Orifice Diameter Research Articles

Study on the influence of different factors on the performance of centrifugal supergravity oil-water separator

As the development of oil fields progresses, an increasing number of fields are entering high water-cut stages.Onsite oil-water separation and wastewater reinjection are crucial for reducing water treatment loads and energy consumption in crude oil transportation. Traditional oil-water separators suffer from issues such as large size and low separation efficiency. Therefore, this paper investigates a highly efficient centrifugal supergravity oil-water separator. Numerical simulations examined the impact of flow parameters, structural parameters, and physical properties on the separator’s flow field and performance. The research findings reveal that the oil-water separation efficiency decreases with an increase in water content. As the inlet flow increased, the oil content at the water outlet continuously rose. With an increase in motor speed, the separation efficiency initially increased and then stabilized. Within the simulated range, the number of blades was positively correlated with the separation effect, while the blade ripple radius, oil density, and viscosity were negatively correlated with the separator's effectiveness. An increase in orifice diameter caused fluctuations in the separation effect and the oil content at the water outlet.

Optimizing diesel engine performance and emissions with diesel-hydrogen mixtures: Impact of injector configuration, angle, and pressure

Several factors affect engine performance, including fuel injection pressure, injection angle, and injector orifice diameter. Any deviation from normal conditions in any of these aspects can disrupt optimal engine performance, resulting in inefficient combustion and increased exhaust emissions. To investigate the effect of injector hole number, injection hole angle, and injection pressure on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine operating on a diesel/hydrogen blend (10 % hydrogen and 90 % diesel), a single-cylinder direct injection diesel engine was used. Three injector nozzle configurations just for diesel injector with different hole diameters (0.6, 0.3, and 0.2 mm) were used at injection angles of 0, 15, and 30 degrees, respectively. Three injection pressures (200, 400, and 600 bar) were tested, with results monitored for brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), smoke, and NOx emissions.Optimal results were achieved with a maximum injection pressure of 400 bar and a nozzle angle of 15 degrees, resulting in improved engine performance and BTE, along with a 6.5 % reduction in BSFC. Increasing the number of injector holes, injection pressure, and injection angle resulted in reduced BSFC and smoke emissions, but with a significant increase in NOx emissions. Notably, this study deviates from traditional combustion methods by introducing air from a 1.1-atmosphere tank instead of relying solely on natural intake. In addition, hydrogen fuel is introduced into the air manifold via a separate injector with an injection pressure of 20 bar, while diesel fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber.

Small cluster formation in a free argon jet

A free argon jet flow accompanied by small clusters formation is studied with the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. Some near-continuum flow regimes characterized by Knudsen numbers in the 2×10−4−2×10−3 range are considered. A model for the argon clusters' growth/decay is proposed, taking into account the phase state of the clusters. The model consists of a chain of reactions leading to the clusters' formation, including the clusters' growth via triple/pair collisions of particles, and the clusters decay according to the collisional/unimolecular mechanism. The cluster size distributions in the jet far field are obtained. The results are compared with two experimental datasets. Good agreement is shown for most of the considered range of parameters. The triple particle collisions' influence on the argon clusters growth process is studied, and their important role in small cluster formation is demonstrated. It has been established that the cluster formation process is limited to an enough small spatial zone near the source outlet, of the order of several exit orifice diameters. The simulation shows a significant influence of cluster formation on the temperature and Mach number distributions, and a weak influence on the flow velocity. The formed clusters' translational temperatures and their velocities are close to the argon atoms' corresponding parameters. A non-equilibrium state, featured by a significant difference between the clusters' internal temperatures and the flow temperature, develops with distance from the source outlet.

Investigation of anode diameter and keeper geometry influence on open-end emitter heaterless hollow cathode discharge

This study explores the impact of anode diameter, keeper-to-cathode distance, orifice diameter, and keeper thickness on the discharge characteristics of the open-end emitter heaterless hollow cathode. The study finds that the discharge voltage positively correlates with the cathode’s keeper orifice diameter, attributed to temperature and plasma drift resistance effects. The discharge voltage at 5 sccm and 4 A condition decreased by 4.9 V when the keeper orifice diameter was reduced by 2 mm. The keeper-to-cathode distance also plays a crucial role; shorter distances result in lower discharge voltage oscillations due to reduced ionization-like instabilities in the cathode plume. At 5 sccm and 4 A, the voltage oscillation decreased by 0.6 V when the keeper-to-cathode distance decreased by 4.8 mm. In high discharge current regimes, a thicker keeper orifice requires a higher voltage to sustain the discharge. At 5 sccm and 3 A, the discharge voltage with a 4.8 mm keeper thickness was marginally higher by 0.2 V compared to a 2 mm thickness, while at 6 A, this difference increased to 3.5 V. The findings offer insights into optimizing open-end emitter heaterless hollow cathode designs and lay the groundwork for future studies on cathode plume characteristics.

Effects of the nozzle design parameters on turbulent jet development of active pre-chamber

Active pre-chamber turbulent jet ignition is one of the most promising technologies for developing low- or zero-carbon engines. However, the relevant fundamental studies are far from adequate, particularly for the independent impact of the pre-chamber design parameters on the jet characteristics in the absence of combustion in the main chamber. In this study, the hot turbulent jet characteristics of the pre-chamber fueled with the premixed CH4-air are studied by the double-pass Schlieren imaging. The effects of the pre-chamber nozzle design parameters, including the orifice diameter, total orifice cross-sectional area, and orientation are clarified. The results reveal that the pressure difference between the pre-chamber and main chamber depends on the total orifice cross-sectional area. The effects of the orifice diameter and total orifice cross-sectional area on the penetration rate exhibit a trade-off relation, while the orifice diameter has a more pronounced effect on the hot jet projection area than the total orifice cross-sectional area. Compared to the inclined orifice, the penetration velocity of the straight orifice is faster at the initial hot jet ejection stage. These results are expected to be valuable references for the pre-chamber design and understanding of the ignition mechanisms of active pre-chamber.

Optical study on the single and multiple regions of flame propagation and combustion characteristics of methane/air mixture ignited by pilot diesel

The combustion characteristics of lean methane/air mixtures ignited by single and multiple diesel sprays were investigated using an optical RCEM test bench. The experimental approach included flame natural luminescence photography, pressure data acquisition, and heat release analysis. The results revealed that the relationships of ignition delay and orifice diameter varied under single diesel and dual fuel combustion mode. Under dual fuel mode, increasing the orifice diameter of the single-orifice nozzle resulted in a reduction in ignition delay, an acceleration in flame propagation, and an increase in the heat release rate. Increasing the number of orifices multiplied the flame regions, expanded the flame propagation pathways, and enhanced the promoting effect between the flames, resulting in faster flame propagation and increased heat release. The orifice axis angle significantly affected the ignition position and flame propagation direction. An appropriate axis angle would shorten the flame propagation distance, optimize the flame propagation direction and mitigate the impediment effect between flames.

Optimization and influence of oil supply parameters on oil capture characteristics of radial oil scoop for high-speed bearings

Radial under-race lubrication technology offers an innovative solution for high-speed bearings in aero-engines, aiming to minimize oil flow rate and engine power loss. This study, through experimental and CFD simulation methods, evaluates the entire operational process of radial under-race lubrication — capturing, delivering, and expelling oil. It elucidates the mechanisms through which oil supply parameters, particularly the orifice diameter, affect both oil capture efficiency and flow rate, while identifying the optimal range of orifice diameters under various oil supply conditions. An improper orifice diameter can reduce oil capture efficiency by up to 45 %. In engineering applications, achieving a higher oil capture flow rate may necessitate sacrificing a portion of oil capture efficiency. Optimized oil capture efficiency consistently exceeds 80 %, with a significant improvement of over 20 %. Owing to the competitive relationship between the relative error of oil supply and capture efficiency, it is necessary to reconcile these factors to achieve optimal performance.

Dynamic characteristic analysis and key parameter optimization of throttling orifice type air damping air spring

Abstract The unique hysteretic characteristic of rubber bellows and the nonlinear flow of internal airflow in the system results in the significant nonlinear dynamic characteristic of throttling orifice type air damping air springs (OADASs). To solve the problem of mathematical representation of dynamic characteristic and key parameters optimization of throttling OADAS, this paper comprehensively considers the hysteretic characteristic of rubber bellows under variable pressure, the nonlinear dynamic characteristic model and linear model of throttling OADAS are established based on the concepts of gas thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. The static and dynamic characteristic tests of the throttling OADAS are conducted, to verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed model, and to reveal the influence laws of excitation amplitude, excitation frequency, and throttling orifice diameter on the quantitative characterization indexes. Finally, a complete throttling orifice diameter optimization method is proposed based on the eight-degree-of-freedom model of the entire vehicle. Optimization results illustrate that the RMS values of the vertical acceleration of the body and the vertical acceleration of the driver are decreased by 19.02% and 38.44%, respectively. Overall, the outcomes of this paper can provide the design idea and theoretical basis for air damping matching and active suspension control.

The Influence of Pre-Chamber Parameters on the Performance of a Two-Stroke Marine Dual-Fuel Low-Speed Engine

With increasing environmental pollution from ship exhaust emissions and increasingly stringent International Maritime Organization carbon regulations, there is a growing demand for cleaner and lower-carbon fuels and near-zero-emission marine engines worldwide. Liquefied natural gas is a low-carbon fuel, and when liquefied natural gas (LNG) is used on ships, dual-fuel methods are often used. The pre-chamber plays a key role in the working process of dual-fuel engines. In this paper, an effective three-dimensional simulation model based on the actual operating conditions and structural characteristics of a marine low-pressure dual-fuel engine is established. In addition, the effects of changing the Precombustion chamber (PCC) volume ratio and the PCC orifice diameter ratio on the mixture composition, engine combustion performance, and pollutant generation were thoroughly investigated. It was found that a small PPC volume ratio resulted in a higher flame jet velocity, a shorter stagnation period, and an acceleration of the combustion process in the main combustion chamber. When the PCC volume was large, the Nitrogen oxygen (NOx) ratio emission was elevated. Moreover, the angle of the PCC orifice affected the flame propagation direction of the pilot fuel. Optimizing the angle of the PCC orifice can improve combustion efficiency and reduce the generation of NOx. Furthermore, reasonable arrangement of the PCC structure can improve the stability of ignition performance and accelerate the flame jet velocity.

Experimental investigation of the structure effects on the energy recovery and jet impinging process in a fast cooling Joule-Thomson cryocooler

Compared to other Joule-Thomson (J-T) refrigeration systems, open-cycle miniature J-T cryocoolers offer exceptional rapid cooling capabilities, making them ideal for applications such as infrared guidance in missiles. The energy recovery in the heat exchanger enables the refrigerant reach saturation temperature quickly and improve the jet liquefaction rate. The heat transfer intensity of the impinging jet determines the cooling rate of the target. Hence, heat recovery and the impact jet process are the primary factors behind this rapid cooling, with distinct roles that require separate consideration. The structural differences will directly affect the energy recovery and jet impact process. To investigate these affects, an experimental system for rapid cooling J-T cryocoolers was established and three distinct cryocoolers with substantial structural variations were designed. The important structures, including jet height, orifice diameter, enhanced heat transfer treatment of the cold plate, heat exchanger height, and heat exchanger cone angle, were closely studied. In the range of our experiments, it was found that larger heat exchanger cone angle leading better energy recovery performance, while the length of the heat exchanger is limited by the type of refrigerant. Longer heat exchanger actually introduce too much thermal mass for the refrigerant with better energy recovery performance. In the aspect of jet impingement, enhanced heat transfer treatment and larger jet height will improve the jet heat transfer intensity.

Correlation Between Dynamic Spray Plume and Drug Deposition of Solution-Based Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers.

Background: The lack of visual dynamic spray characterization has made the understanding of the physical processes governing atomization and drug particle formation difficult. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the spray plume morphology and aerodynamic particle size of solution-based pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) under different conditions to achieve better drug deposition. Methods: Solution-based pMDIs were studied, and the effects of various factors, such as propellant concentration, orifice diameters, and atomization chamber volume, on drug deposition were examined by analyzing the characteristics of spray plume and aerodynamic particle size. Results: Reducing the actuator orifice and spray area led to a concentrated spray plume and increased duration and speed. Moreover, the aerodynamic particle sizes D50 and D90 decreased, whereas D10 remained relatively unchanged. Decreasing the atomization chamber volume of the actuator led to reduced spray area and an increased duration but a decreased plume velocity. D90 exhibited a decreasing trend, whereas D10 and D50 remained relatively unchanged. Reducing the propellant concentration in the prescription, the spray area and the plume velocity first decreased and then increased. The duration initially increased and then decreased. The values of D50 and D90 showed an initial decreasing followed by an increasing trend, whereas D10 remained relatively unchanged. Conclusions: During the development process, attention should be paid to the changes in the spray area, spray angle, duration, and speed of the spray plume. This study recommended analyzing the characteristics of the spray plume and combining the data of two or more aerodynamic particle size detection methods to verify the deposition in vitro to achieve rapid screening and obtain high lung deposition invivo.

A novel technique for the single-port laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (SLPEC) of paediatric isolated giant inguinal hernias using double-modified hernia needles

The objective was to explore the efficacy of single-port laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure using double-modified hernia needles with hydrodissection (SLPEC group) and two-port laparoscopic percutaneous extraperitoneal closure (TLPEC group) for the treatment of giant indirect inguinal hernias in children. We performed a retrospective review of all children with giant indirect inguinal hernias (inner ring orifice diameter ≥ 1.5 cm) who underwent laparoscopic high ligation of the hernia sac at FuJian Children’s Hospital from January 2019 to December 2021. We collected data from the medical records of all the children and analysed their clinical characteristics and operation-related and follow-up information. Overall, this study included a cohort of 219 patients with isolated giant inguinal hernias who had complete clinical data and who had undergone laparoscopic high ligation of the hernia sac at our centre. All procedures were successfully performed for the 106 patients who underwent SLPEC and for the 113 patients who underwent TLPEC at our centre. There were no statistically significant differences in patient age, sex, body weight, follow-up time or the side of inguinal hernia between the SLPEC group and the TLPEC group (P = 0.123, 0.613, 0.121, 0.076 and 0.081, respectively). However, there were significant differences in the bleeding volume, visual analogue scale (VAS) score, and postoperative activity time between the two groups (P ≤ 0.001). The operation times in the TLPEC group were significantly longer than those in the SLPEC group (P = 0.048), but there were no significant differences in hospital length of stay or hospitalization costs between the two groups (P = 0.244 and 0.073, respectively). Incision scars were found in 2 patients in the SLPEC group and 9 patients in the TLPEC group, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.04). However, the incidence of ipsilateral hernia recurrence, surgical site infection, suture-knot reactions and chronic inguinodynia did not significantly differ between the two groups (P = 0.332, 0.301, 0.332 and 0.599, respectively). Postoperative hydrocele occurred in only 1 male child in the SLPEC group and in no male children in the TLPEC group, and there was no difference between the two groups (P = 0.310). In this study, there were no cases of testicular atrophy or iatrogenic ascent of the testis. Compared with the TLPEC group, the SLPEC group had the advantages of a concealed incision, light scarring, minimal invasiveness, a reduced operation time, minimal bleeding, mild pain and rapid recovery. In conclusion, SLPEC using double-modified hernia needles with hydrodissection and high ligation of the hernia sac is a safe, effective and minimally invasive surgery. The cosmetic results are impressive, and the follow-up results are promising.

Numerical research on the flow and heat transfer characteristics in the immersion jet cooling for servers

Immersion cooling and jet impingement liquid cooling, as two of the significant emerging direct contact liquid cooling methods, have promising prospects for development and application. The two cooling methods are combined and numerical simulation is applied to study the heat transfer performance of the immersion jet-cooled server. The orthogonal method is employed to determine the optimal structural parameters of the immersion jet, and the flow and heat transfer characteristics under different inlet and outlet layouts are investigated. The study shows that the optimal heat dissipation effect and moderate pressure are achieved when the ratio of jet distance (L) to jet pipe diameter (D) is 1.2, and the ratio of jet hole spacing to jet orifice diameter is 11.1. When the inlet and outlet of the cabinet are arranged in a Z-shaped layout, the pressure on the server surface is reduced by 17.1 %–31.6 % compared to a U-shaped layout. When the inlet and outlet of the cabinet are arranged in a Z-shaped manner with the inlet at the bottom and the outlet at the top, the highest heat transfer coefficient is over 24000 W/(m2· K), which is approximately 1.5 times higher than that of other layouts. Through dimensional analysis, a quadratic function was selected to fit the relationship between heat transfer coefficient h, server pressure P and jet ratio (D/L), opening area A; In addition, the criterion relationship of Nu = f (Re, Eu) is fitted according to the simulation data, which provides a theoretical basis for energy saving and consumption reduction in data centers.

Experimental and simulation investigation of jet characteristics during the accidental release of high-pressure CO2 with different diameter leakage orifice

Understanding the near-field characteristics of leakage is essential for safety distance calculations and risk assessment of emergency response to a pipeline leakage. This paper presents a small-scale experiment and computational fluid dynamics model designed to investigate the transient characteristics of near-field parameters. The study also analyzes the effects of leakage orifice diameter on the transient characteristics of the near-field. The results show that a pipeline leak starts with the formation of a compression wave, which causes the air at the front of the stream to be compressed, heated and pressurized. CO2 is then released at high pressure, creating a strong expansion wave that keeps the fluid pressure below local atmospheric levels. For full-hole and large-hole leaks, the temperature drop and rate show a negative linear correlation with the size of the leak hole. Conversely, for small hole leaks with the ratio of hole diameter to pipe diameter values below 0.2, the temperature drop shows an opposite trend. As the ratio of hole diameter to pipe diameter values increases, the maximum diameter of the barrel drum-shaped disk gradually increases, but the maximum expansion angle of the jet decreases. It is hoped that this work will contribute to the improvement of research models that assess the consequences of potential high-pressure pipeline rupture scenarios.

Optimization of Spray Characteristics of Full Cone Nozzles Used in Pesticide Application Using the Taguchi Method

The present study aims to reduce the amount of pesticide that can be released into environment, soil, air, and water by minimizing the type of nozzle and the use of excess pesticides by making use of the Taguchi method. For this purpose, studies were carried out to determine the spray characteristics of the pesticide. The sodium fluorescein was used in the experiments. In this study, the effects of the nozzle-to-surface distance (spray height), spray pressure, nozzle orifice diameter, and nozzle position angle on the droplet diameter and flow characteristics were investigated using the Taguchi method. The mean diameter values were determined first. Then, the volumetric median diameter (VMD) was considered as performance parameter and L9(34) orthogonal sequence was chosen as the experimental plan for four parameters that were determined. Calculating the VMD considered as the performance characteristics, optimum results were obtained using 6 bar spray pressure, 100 mm spray height, 30o nozzle position angle, and 1.10 mm nozzle orifice diameter. The VMD values were calculated using the image processing method and the effects of the parameters on the droplet diameter were interpreted using charts.

Research on Design and Optimization of Micro-Hole Aerostatic Bearing in Vacuum Environment

Micro-hole aerostatic bearings are important components in micro-low-gravity simulation of aerospace equipment, and the accuracy of micro-low-gravity simulation tests is affected by them. In order to eliminate the influence of air resistance on the attitude control accuracy of remote sensing satellites and achieve high fidelity of micro-low-gravity simulation tests, in this study, a design and parameter optimization method was proposed for micro-hole aerostatic bearings for a vacuum environment. Firstly, the theoretical analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of various bearing parameters and external conditions on the bearing load capacity and mass flow. Subsequently, a function model describing the variation in bearing load capacity and mass flow with bearing parameters was obtained utilizing a BP neural network. The parameters of aerostatic bearings in a vacuum environment were optimized using the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) with the objectives of maximizing the load capacity and minimizing the mass flow. Subsequently, experimental tests were conducted on the optimized bearings in both atmospheric and vacuum conditions to evaluate their load capacity and mass flow. The results show that in a vacuum environment, the load capacity and mass flow of aerostatic bearings are increased compared to those in standard atmospheric conditions. Furthermore, it has been determined that the optimal solution for the bearing’s load capacity and mass flow occurs when the bearing has an orifice aperture of 0.1 mm, 36 holes, and an orifice distribution diameter of 38.83 mm. The corresponding load capacity and mass flow are 460.644 N and 11.816 L/min, respectively. The experimental and simulated errors are within 10%; thus, the accuracy of the simulation is verified.

Prolonged Operation of Hydro-Accumulators in VVER-1000/V446 Considering Flow Restriction Components

Hydro-accumulators, as a passive part of the emergency core cooling system, have been upgraded in different types of VVER-1000s. The number and performance of these systems are modified in newer types of VVER-1000s to operate at different pressures and flow rates. The VVER-1000/446, as a distinguished design from the old generation (VVER-1000/320), utilizes two stages of hydro-accumulators. The second-stage accumulators (SSAs) are dedicated to improving the performance of the VVER-1000/446 under design extension conditions (DECs) and delaying the onset of core damage. During the upgrading of the VVER-1000/446, some orifices have been embedded as flow restriction components (FRCs) on the injection line of the SSAs to increase the water injection time during DECs. This paper aims to assess the performance of the SSAs according to their orifice diameter changes during median-break (MB)– and large-break (LB)–loss-of-coolant accidents (LOCAs). Several cases of FRC arrangements were investigated to demonstrate the core damage times during MB-LOCA (200-mm break) and LB-LOCA (400-mm break) scenarios. The results show that although the current size of the installed FRCs on the VVER-1000/446 is quite suitable for the MB-LOCA, it is not a proper choice for the LB-LOCA. Therefore, this demonstrates that the core damage time is highly dependent on the FRC size arrangement. This paper indicates an arrangement of FRCs that can modify the plant’s response in both MB and LB LOCAs without active injections. Therefore, as an additional finding, the sequential arrangement of FRCs can increase plant resilience against a broad range of LOCAs without operating active emergency cooling systems.

Study on Spray Characteristics and 0-D Model of Marine Injector with Large Orifice Diameter

ABSTRACT Low carbon, cleanliness and efficiency are the three key challenges facing the development of diesel engines. Biodiesel is a crucial step in the transition from fossil fuels to zero-carbon fuels. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of injection pressure and ambient pressure on the biodiesel spray characteristics of a marine large orifice diameter injector. Injection mass has a nonlinear relationship with short injection duration and a linear relationship with long injection duration. Increasing the injection pressure shortens the nonlinear stage and enhances the linear effect. When the injection pressure is increased from 35 MPa to 140 MPa, the injection delay is shortened by 10% (2.5 ms), and the diameter nozzle has almost unaffected on the injection delay. The Arai model was revised based on experimental data to improve its prediction effect on sprays with large nozzle diameters. The new model considers the effects of fuel density and ambient density on penetration before and after breakup, respectively. The penetration of the new model is still proportional to time of after start of injection (t) before the breakup and proportional to t0.6 after the breakup. Increasing the ambient pressure enhances the influence of injection conditions on dimensionless penetration. Compared with the Arai model, the new model reduces the sensitivity of the dimensionless penetration to the injection pressure. Research on biodiesel spray and spray models under large nozzle diameter conditions will be of great help to the application of low-carbon and clean fuels in marine diesel engines.

Sensitivity analysis of influencing factors in large oscillation hydraulic transient process of pumped storage power station

Abstract The calculation of large oscillation transition process is of great significance for pumped storage power station, which is beneficial for ensuring the safe of the power station and extending the lifespan of the unit. Due to the presence of inertia in water and rotating components of the unit, as well as energy imbalance in the system, hydraulic transients will cause drastic changes in water pressure in the waterway system and unit speed, resulting in a sharp increase or decrease in pressure and a sharp change in unit speed, endangering the operational safety of the power plant and affecting the lifespan of the unit. It is necessary to optimize the layout of water conveyance system, basic parameters of units, and the closing law of guide vanes through calculation and analysis of large oscillation transition processes. Relying on a pumped storage power station in Guizhou, this paper analysis the sensitivity of the factors affecting the calculation results of the large oscillation transition process, such as runner characteristics, guide vane closing law, moment of inertia GD2, surge chamber diameter and restricted orifice size, to provide reference for similar projects.

An Adjustable Pneumatic Planter with Reduced Source Vibration for Better Precision in Field Seeding.

The growing demand for agricultural output and limited resources encourage precision applications to generate higher-order output by utilizing minimal inputs of seed, fertilizer, land, and water. An electronically operated planter was developed, considering problems like ground-wheel skidding, field vibration, and the lack of ease in field adjustments of ground-wheel-driven seed-metering plates. The seed-metering plate of each unit of the developed planter is individually driven by a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor, and a BLDC motor-based aspirator is attached for pneumatic suction of seeds. The revolutions per minute (RPM) of the seed-metering plate are controlled by a microcontroller as per the received data relating to RPM from the ground wheel and the current RPM of the seed-metering plate. A feedback loop with proportional integral derivative (PID) control is responsible for reducing the error. Additionally, each row unit is attached to a parallelogram-based depth control system that can provide depth between 0 and 100 mm. The suction pressure in each unit is regulated as per seed type using the RPM control knob of an individual BLDC motor-based aspirator. The row-to-row spacing can be changed from 350 mm to any desired spacing. The cotton variety selected for the study was RCH 659, and the crucial parameters like orifice size, vacuum pressure, and forward speed were optimized in the laboratory with the adoption of a central composite rotatable design. An orifice diameter of 2.947 mm with vacuum pressure of 3.961 kPa and forward speed of 4.261 km/h was found optimal. A quality feed index of 93% with a precision index of 8.01% was observed from laboratory tests under optimized conditions. Quality feed index and precision index values of 88.8 and 12.75%, respectively, were obtained from field tests under optimized conditions.