HRMARS - This paper explores the integration of manufacturing operational potential research towards fulfilling supply chain closed-loop operations. A schematic research approach on the previous literature review is performed to identify the possibility of supply chain management integration starting from outsourcing decision. It also focusses on the simulation approach in addressing core supply chain management challenges such as production layout, product strategy, volume and variety. The paper also highlights the limitations of current simulation practices, including lack of contextualization, limited strategic focus, and insufficient integration with appropriate technologies and substantial government policies. To address these gaps, a manufacturing operation tree diagram is proposed, incorporating manufacturing operation considerations as organizational structure. This diagram aims to guide future research toward more realistic, validated, and industry-relevant simulation models in manufacturing operational research. By aligning simulation techniques with strategic manufacturing norms, the study contributes to the development of agile, resilient, and data-driven supply chains. The findings offer valuable insights for both academics and practitioners seeking to enhance supply chain performance through simulation-driven analysis and planning.

AI tech gets thoroughly rooted in company functions, and when it starts blending into human resource stuff, big changes happen to organizations, but it's mostly on the micro effects of singular AI tools. It doesn't look at how many org conditions together would affect change. This study bridges this gap by probing how configurations, made up of embedded technology depth, the cross-disciplinary area of human resources, organizational support structure, and data governance development, bring about those good organizational results. Using fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis on 6 different companies from different sectors, the research found that there are 3 equifinal pathways to substantial transformation: strategically led deep transformation, business-collaborative agile evolution, or data-driven progressive improvement. Organizational support became a necessary foundation condition. Strong cross-function collaboration and strong data governance can make up for a slightly shallower technology embedding. And provides configurational theories to the knowledge of AI-HRM literature and helps the managers make changes in organizations with AI.

Purpose: The objective of this study is Assistance in the management of the Al-Amin Islamic Majelis Ta’lim program to improve the Fiqh literacy of the people of Kediri City, and to explore the background of these activities and the factors that support and hinder their implementation. Method: The community service method in this research adopts the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach, a model of community empowerment that emphasizes the use of community assets and potential to improve their quality of life. Practical Applications: his management mentoring activity for the Majelis Ta’lim (Islamic study group) has successfully had a positive impact on community life, faith, and ways of thinking. The religious teachings provided enhance understanding of religious principles, Islamic law, and community moral values; this, in turn, helps strengthen faith and belief. Conclusion: The ABCD approach has proven effective in driving behavioral change and sustainably enhancing community capacity, starting with asset mapping and potential management, implementation, and evaluation. Majelis Ta’lim activities have been organized through the development of an organizational structure where management roles are assigned according to each individual's expertise and through the development of activity plans through deliberations involving various stakeholders.

IntroductionTimely access to primary care is essential for Medicare beneficiaries. Amid growing workforce shortages and consolidation, little is known about whether and how organizational and market-level factors affect access.MethodsWe conducted a simulated-patient study of 444 primary care clinics in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and Portland to measure acceptance of new Medicare patients and wait times to the earliest appointment.ResultsOverall, 77.5% of clinics accepted new Medicare patients, ranging from 96.9% in Los Angeles to just 35.0% in Portland. Among accepting clinics, median wait times for a physician varied from 8 days in New York City to 61 days in Portland. In adjusted analyses, each additional practice site was associated with a 1.5–percentage-point lower probability of accepting new Medicare patients (P < 0.001), and hospital or health system–affiliated practices had waits about 15 days longer than independent practices, with prolonged delays concentrated in Portland.ConclusionsFindings highlight the importance of local organizational structure and market context in shaping access, with implications for workforce planning and access monitoring.

The performance of Islamic banks should not be assessed solely through financial indicators but also through their ability to realize ethical values and public welfare as reflected in the Maqashid Shariah framework. However, empirical studies that komprehensif eously examine the role of Intellectual Capital and Sharia Compliance in explaining Maqashid Shariah Performance (MSP) remain limited. This study aims to analyze the influence of key components of Intellectual Capital and the level of Sharia Compliance on the variation of MSP in Indonesian Islamic commercial banks. Using panel data from 2013–2023, the research employs a quantitative approach based on secondary data extracted from annual reports of Islamic banks. The findings indicate that human capital efficiency and structural capital contribute significantly to the achievement of Maqashid, while capital employed and sharia compliance do not exhibit meaningful effects. The moderation analysis further reveals that only the interaction between sharia compliance and structural capital strengthens MSP. These results highlight that the realization of Maqashid relies more on internal systems, human resource competence, and organizational structure rather than solely on formal compliance practices. This study contributes to the development of maqashid-based performance evaluation and provides practical implications for Islamic banks to enhance governance and internalization of sharia values.

ABSTRACT This study extends Strategic Ambiguity Theory by exploring how institutional characteristics influence social media engagement in higher education. Using Instagram data from 25 U.S. universities with high international student enrollment (2023–2024), it examines the effects of institutional type, follower count, and posting frequency on two metrics: engagement rate per follower and per post, representing relational depth and content amplification. Analyses employed t tests, Spearman correlations, and multiple regression. Findings reveal no significant difference in posting frequency between public and private universities, indicating convergence in posting practices. Public universities achieved higher engagement per follower and, after controlling for audience size, higher engagement per post. Follower count showed a dual effect: negatively predicting engagement per follower but positively predicting engagement per post, underscoring a trade-off between efficiency and reach. Posting frequency neither improved engagement per post nor enhanced engagement per follower, suggesting limited value in volume-based strategies. Theoretically, these results support Strategic Ambiguity Theory by demonstrating how organizational structure and audience scale condition engagement outcomes in platform-based communication environments. By linking institutional identity to observable audience response, the study positions Strategic Ambiguity Theory as a viable middle-range framework for integrating organizational features, platform dynamics, and stakeholder engagement in digital strategic communication.

The purpose of the research. Development of a set of business requirements for the software of digital educational platforms, intended for the formation and implementation of networked educational programs in continuing professional education. Research methods. The study employed methods of comparative analysis and decomposition. Analysis of the regulatory framework and scientific literature resulted in the identification of key characteristics of the network form of educational program implementation. A comparative analysis of seven russian-developed educational platforms was conducted to assess their support for these characteristics. Based on the identified limitations of existing solutions, a set of business requirements was formulated. Results. Five key characteristics of the network form of educational program implementation were identified (shared resource pool, heterogeneous modules, flexible organizational structure, integration with the labor market, personalized learning), distinguishing it from traditional models of network education organization. The comparative analysis revealed incomplete support for these characteristics by modern platforms, particularly regarding the flexible organization structure. Based on these characteristics, a set of five business requirements (business requirements - 1 – business requirements - 5) for the architecture of network digital educational platforms was formulated, aimed at ensuring horizontal network interaction, modular program assembly, and dynamic adaptation of educational trajectories. Conclusion. The developed set of business requirements provides a methodological foundation for designing a new class of information systems – network digital educational platforms – that overcome the technological gap between existing solutions and the needs of networked continuing professional education organization. The requirements have an engineering nature and can be used for drafting technical specifications when creating specific platforms that realize the advantages of network form of educational program implementation.

Background and ObjectiveThe similarities in organizational structure and microenvironment between the brain and kidneys suggest the potential utility of kidney biomarkers in the detection of cerebrovascular diseases. Cystatin C (CysC) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), well-established sensitive biomarkers of kidney injury, may also recognize as indicators of neuroinflammation. However, their diagnostic capabilities for ischemic stroke (IS) attacks under different kidney function states remain unclear. This case-control study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum kidney biomarkers for ischemic stroke (IS) attack, with focus on NGAL and CysC.MethodsA total of 498 patients with first IS attack, 173 patients with risk-related diseases (designated as the disease control [DC] group), and 293 healthy subjects (serving as the healthy control [HC] group) were enrolled. A comprehensive comparative analysis was performed to examine the associations between common kidney biomarkers (Specifically, NGAL and CysC) and IS.ResultsSerum NGAL levels were significantly elevated in patients with first IS compared with both the HC group (z=5.964, P<0.001) and the DC group (z=12.191, P<0.001). In contrast, serum CysC levels were significantly higher in these patients relative to the HC group (z=5.762, P<0.001), but no statistically significant difference was observed when compared with the DC group (z=1.663, P=0.289). Partial correlation analysis revealed: 1) among IS patients with normal kidney function, NGAL exhibited the strongest partial correlation with IS (rpartial=0.341, P<0.001), whereas the other four kidney markers showed no statistically significant association (all P>0.05); 2) among IS patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), CysC showed the highest partial correlation (rpartial=0.460, P<0.001), followed by estimated glomerular filtration rate (rpartial=−0.373, P<0.001), creatinine (rpartial=0.279, P<0.001), NGAL (rpartial=0.233, P<0.001), and urea (rpartial=0.182, P<0.001). Stratified multiple linear regression analysis based on kidney impairment demonstrated: 1) in patients with preserved kidney function, only NGAL was correlated with IS risk (OR=6.54, P<0.001), with moderate diagnostic effect (AUC=0.734, P<0.001); and 2) for CKD patients, CysC outperformed NGAL in diagnosing IS attack, demonstrating a stronger correlation with IS risk (OR=5.97, P<0.001) and a higher discriminatory ability (AUC=0.835, P<0.001).ConclusionIS is intricately linked to both kidney injury and neuroinflammation. NGAL and CysC serve as appropriate biomarkers for diagnosing IS attack in patients with normal kidney function and those with CKD, respectively. Respective monitoring of CysC and NGAL in individuals with and without CKD could facilitate early diagnosis, prevention and targeted management of stroke in high-risk populations.

Tandemly repeated satellite DNAs (satDNAs) are among the most copious sequences of eukaryotic genomes. They often reside in centromeric regions, but their diversity among different organisms obscures the properties that centromere-competent satDNAs should possess. Here, we explore the satellitome of the satDNA-rich flour beetle Tribolium madens. By combining short-read Illumina and long-read PacBio HiFi sequencing, we identify 124 satDNAs comprising 41.4% of the genome. We find that 38% of the genome sequence originates from a ~ 110 bp element that gives rise to two distinct satDNAs, the major and minor satellites, which occupy multi-megabase regions likely encompassing (peri)centromeres of all chromosomes. Fine-scale analysis of long-range organization reveals that intermingled arrays of the major and minor satDNAs are arranged in macro-dyad symmetries with the potential to form hairpin or cruciform structures spanning tens of kilobases. The inversion sites within macro-dyad symmetries and the transition zones between the major and minor satDNA arrays are highly conserved, indicating structural significance. The organization of the Tribolium madens putative (peri)centromeric satDNAs is comparable to that of the closely related Tribolium freemani and Tribolium castaneum, whose completely different dominant satDNAs also incline toward macro-dyad symmetries. We propose that satDNA-related macro-dyad symmetries may affect the organization of (peri)centromeric chromatin, potentially also influencing centromere specification. The analogous pattern in congeners suggests that such symmetries are an intrinsic feature of Tribolium (peri)centromeric regions, implying that repeat organization and potential non-canonical DNA structures could be functionally more significant than the primary sequence of satDNA repeats.

This study aims to explore the organizational design strategy of clinics in facing global changes that increasingly demand adaptability, efficiency, and service quality improvement. The research was conducted using a descriptive qualitative method through interviews with three clinic staff who provided in-depth insights regarding internal adjustments to technological, managerial, and human resource aspects. The data were analyzed thematically to identify patterns of organizational adaptation in clinical settings. The results indicate that clinics have begun to implement a more flexible organizational structure, encourage digital transformation in service delivery, and improve employee competence through continuous training. Furthermore, the study found that the ability to manage human resources effectively and integrate digital systems plays a central role in sustaining performance amid global change. The findings contribute to understanding how small- and medium-scale health organizations can redesign their structures to remain competitive and responsive to dynamic external environments. In conclusion, organizational design strategies that emphasize agility, digital integration, and participatory leadership can enhance the resilience and sustainability of clinical institutions.

The implementation of digital health technologies (DHTs) is a strategic priority for many health systems, yet integrating them into routine clinical use remains challenging. While numerous studies explore DHT adoption, few provide a comprehensive perspective across technologies and stakeholder groups. This review synthesises the most prevalent barriers and facilitators to DHT implementation in high-income healthcare settings. A scoping review was conducted following Joanna Briggs Institute and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Publications from 2019 to 2024 reporting barriers or facilitators to DHT implementation in upper-middle and high-income countries were identified through systematic searches in PubMed and Scopus. An inductive approach guided iterative coding and thematic categorisation. Findings were synthesised based on frequency, overlap, and variation across technologies and stakeholder groups. From 15,327 unique records screened, 238 publications were included. In total, 2538 barriers and 1433 facilitators were identified, grouped into three overarching dimensions: human and social dynamics, organisational structure and management, and infrastructure and data security. Human and social factors such as resistance to change, scepticism, and limited digital literacy were the most frequently reported across the majority of technologies and stakeholder groups. Organisational barriers, including funding constraints, workflow misalignment, and limited leadership engagement, along with infrastructure-related challenges such as poor usability, data privacy concerns, and interoperability issues, were also substantial but were comparatively less frequent. Patterns varied by technology type (e.g., telehealth, mobile health apps, AI tools) and stakeholder group (e.g., healthcare professionals, health system managers, users of health services), highlighting the complex, context-dependent nature of DHT implementation. Successful DHT implementation demands more than technical readiness. It requires organisational leadership, robust infrastructure, and system-wide alignment. While human and social dynamics remain central, leadership, resource allocation, and robust infrastructures are equally critical. Current evidence often underemphasises structural barriers such as governance gaps, misaligned incentives, and technical limitations. Sustainable digital transformation requires a balanced approach combining top-down strategic guidance for regulatory clarity with bottom-up engagement to foster cultural change. Future research should operationalise governance strategies, leadership practices, and monitoring indicators that support long-term digital health integration. A prospective protocol was uploaded to the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/vr7d9/ ( https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VR7D9 ).

This study evaluates the impact of implementing progression-of-care huddles on diagnosis and discharge times. It contributes to understanding how adaptive coordination among healthcare professionals enhances decision-making and streamlines care transitions. Guided by coordination theory, this study tests hypotheses using negative binomial regression models applied to 6,794 patient episodes from two observation wards in a U.S. hospital over 14months. The analysis compares pre- and post-huddle periods, controlling for patient and operational factors, with outcomes including time to diagnosis and discharge. Huddles reduced diagnostic decision time by 14%. The impact on post-diagnosis discharge time was only significant for patients discharged to a facility, resulting in a 39% reduction. Effectiveness was contingent on organizational structure: the impact was reduced within focused units. In contrast, huddling remained equally effective in the presence of clinical protocols. Huddles did not compromise care quality, as 30-day readmission rates remained unchanged. The findings show that communication structures can partly substitute for specialization. Protocols and huddling operate as complementary systems to jointly manage uncertainty and complexity. Huddles are particularly effective when intricate workflow interdependencies constrain the speed of decision-making. Healthcare organizations can benefit from huddles even when clinical protocols are implemented. The study advances research on care huddles by demonstrating that high-frequency huddles enhance decision-making in dynamic healthcare environments. It offers insights into how huddles can complement or substitute other organizational mechanisms and demonstrates their capacity to provide adaptive coordination even without dedicated teams.

The study aims to assess the reality of strategic clarity in sustainable development within selected Iraqi universities by measuring dimensions such as clarity of activities, purpose, ref-erences, organizational structure, leadership roles, and staff roles. The study also explores the differences between public and private universities, focusing on academic leadership and analyzing them using statistical methods. The study highlights gaps in strategic clarity and their impact on sustainability. The study targeted leaders (deans, assistant deans, and department heads) from six univer-sities: three public universities (Tikrit, Kirkuk, and Northern Technical University) and three private universities (Al-Kitab, Al-Qalam, and Imam Jaafar Al-Sadiq). 259 responses were collected via an online questionnaire, reflecting a relatively good level of overall strategic clarity. The scientific value of the study is determined by addressing the knowledge gap by focusing on academic leadership and using advanced statistical methods. The results contrib-ute to providing practical insights for improving resource management and enhancing strate-gic planning in educational institutions. The results showed no statistically significant differ-ences in most dimensions except for resource clarity. Private universities have outperformed public universities, which face challenges in allocating resources due to their flexible funding and administrative independence.

Robotic liver surgery has gradually increased within the realm of minimally invasive hepatobiliary surgery; nevertheless, worldwide adoption rates, educational systems, and thought processes are various. An online worldwide survey was devised to collect data from hepatobiliary surgeons with experience or interests in robotic liver surgery. The design explores the use of robotic platforms, adoption rate, learning opportunities, learning curves, procedural options based on complexity, safety in perioperative phases, and limiting factors. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze the collected responses. The da Vinci platform is the most commonly used, while the new systems are still in the early adoption stages. Variability of use patterns has been identified. Structured learning, including simulation, proctoring, and learning at a second console, has been identified as essential to ensure safe adoption. The learning curve is a multi-step process that is dependent on procedure type, inherent surgical skills, and prior training. The laparoscopic, robotic, and open methods are considered to be relatively similar in low-complexity resections, while robotic, open, or a combination of robotic or open would be preferred for directing posterosuperior, major hepatectomy, as well as reconstruction cases, respectively. Robotic liver surgery is gradually being adopted within the realm of hepatobiliary surgery, but has been unevenly distributed. Uniform models of training, organizational structure, and equal availability of systems are essential factors that define how such systems are expanded.

Purpose The objective of this study is to examine the impact of mental health on managers’ performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in an emerging market called Iran both during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, this paper studies mediating role of corporate strategy on mental health and management performance. Third, the current study aims to investigate whether the emotional intelligence (EI) moderates this relationship. Design/methodology/approach The questionnaire tool is used to measure our variables including mental health, EI, corporate strategy and managerial performance. The authors collected the data from 384 managers in SMEs. To analyze the data, the study employs structural equation modeling with a partial least squares method while incorporating Random Forest, the Sobel Z-test and multi-gross analysis to evaluate the differences between pandemic and post-pandemic periods. Findings Consistent with the upper echelons theory, the results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between mental health and SME managerial performance, which is mediated by corporate strategy. In other words, improved mental well-being enables SME managers to thoroughly analyze various aspects and contingencies, including the organizational structure, the economic climate of the country and internal capabilities and challenges, so they can adopt a fitting strategy leading to the economic prosperity of the company. Notably, the postcrisis performance was most strongly predicted by corporate strategy which also dealt with the prolonged impact of the pandemic further intensified by ongoing sanctions. Moreover, the findings confirm the moderating impact of EI on the relationship between mental health and managers’ performance. This means that managers with high in EI generally have a positive perspective towards tackling challenges, interpreting them as chances rather than stressors, so that they are empowered to provide competent decision-making in challenging situations. As a brief note, this article demonstrates the significant psychological stress experienced by Iranian SME managers as a result of the persistent financial instability through sanctions, inflation and political unrest. Mental health and high EI for managerial performance will still be important after the end of the pandemic. Practical implications The study provides a powerful message for SME board members to do a greater job of addressing the mental health and EI of their managers when the market becomes tough so they can safeguard financial resources in order to keep a company’s value. The paper states that SMEs can learn some specific ways to nurture the mental health of their managers that would facilitate sound decision-making and leadership ability, enhance organizational productivity and increase organizational growth. Originality/value Whereas most previous studies focused on the employee’s mental health, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is one of the first to focus on the CEO mental health as a determinant of performance in an emerging market experiencing the greatest stressors, addressing the research gap at the level of managers. Finally, the study contributes a thorough comprehension of how the relationship is in general affected by the moderating effects of EI and the mediating effect of corporate strategy.

The integration of information technology is reshaping the organizational structure and management of schools. In this context, as the key link between senior managers and teachers, middle leaders face increasing responsibilities and challenges. However, systematic research on them is still limited. This article reviews 29 empirical and review articles in the Web of Science and Scopus databases from 2020 to 2025, focusing on the definition, roles, and challenges of middle leaders. The study found that middle leaders are both educators, executors, and change agents, but they generally face problems of role ambiguity, insufficient resources, and imbalance of power and responsibility. Although few studies have directly explored their digital capabilities, most literature still implies that they need to be highly adaptable in technology integration and organizational reform. Future research should further focus on their development paths and support mechanisms in the context of digitalization.

Purpose Hydropower engineering-procurement-construction (EPC) megaprojects are characterized by persistent coordination and integration challenges within project consortia. This study aims to examine the critical governance factors that influence internal coordination and integration and explore how these factors interact to shape sustainable value co-creation. Design/methodology/approach Employing an exploratory dual-case study grounded in value co-creation theory and the relational coordination framework, this study analyzed primary and secondary data from two representative hydropower EPC megaprojects. Grounded theory methodology with substantive coding was applied to extract critical factors of integrated governance. Findings This study presents a theoretical framework that explains the critical governance factors influencing sustainable value co-creation in hydropower EPC megaprojects. The framework identifies four interdependent governance dimensions that form a self-reinforcing cycle. Capability configuration provides the foundation for value co-creation, organizational structure safeguards value distribution, relational collaboration underpins sustainability and institutional environment accelerates value realization, collectively forming the capability–organization–relationship–environment (CORE) framework. Originality/value This study extends corporate governance theory to the unique joint venture (JV) structure in hydropower EPC megaprojects. It contributes a qualitatively grounded, four-dimensional governance framework that advances understanding of consortium integration and offers practical insights into how EPC consortia can be governed to support sustainable value co-creation in complex infrastructure projects.

Objective: This study investigates the key factors that encourage employees to participate in knowledge-sharing activities to improve the performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia. Research Design &amp; Methods: The research employed a quantitative explanatory design with a cross-sectional survey approach. Primary data were collected from 374 MSME owners in the food and beverage sector. The proposed research model and hypothesised relationships were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings: The results show that tacit and explicit knowledge sharing are influenced by different determinants and lead to different performance outcomes. Trust and employee attitudes strongly promote tacit knowledge sharing, which positively affects marketing performance. Conversely, explicit knowledge sharing is mainly shaped by trust and organisational structure and has a greater impact on financial performance. Overall, the findings illustrate various mechanisms through which knowledge-sharing practices enhance MSME performance. Implications &amp; Recommendations: The study offers useful insights for policymakers in designing policies that support knowledge-sharing initiatives among MSMEs. These policies may help enterprises improve operational efficiency, reduce costs, and increase profitability. In addition, this research contributes to the knowledge management literature by proposing a model specifically suited to the Indonesian MSME context. Contribution &amp; Value Added: By distinguishing between tacit and explicit knowledge sharing, this study extends existing research through an empirical model that demonstrates how different organisational and individual factors shape knowledge-sharing behaviour and generate varied performance outcomes, thereby reinforcing knowledge management theory in small business settings.

Purpose Integrating theories of environmental and organizational design, this purpose of this study to examine the mediating effect of a firm’s absorptive capacity (ACAP) on the relationship between external organizational environment and internal organizational structure. Design/methodology/approach The authors investigate a data set of 347 multisectoral industrial firms in South Korea. The results from composite-based structural equation modeling (CSEM) analysis support the mediating effect of ACAP in external organizational environment – internal organizational structure link. Findings The findings underscore the positive impact of both the external environment and ACAP on the internal structural aspects. Furthermore, the authors reveal that ACAP serves as a crucial mediator in the relationship between the external environment and characteristics of the internal organizational structure. Practical implications This study offers a unique perspective, focusing on the intricate connection between the external organizational environment and internal organizational structure, while concurrently exploring the mediating role of ACAP in aligning internal structural attributes with external environmental conditions. Originality/value This paper focuses to build and test an integrated model to examine the association among external organizational environment, internal organizational structure and ACAP. Furthermore, this study simultaneously assesses the mediating role of ACAP on the fit between external environmental conditions and internal organizational structure. This focus is considered as the main theoretical and empirical contribution of this study.

Multiplex immunofluorescence microscopy facilitates the quantification and spatial analysis of cellular features within tissue sections, allowing greater understanding of disease progression or the effects of drug treatment or other exposures on cellular organization and tissue structure. Recent advances in image analysis and computational methods such as machine-learning-based cell segmentation and automated cell phenotyping have enhanced the depth of information gained from these historically qualitative images. However, many spatial analysis pipelines are technically challenging or require proprietary software or hardware, limiting accessibility and reproducibility. The free and open-source software QuPath provides a novel resource for quantifying and spatially profiling multiplex images. Here, we describe a detailed primary protocol for the semi-automated spatial analysis of 2D multiplex immunofluorescent images using QuPath, which uses object and pixel classification, cell distance, and cluster measurements for spatial profiling of tissue samples. This pipeline also includes the use of training images and basic scripting for batch processing to ensure that analysis is objective and standardized within and between projects. We also provide an alternate protocol that details a pipeline modification for whole-section images, and an extended protocol that describes the use of a free, browser-based tool to complete unsupervised, rapid processing and consolidation of the spatial data provided by QuPath, with automated reporting of cell spatial plots, cell-to-object measurements, and cell clustering data. These protocols provide an accessible, standardized, and scalable method for the spatial analysis of multiplex immunofluorescence microscopy images, facilitating reproducible quantification of cellular organization and tissue structure and thereby strengthening the integration of spatial data into translational research, biomarker discovery, and mechanistic studies. © 2026 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: QuPath image processing Alternate Protocol: Whole-section image processing Basic Protocol 2: Use of the QuPath Spatial Analysis and Visualisation Tool.