Organic Compounds Research Articles

Rational Construction of Two-Dimensional Conjugated Metal-Organic Frameworks (2D c-MOFs) for Electronics and Beyond.

ConspectusTwo-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs) have emerged as a novel class of multifunctional materials, attracting increasing attention due to their highly customizable chemistry yielding programmable and unprecedented structures and properties. In particular, over the past decade, the synergistic relationship between the conductivity and porosity of 2D c-MOFs has paved the way toward their widespread applications. Despite their promising potential, the majority of 2D c-MOFs have yet to achieve atomically precise crystal structures, hindering the full understanding and control over their electronic structure and intrinsic charge transport characteristics. When modulating the charge transport properties of two-dimensional layered framework materials, decoupling the charge transport processes within and in between layers is of paramount importance, yet it represents a significant challenge. Unfortunately, 2D c-MOFs systems developed so far have failed to address such a major research target, which can be achieved solely by manipulating charge transport properties in 2D c-MOFs. 2D c-MOFs offer a significant advantage over organic radical molecules and covalent organic frameworks: polymerization through oxidative coordination is a viable route to form "spin-concentrated assemblies". However, the role of these spin centers in charge transport processes is still poorly understood, and the intrinsic dynamics and properties of these spins have seldom been investigated. Consequently, overcoming these challenges is essential to unlock the full potential of 2D c-MOFs in electronics and other related fields, as a new type of quantum materials.In this Account, we summarize and discuss our group's efforts to achieve full control at the atomic level over the structure of 2D c-MOFs and their applications in electronics and spintronics, thereby providing distinct evidence on 2D c-MOFs as a promising platform for exploring novel quantum phenomena. First, we unravel the key role played by the rational design of the ligands to decrease the boundary defects, achieve atomically precise large single crystals, and investigate the intrinsic charge transport properties of 2D c-MOFs. The advantages and disadvantages of the current structural elucidation strategies will be discussed. Second, the fundamental challenge in 2D c-MOF charge transport studies is to decouple the in-plane and interlayer charge transport pathways and achieve precise tuning of the charge transport properties in 2D c-MOFs. To address this challenge, we propose a design concept for the second-generation conjugated ligands, termed "programmable conjugated ligands", to replace the current first-generation ligands which lack modifiability as they mainly consist of sp2 hybridization atoms. Our efforts also extend to controlling the spin dynamics properties of 2D c-MOFs as "spin concentrated assemblies" using a bottom-up strategy.We hope this Account provides enlightening fundamental insights and practical strategies to overcome the major challenges of 2D c-MOFs for electronics and spintronics. Through the rational design of structural modulation within the 2D plane and interlayer interactions, we are committed to making significant steps forward for boosting the functional complexity of this blooming family of materials, thereby opening clear perspectives toward their practical application in electronics with the ultimate goal of inspiring further development of 2D c-MOFs and unleashing their full potential as an emerging quantum material.

Optimizing Photocatalytic Performance in an Electrostatic-Photocatalytic Air Purification System through Integration of Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Tesla Valve

Increasing the collision frequency between gas molecules and photocatalysts can enhance the removal efficiency of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM) in air. In this study, we propose an Electrostatic-Photocatalytic air purification system, containing Tesla valve, triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), and photocatalysis parts. The incorporation of Ag@ZnO nanorod array (Ag@ZnO-NR) photocatalysts into the internal baffles of the Tesla valve pipeline effectively enhances the collision probability between air pollutant molecules and photocatalysts, and thus facilitating the removal efficiency of pollutants. Additionally, the high-voltage electricity (~9.0kV) generated by the TENG facilitates the separation of electron-hole pairs in the photocatalyst, leading to increased production of superoxide radicals (O•-2), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and holes (h+), thereby enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency. In a 1.8L space system, we achieved an approximately 97% removal efficiency for toluene within 130minutes and a similar efficiency for formaldehyde (~200 ppm) within 175minutes. Additionally, the PM2.5 concentration rapidly decreased from 999μg·m-3 to 42μg·m-3 within 6minutes, alongside with a significantly faster pollutant removal rate compared to conventional methods. By integrating Tesla valves, TENG, and photocatalysis, this combined system presents an efficient and promising approach for addressing indoor air pollution, with potential applications across various settings.

Nitrate pollution deterioration in winter driven by surface ozone increase

Recently, nitrate (NO3–) levels in winter pollution in eastern China have been increasing yearly and have become the main component of PM2.5. The factors contributing to this rise in surface NO3– concentrations remain unclear, complicating the development of targeted pollution control measures. This study utilizes observational data from Shanghai during the winter 2019, alongside box model simulations, to recreate the NO3− pollution event and identify the key factors in the growth process. The analysis demonstrated that a rise in winter ozone levels significantly promotes NO3– production by facilitating NOx conversion via gas-phase and heterogeneous reactions. These findings could explain the correlation between the synchronous increase of surface ozone and NO3− in recent years. Furthermore, simulation of control strategies for NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) identified an approach centered on ozone reduction as notably effective in mitigating winter NO3– pollution in the Yangtze River Delta.

Reducing sample size by clustering: A way to make risk assessment feasible for large groups of organic compounds?

Reducing sample size by clustering: A way to make risk assessment feasible for large groups of organic compounds?

Development of an organ-on-chip model for the detection of volatile organic compounds as potential biomarkers of tumour progression

Early detection of tumours remains a significant challenge due to their invasive nature and the limitations of current monitoring techniques. Liquid biopsies have emerged as a minimally invasive diagnostic approach, wherein volatile organic compounds (VOCs) show potential as compelling candidates. However, distinguishing tumour-specific VOCs is difficult due to the presence of gases from non-tumour tissues and environmental factors. Therefore, it is essential to develop preclinical models that accurately mimic the intricate tumour microenvironment to induce cellular metabolic changes and secretion of tumour-associated VOCs. In this study, a microfluidic device was used to recreate the ischaemic environment within solid tumours for the detection of tumour-derived VOCs. The system represents a significant advance in understanding the role of VOCs as biomarkers for early tumour detection and holds the potential to improve patient prognosis; particularly for inaccessible and rapidly progressing tumours such as glioblastoma.

Unveiling microbial community structure and metabolic pathway over carbon cloth-titanium nitride-polyaniline biocathode for effective dichloromethane transformation

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (Cl-VOCs) have dramatically biotoxicity and environmental persistence due to the presence of chlorine atoms, seriously jeopardizing ecological security and human health. Dichloromethane (DCM) as a model pollutant, is widely applied in solvents, extractants and cleaning agents in the pharmaceutical, chemical and food industries. In this study, highly biocompatible and conductive carbon cloth- titanium nitride-polyaniline (CC-TiN-PANI) bioelectrodes were obtained for DCM degradation in microbial electrolysis cell (MEC). The good adhesion of TiN and PANI on the electrode surface was demonstrated. The degradation kinetics were fitted by the Haldane model, compared to the CC bioelectrode (0.8 h-1), the proportion of maximum degradation rates to half-saturation concentration (Vmax/Km) of CC-TiN (1.4 h-1) and CC-TiN-PANI (2.2 h-1) bioelectrodes were enhanced by 1.8 and 2.8 times, respectively. Microbial community structure analysis illuminated that the dominant genera on the biofilm were Alicycliphilus and Hyphomicrobium, and the abundance was enhanced significantly with the modification of TiN and PANI. The dechlorination of DCM to formaldehyde could be catalyzed by DCM dehalogenase (DcmA) or by haloalkane dehalogenase (DhlA). And further oxidized to formate: 1) direct catalyzed by formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FdhA); 2) conjugated with glutathione by S-(hydroxymethyl)-glutathione synthase (Gfa), S-(hydroxymethyl)-glutathione dehydrogenase (FrmA) and S-formyl-glutathione hydrolase (FrmB); 3) conjugation with tetrahydrofolate (H4F) and/or tetrahydromethanopterin.

Profiling the volatile compounds of Peganum harmala L. Based on multiple sample preparation coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and explored its antidepressants-like activity

Peganum harmala L., a traditional medicinal plant in China, is renowned for its significant alkaloid content in seeds and roots exhibiting a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antidepressant, antiseptic, and antiviral. However, the volatile composition of the herb remained unclear. Apart from that, the extraction of volatile compounds through essential oil presents challenges due to the low yield and the degradation of volatile active compounds at high temperatures. This study used multiple sample preparation methods including headspace (HS), needle trap device (NTD), and liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyze the volatile compounds from the areal part of P. harmala L.. A total of 93 compounds were identified with NTD facilitating the first detection of harmine among the volatile organic compounds. Through network pharmacology and protein interaction analysis, the compounds’ potential therapeutic targets of the compounds were explored, and 23 key targets were obtained (AKT1, ALB, PTGS2, MAOA, etc). KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated significant involvement in neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions and serotonergic synapses. The results enhanced the understanding of P. harmala’s pharmacological mechanisms and supported its ethnopharmacological use.

Evaluation of Aromatic Organic Compounds as Additives on the Lubrication Properties of Castor Oil

Evaluation of Aromatic Organic Compounds as Additives on the Lubrication Properties of Castor Oil

Removal Characteristics of Gas-Phase D-Limonene in Biotrickling Filter and Stoichiometric Analysis of Biological Reaction using Carbon Mass Balance

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) pose significant risks to human health and environmental quality, prompting stringent regulations on their emissions from various industrial processes. Among VOCs, d-limonene stands out due to its low threshold and contribution to malodorous emissions. While biofiltration presents a promising approach for VOC removal, including d-limonene, a comprehensive understanding of its performance and kinetics is lacking. This study aims to comprehensively assess the performance of a lab-scale biotrickling filter in treating gas-phase d-limonene. The experimental results indicate that the biotrickling filter efficiently removed d-limonene, achieving a critical loading rate of 19.4 g m−3 h−1 and a maximum elimination capacity of 31.8 g m−3 h−1 (correspondingly, up to 85% removal) at the condition of 94.2 s of EBRT. Microbial activity played a significant role in biotrickling filter performance, with a strong linear correlation being observed between CO2 production and substrate consumption. The Michaelis–Menten model was employed to represent enzyme-catalyzed reactions, suggesting no inhibition during biotrickling filter operation.

Solid Handmade Ternary Coinage Metal Mentors for Organic Bond-Making and Bond-Breaking Applications.

A comparative approach is employed for the novel synthesis of a magnetically recoverable ternary nanocomposite consisting of g-C3N4-supported Fe3O4 decorated with coinage metals (Au, Ag, and Cu). This synthesis is achieved through a straightforward and convenient one-step grinding protocol. In situ, the nanoparticles were grown on the g-C3N4-assist Fe3O4 matrix (GCFM), and the agglomeration of these nanoparticles on the matrix creates a pathway for the formation of the nanocomposite (NC). The as-formed CNC was confirmed with the help of characterization analyses, namely XRD, FT-IR, HR-TEM, FE-SEM, XPS, VSM, UV-vis, and NMR studies. Together with NPs and GCFM, with the quantum consequence, the activity of the NC shows better electron transfer via transfer of electrons, which grabs tremendous attention toward it, resulting in enhanced plausible photocatalytic degradation toward pharmaceutical compounds, dyes, and anthropogenic pollutants. The activity of the C-NC hikes at 88% for ciprofloxacin (CX) and 90% for paracetamol (PM); furthermore, the activity of the C-NC hikes at 88% and 87% for xylene Cyanol FF (XCF) and malachite green (MLG), respectively. Interestingly, an added advantage is the formation of a C-C bond (homocoupling reaction) in phenylboronic acid (PA) via a greener solvent under ambient conditions. The yield percentage of the conversion product shows satisfactory results, and its reproducibility was good for the prepared ternary NC. The conversion treatment of anthropogenic pollutants, namely 4-nitrophenol, grasps a high percentage (98%). In addition, the NC shows good activity toward both types of bacteria. The reproducibility of the composite also shows virtuous activity against pharmaceutical as well as toxic contaminants. The as-prepared CNC was specifically engineered to perform both bond formation and bond cleavage of organic molecules under ambient conditions for multiple cycles.

Cationization agent affects the stability of secondary ions in MeV-SIMS

The work presents studies of the cationization agent effect on the ionization efficiency, and on the stability of secondary molecules, which are desorbed from the surface as a result of bombardment by MeV primary ions. Different organic molecule standards were mixed with various trifluoroacetate (TFA) salts, namely AgTFA, LiTFA, NaTFA and KTFA, with Ag, Li, Na and K being common cationization agents of secondary ions besides hydrogen. Results show modest differences in ionization efficiency, and significant variation of secondary ions’ stability when different cationization agents are attached to the molecule. For all reference samples, lithium provided the most stable secondary ions with almost none detected fragmentations after the desorption, while secondary ions with attached potassium were measured as much less stable, and the ratio between neutrals (fragments) and normal positive ions is estimated to be more than 0.2. However, even potassium – ionized molecules were recognized as more stable than protonated molecules.

Chemical Composition of Volatile and Extractive Organic Compounds in the Inflorescence Litter of Five Species of Woody Plants

The decomposition of plant litter, most of which is found in forests, is an important element of the global carbon cycle, as a result of which carbon enters the atmosphere in the form of not only CO2 but also volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Although the formation of litter is associated with autumn cooling, in the spring, there is a very intense fall of faded inflorescences of woody plants. This study examined the chemical composition of the litter and VOCs emitted from decaying inflorescences of four species of forest-forming trees: silver birch, European hornbeam, black alder and aspen. All litter emissions consisted of 291 VOCs, mainly terpenes actively participating in atmospheric processes. The detection of a number of typical mushroom metabolites, such as 1-octen-3-ol, known as “mushroom alcohol”, and alkyl sulphides, suggests that inflorescence-derived VOCs are a mixture of components of plant and microbial origin. In methanol extracts of the fallen inflorescences of all types, 263 organic compounds were identified, the majority of which were related to carbohydrates. Their share in the extracts was 72–76%. In general, the composition of the extractive compounds indicates the easy availability of this material for assimilation by various types of destructors.

Molecularly engineered high-performance AIE luminogen for NIR-III excitable deep-brain three-photon fluorescence imaging

Three-photon microscopy (3PM) utilizing near-infrared-III (NIR-III) excitation has emerged as an effective technology for deep-tissue bioimaging. Within this domain, organic small molecules with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) property prove to be promising candidates as high-quality 3PM imaging agents because of their exceptional optical properties and the general merit of biocompatibility that most organic small molecules possess. However, due to the bidirectional effects of the intrinsic structure distortion of AIE luminogens (AIEgens) on the three-photon absorption cross section (σ3) and fluorescence quantum yield (η), two crucial factors that determine 3PM performances, the development of high-powered AIE-active 3PM probes with robust ησ3 remains a formidable challenge. In this work, by synergistically integrating multiple beneficial principles into the molecule design, an innovative AIE-active 3PM probe with a symmetrical quadrupole D–A–D architecture, namely TIT, was successfully constructed. Owing to the harmonized planarity and distortion, as well as strong D–A interaction within TIT, the as-prepared TIT nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited boosted ησ3 under 1665 nm NIR-III excitation. This breakthrough enabled brain vascular imaging at a remarkable depth of 1895 μm after craniotomy, thus positioning TIT among the top three organic 3PM probes in terms of imaging depth. In addition, successful hemodynamic imaging at a depth of 1200 μm within the mouse brain post-craniotomy was also accomplished. These achievements establish TIT NPs as highly promising probes for in vivo deep-brain three-photon imaging.

P-580 Benzophenone interrupted maturation of oocytes in vitro by promoting mitochondrial activity and inflammatory response in mice

Abstract Study question As an endocrine disrupting chemical, does benzophenone affect the competency of oocytes? Summary answer Benzophenone interfered with the in vitro maturation of oocytes and increased the number of mitochondria in oocytes by inducing of inflammatory response. What is known already Benzophenone (BP) is the organic compound used in ultraviolet (UV) filters due to its ability to absorb UV radiations and the applications of BP have a wide range in commercial/industrial products such as sunscreens, shampoos, lipsticks, food packaging, and plastics. However, BP is suspected to be an endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) that can cause adverse effects on the endocrine system by mimicking or blocking the response of hormones in the body. Study design, size, duration Intraperitoneal injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin was performed at 7-week-old female ICR mice for acquire the number of available cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs). After 46 hours post injection, COCs were harvested from antrum follicles in the ovary and cultured in in-vitro maturation medium for 16 hours. After that, oocytes were retrieved. Participants/materials, setting, methods During in vitro maturation, BP was treated at COCs and Metaphase II (MII) oocytes were separated from retrieved oocytes. Intracellular tubulin of MII oocytes was stained for spindle alignment and their mitochondria were quantified by Mito-tracker and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Also, the expression levels of inflammation-related genes were confirmed by reverse transcription-qPCR. Main results and the role of chance In the present study, MII rates (MII/total oocyte) of each group were 77.50% of control, 79.17% of 1 μM BP, 68.10% of 10 μM BP, and 59.35% of 100 μM BP. Compared with the control group, the MII rate were significantly reduced at 100 μM of BP-treated group. We evaluated the morphology of meiotic spindle in MII oocytes with well-organized tubulin fibers and tightly aligned chromosomes. Abnormal morphology of spindle and chromosomal misalignment were found in the oocytes from BP-treated group. Because it has been known that having the optimal number of functional mitochondria is important for the maturation of oocytes, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and the distribution of mitochondria were confirmed in retrieved MII oocytes. There was a significant 4.2-fold increase in the number of mtDNA copies in 100 μM BP treatment group compared to the control group. Also, the number of activated mitochondria was raised when BP was treated, which was assessed using Mitotracker. Additionally, levels of inflammation-related genes (IL-1β, IL-6) were elevated in BP treatment groups. Limitations, reasons for caution Oocytes used in this study were collected from mice, not human. And since in vitro fertilization did not perform by using the MII oocytes, we couldn’t confirm whether BP-treated MII oocytes were capable of fertilization. Wider implications of the findings As industries evolve, novel chemicals, including EDCs, are being developed, used, and exposed to humans. Therefore, we need to understand the effects of these chemicals and assess their reproductive toxicity. Collectively, we suggest that BP causes an inflammatory response which activate mitochondria and has detrimental effects on the oocyte’s maturation. Trial registration number not applicable

Changes in the Composition of Soil Organic Matter after the Transformation of Natural Beech Stands into Spruce Monoculture

The composition of soil organic matter is considered to have a key influence on C sequestration and global climate change and can be associated with changes in vegetation cover in the terrestrial ecosystem. Our study aimed to evaluate the soil chemical structures and various organic components from available or reactive to more stable forms in forest soils affected by acidification and after conversion from fairly close to natural beech (Fagus sylvatica) stands to a spruce (Picea abies) monoculture. Our results revealed that the beech stands had higher contents of dissolved organic carbon and low molecular mass organic acid compared to the spruce stands. The aliphatic CH groups within the soluble alkaline-extractable organic substance (AEOS) gradually disappeared with deeper soil horizons under both forest species, while the presence of aliphatic CH groups in the low-solubility AEOS was more pronounced in the A horizon under spruce and relatively increased with depth under beech stands. The carboxylic groups were more prevalent in deeper soil horizons, while polysaccharide chains and nitrogen functional groups decreased with depth under both forest stands but were more prevalent under beech than under spruce stands. These findings suggest that the stability of organic matter through the forest soil profiles increased due to the transformation of various organic compounds from litter to more stable organic matter with higher amounts of lignin components to greater amounts of carboxylic groups and aromatic groups in deeper soil horizons. Furthermore, a higher number of mobile components of soil organic matter and carboxylic acids, together with lower pH and cation exchange capacity under spruce, resulted in the leaching of nutrients, releasing risk elements into the soil solution and accelerating the podzolization process.

Radiation sensitivity of biological systems, its modification by chemical modifiers and its quantitative evaluation

AbstractLarge number of sensitizers and protectors of cells, tissues, organs and organisms are being discussed in this review. Attention is paid to metals, nanoparticles or organic compounds as modifiers. They can modify the radiation sensitivity by 20–60%. In most cases, sensitization is caused by an increase in DNA damage or a decrease in the repair of radiation damage. The protection can be caused in many cases by repair of damaged DNA molecules, proteins or enzymes, or by reducing the ROS concentration. The most current research tasks in this area are formulated. A new quantitative and reproducible method of evaluating modifiers is discussed.

Unlocking the Potential of Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer Processes: A Reusable Iron-and-UV-Based System for Sustainable C-C Bond Formation.

Catalytic C-H functionalization has provided new opportunities to access novel organic molecules more sustainably and efficiently. However, these procedures typically rely on precious metals or complex organic catalysts as well as on hazardous solvents or reaction conditions. Herein, a pioneering methodology for direct C-C bond formation enabled by Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer (LMCT) and mediated by UV irradiation has been developed using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) as sustainable reaction media. This direct C-H bond functionalization via a radical addition to electrophiles was successfully confirmed over a broad scope of substrates. More importantly, this is the first example of photocatalytic C-C bond formation in DESs. An inexpensive and abundant iron catalyst (FeCl3) was used under air and mild conditions. Different functional groups were well tolerated obtaining promising results that were comparable to those reported in the literature. Additionally, the reaction medium along with the catalyst could be reused for up to 5 consecutive cycles without a significant loss in the reaction outcome. Several green metrics were calculated and compared to those of conventional procedures, revealing the advantages of using DESs.

Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Aromatic Cyclic Schiff Bases via Non-Covalent Interactions

One of the challenging issues that hinders the application of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is the poor solubility and the inevitable formation of bundles. Efforts still need to be made towards solving the problem. Herein, we report a non-covalent strategy to disperse aggregated SWCNTs by aromatic cyclic Schiff bases assisted by ultrasonic techniques. The aromatic cyclic Schiff base (OMM) was synthesized via Schiff base reactions, and the molecular structure was determined by ATR-FT-IR, solid-state 13C-NMR, and HRMS. Although the yielded product showed poor solubility in aqueous solution and organic solvents, it could interact with and disperse the aggregated SWCNTs in dimethyl formamide (DMF) under the condition of ultrasound. UV-vis-NIR, FL, Raman spectra, AFM, and TEM, along with computer simulations, provide evidence for the interactions between OMM molecules and SWCNTs and the dispersion thereof. The semiconductive (7,5), (8,6), (12,1), and (9,7)-SWCNTs expressed a preference for dissolution. The capability of dispersion is contributed by π-π, C-H···π, and lone pair (lp)···π interactions between OMM and SWCNTs based on the simulated results. The present non-covalent strategy could provide inspiration for preparing organic cyclic compounds as dispersants for SWCNTs and then facilitate their further utilization.

Controlling (E/Z)-Stereoselectivity of -NHC=O Chlorination: Mechanism Principles for Wide Scope Applications.

Organic halogen compounds are cornerstones of applied chemical sciences. Halogen substitution is a smart molecular design strategy adopted to influence reactivity, membrane permeability and receptor interaction. Chiral bioreceptors may restrict the stereochemical requirements in the halo-ligand design. Straightforward (but expensive) catalyzed stereospecific halogenation has been reported. Historically, PCl5 served access to uncatalyzed stereoselective chlorination although the stereochemical outcomes were influenced by steric parameters. Nonetheless, stereochemical investigation of PCl5 reaction mechanism with carbamoyl (RCONHX) compounds has never been addressed. Herein, we provide the first comprehensive stereochemical mechanistic explanation outlining halogenation of carbamoyl compounds with PCl5; the key regioselectivity-limiting nitrilimine intermediate (8-Z.HCl); how substitution pattern influences regioselectivity; why oxadiazole byproduct (P1) is encountered; stereo-electronic factors influencing the hydrazonoyl chloride (P2) production; and discovery of two stereoselectivity-limiting parallel mechanisms (stepwise and concerted) of elimination of HCl and POCl3. DFT calculations, synthetic methodology optimization, X-ray evidence and experimental reaction kinetics study evidence all supported the suggested mechanism proposal (Scheme 2). Finally, we provide mechanism-inspired future recommendations for directing the reaction stereoselectivity toward elusive and stereochemically inaccessible (E)-bis-hydrazonoyl chlorides along with potentially pivotal applications of both (E/Z)-stereoisomers especially in medicinal chemistry and protein modification.

Efficient activation of the Co/SBA-15 catalyst by high-frequency AC-DBD plasma thermal effects for toluene removal

Dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma excited by a high-frequency alternating-current (AC) power supply is widely employed for the degradation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, the thermal effect generated during the discharge process leads to energy waste and low energy utilization efficiency. In this work, an innovative DBD thermally-conducted catalysis (DBD-TCC) system, integrating high-frequency AC-DBD plasma and its generated thermal effects to activate the Co/SBA-15 catalyst, was employed for toluene removal. Specifically, Co/SBA-15 catalysts are closely positioned to the ground electrode of the plasma zone and can be heated and activated by the thermal effect when the voltage exceeds 10 kV. At 12.4 kV, the temperature in the catalyst zone reached 261 °C in the DBD-TCC system, resulting in an increase in toluene degradation efficiency of 17%, CO2 selectivity of 21.2%, and energy efficiency of 27%, respectively, compared to the DBD system alone. In contrast, the DBD thermally-unconducted catalysis (DBD-TUC) system fails to enhance toluene degradation due to insufficient heat absorption and catalytic activation, highlighting the crucial role of AC-DBD generated heat in the activation of the catalyst. Furthermore, the degradation pathway and mechanism of toluene in the DBD-TCC system were hypothesized. This work is expected to provide an energy-efficient approach for high-frequency AC-DBD plasma removal of VOCs.