ecclesiastical Censorship committee to finish it, but it became impossible due to Adam Zernikaw’s original Latin text getting mixed up with the Theophan Prokopovich’s work by the same name. Eventually, the first Russian publication of Tractatus de Processione Spiritus Sancti by Adam Zernikaw happened in 1902. Using different manuscripts of Hyacinth Karpinsky’s Russian translation, we analyze the language edits made by the translator and make suggestions on specifics of the development of a style of Russian-language religious literature in late 18th – early 19th centuries.

Between Poetry and Painting: Giovanni Andrea dell’Anguillara’s Metamorfosi as a Model for Genoese Baroque Poets and Painters

In a large part of recent studies on baroque iconography, the development of mythological representations and the use of classical sources during the 17th century has been considered. When referring to the sources used by baroque painters, it is quite common to speak generically about “Ovid”, and in not many cases we found precise links to one of the edited texts of the Metamorfosi, which were largely used by painters instead of the original Latin version. In the same way, the new “baroque language” used by poets is founded too on the basis of classical poems, revisited by great literates of the 16th century: especially Tasso, Ariosto, and Anguillara. The more logical way of reading the roots of the baroque culture through objects, such as books and works of art, is to understand completely the cultural landscape in which both poets and painters lived and the sources they considered to be “classical” or “antico”: a perspective that is radically different from ours. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how in Genoa, one of the greatest cities in which the new baroque culture rose, during the 17th century, the book by Anguillara was used both as a model by literates for their baroque rethorical composition and by painters as a more comprehensible and “modern” source of the “antico” for their works of art. The importance of Anguillara’s book is well demonstrated by its finding in the most important Genoese libraries of the 16th and 17th century, which have been checked in some recent publications. The great literary works by Luca Assarino and Anton Giulio Brignole Sale, and the painted myths by Orazio De Ferrari, Domenico Fiasella and Gregorio De Ferrari become, from this point of view, important examples of the communitas studiorum that was present in Genoa’s Republic all along the 17th century and that made the Ligurian city an important and today still less studied center of the European cultural update.

Cherchez la femme: Two Germanic suffixes, one etymology

AbstractThe origin of the Germanic suffixes forming occupational titles and agent nouns – masculine *-ārijaz(the ancestor of Modern English -er) and its feminine counterpart reflected in Old English as -estreand in Modern as -ster– is an old problem in Germanic historical morphology. The masculine “agentive” suffix, which occurs in all the subgroups of Germanic, is generally presumed to be of Latin origin, though it occurs mostly with native derivational bases even in the earliest attested Germanic languages; the latter is believed to be native, but has no accepted etymology, and its limited range of occurrence in Germanic remains unexplained. It will be argued that the two suffixes are etymologically connected in a hitherto unsuspected way, that the traditional opinion about the origin of *-ārijazshould be revised, and that both suffixes have interesting Indo-European cognates outside Germanic.

Paratuberculosis in Latin America: a systematic review

Latin America is the definition of the American group, where languages of Latin origin are spoken, including countries in South, Central, and North America. Paratuberculosis is a gastrointestinal contagious chronic disease that affects ruminants, whose etiological agent is the bacilli Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). Paratuberculosis is characterized by intermittent diarrhea, decreased milk production, dehydration, and progressive weight loss and is possibly involved in Crohn's disease, a human intestinal disease. MAP is resistant to environmental factors, pasteurization, and water disinfection, which coupled with the subclinical-clinical nature of the disease, and makes paratuberculosis a relevant socioeconomic and public health issue, justifying the descriptive review of research on the disease carried out in Latin American countries. A survey of articles, published until September 2016, on the Scopus database, PubMed, Agris, and Science Direct, about detection of the agent and the disease in Latin America, without restrictions to the date of the research was performed. The keywords were as follows: "paratuberculosis," "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis," "cattle," "milk," "wildlife," "goat," "ovine," "dairy," and the name of each country in English. Studies found from nine of the 20 Latin America countries, 31 related to Brazil, 17 to Argentina, 14 to Chile, eight to Colombia, six to Mexico, two to Peru, two to Venezuela, and one to Panama and to Bolivia, each. The agent was detected in cattle, goats, sheep, domesticated water buffalo, and wild animals. Microbiological culture, PCR, and ELISA were the frequent techniques. The small number of studies may result in overestimation or underestimation of the real scenario.

<i>Ans</i> y <i>antes</i>: de la anterioridad a la refutación en catalán y en español

Summary: The present paper compares the uses of Cat. ans and Sp. antes as a single marker and as a component of parenthetical connectives. They share the same Latin origin, the spatial-temporal adverb ANTE (‘before, prior to’), and have developed to a different extent temporal, comparative and contrastive uses. Although in earlier stages ans and antes had refutative values on their own, nowadays these meanings are found mainly in parenthetical connectives containing the adverb ans / antes, namely ans bé / ans al contrari in Catalan and antes bien / antes al contrario in Spanish. In spite of their apparent similarity and verbatim correspondence in both Romance languages analyzed, a synchronic corpus analysis reveals differences in the frequency and distribution of these markers, both intra- and cross-linguistically. Regarding frequency, ans al contrari is more common in Catalan, whereas antes bien appears more often in Spanish. In terms of distribution, distinct positional preferences are found in each language, as well as specific syntactic-discursive combinations. Keywords: Discourse markers, parenthetical connectives, refutation, Catalan, Spanish

Transcendentální rozměr skutečnosti a systémy

Transcendence (z latinskeho transcendere = překracovat) znamena jit nad ramec ci překonavat limity, pohybovat se mimo dosah lidske zkusenosti, rozumu, viry atd. Adjektivum transcendentni oznacuje to, co je mimo dosah lidske zkusenosti, rozumu, vyznani atd. Ve scholasticke filozofii se objevuje v Aristotelových kategoriich, v kantovske filozofii je něcim, co neni realizovatelne zkusenosti, v matematice transcendentni funkce „přesahuje“ oblast algebraických funkci. Adjektivum transcendentalni hlavně v kantovske filosofii znamena posun z oblasti zkoumani obsahů věděni k jeho obecným podminkam. Tyto vlastnosti jsou v přispěvku studovany v kontextu systemoveho inženýrstvi. Klicova slova: Socialni filozofie, transcendence, Akasha, psychosomatika, kultura, svoboda, systemove inženýrstvi. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18267/j.aip.101

Analysis of Moldavian and Romanian Feminine Proper Names with Latin Origin

Analysis of Moldavian and Romanian Feminine Proper Names with Latin Origin

THE INFLUENCE OF ENGLISH ON THE ARMENIAN MEDICAL VOCABULARY

As science grows rapidly, in different languages new terms are created and formed according to certain word formation and grammatical rules. The aim of the current paper is the study of word formation strategies of medical terminology in English and Armenian. The results of the survey reveal that in both languages most medical terms have Greek and Latin origin. Naturally, both languages have enriched their medical terminology by borrowing terms from German, French, in case of English, and Persian, Arabic, Russian, in case of Armenian. Recently many medical terms have paved their way into Armenian either directly from English or via English. Unlike English, where loanwords are mostly used in adapted or partially adapted forms, in Armenian native equivalents are more preferable. The results of the study show that language planning is part of Armenian language policy and government policy, the number of loan translations (calques), loan renditions, loan creations and hybrids are more than the number of loan words in Armenian medical terminology.

Music and sound of the 17th Century: Athanasius Kircher and his Phonosophia anacamptica

In the 17th Century many Physicists, Mathematicians and Musicians dealt with the experiences of harmony, music, and sound propagation in enclosed interior spaces. Among them, Athanasius Kircher was one of the most influential researchers of his time. Born in Geisa, Thüringia (Germany), he became a Jesuit in 1608 and spent a large part of his life in Rome, where he died in 1680. During his lifetime, he wrote several books spanning a wide range of topics, including sound, music, and acoustics. One of these, the Phonurgia Nova, published in 1673, was almost ignored for hundreds of years. Phonurgia Nova was translated from the original Latin. It consists of two different books, the Phonosophia nova and the Phonosophia anacamptica. The former deals with the influence of music on human beings whereas the latter analyses sound propagation in enclosed spaces. In this paper, the Authors present new achievements regarding some of the apparatuses that Kircher invented. Among all his marvelous sound machines, the Authors will describe some of Kircher’s items, including the tuba stentorophonica (the “loud trumpet”), the statua citofonica (the “talking statue”), the obiectum phonocampticum (the “phonocentric object”), the Ruota Cembalaria (the “sounding wheel”), the ancient Egyptian singing statue of Memnon, the Aeolian Harp, and the hydraulis (hydraulic organ). Some of these apparatuses were also recently partially realized by the Polish Pavilion during the Biennale of Venice in 2012, achieving a Special Mention from the international jury.

Analysis of Moldavian and Romanian Feminine Proper Names with Latin Origin

Analysis of Moldavian and Romanian Feminine Proper Names with Latin Origin