Organic Entities Research Articles

Skridfinner, dansk arkæologi og danskernes oprindelse

Saami, Danish archaeology and the origin of the DanesWith the Romantic Movement came a need for the Danish people to have a national identity. That is, a history, a language and, in broad terms, a culture. At the end of the 18th century, it was said that the Danes came from Troy with Odin, while in 1814 Rasmus Rask established a link between the Scandinavian tongues and the civilised languages of Greek and Latin, with roots extending back to Sanskrit. In the mindset of Roman­ticism, people and culture were organic and cohesive entities. Consequently, when Christian Jürgensen Thomsen discovered the Stone Age, the question arose as to the identity of the people to whom this technology belonged. It could clearly not be the Danes, because they had never had stone technology but always agriculture and iron, as was evident from Classical Antiquity’s accounts of the Goths.According to this cultural-historical app­roach, there was only one possible explanation: the Finns or Saami were the original people in Denmark. Rasmus Rask confirmed this by finding Finnish words in Danish place names, and a major study by the great Swedish archaeologist Sven Nilsson came to the same conclusion. But the reputation of the Finns since Classical Antiquity, with their homeland in the far north, was of such a demonic character that Danish archaeologists had no desire either to see them as the original inhabitants of Denmark or later, with the advent of modernity, as the ancestors of the Danish people. The Finns, “the Skrithiphinoi”, were namely, as inhabitants of the outer fringes, one of the three most demonised peoples in the world. The two others were, from the middle of the 17th century, the Khoikhoi, “the Hottentots”, in the far south, and, from the end of the 18th century, the Australian aborigines, “the Blackfellows”, as the ultimately most distant peoples in relation to Europe.To explain Danish archaeology’s view of the Finns, it is shown how they were demonised over time. Reference is made to the important criteria in each epoch, from Classical Antiquity’s secular condemnation of this most distant northern people – more distant and wretched than the Scythians – through Christianity’s vilification of their witchcraft and magic and the Age of Enlightenment’s focus on racial hierarchy, to the Romantic Movement’s ideas about peoples as self-­contained and virtually eternal entities. The article concludes with a discussion of why it was so important for Danish archaeology, in the 19th and early 20th century, to deny any connection between the Saami and Denmark’s early history.Ole HøirisAfdeling for AntropologiInstitut for Kultur og SamfundAarhus Universitete

Synthesis, crystal structure and characterization of a new organic–inorganic hybrid material 4-(ammonium methyl) pipyridinium hexachloro stanate (II) trihydrate

The present paper undertakes the study of (C6H16N2) SnCl6·3H2O which is a new hybrid compound. It was prepared and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, X-ray powder, Hirshfeld surface, Spectroscopy measurement, thermal study and photoluminescence properties. The single crystal X-ray diffraction studies revealed that the compound crystallizes in monoclinic Cc space group with cell parameters a = 8.3309(9) Å, b = 22.956(2) Å, c = 9.8381(9) Å, β = 101.334(9) ° and Z = 4. The atomic arrangement shows an alternation of organic and inorganic entities. The cohesion between these entities is performed via NH⋯Cl, NH⋯O, OH⋯Cl and OH⋯O hydrogen bonding to form a three-dimensional network. Hirshfeld surface analysis was used to investigate intermolecular interactions, as well 2D finger plots were conducted to reveal the contribution of these interactions in the crystal structure quantitatively. The X-ray powder is in agreement with the X-ray structure. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was carried out. Furthermore, the room temperature infrared (IR) spectrum of the title compound was recorded and analyzed on the basis of data found in the literature. Solid state 13C NMR spectrum shows four signals, confirming the solid state structure determined by X-ray diffraction. Besides, the thermal analysis studies were performed, but no phase transition was found in the temperature range between 30 and 450 °C. The optical and PL properties of the compound were investigated in the solid state at room temperature and exhibited three bands at 348 and 401 cm−1 and a strong fluorescence at 480 nm.

Microbial Community Composition and Functional Capacity in a Terrestrial Ferruginous, Sulfate-Depleted Mud Volcano.

Terrestrial mud volcanoes (MVs) are an important natural source of methane emission. The role of microbial processes in methane cycling and organic transformation in such environments remains largely unexplored. In this study, we aim to uncover functional potentials and community assemblages across geochemical transitions in a ferruginous, sulfate-depleted MV of eastern Taiwan. Geochemical profiles combined with 16S rRNA gene abundances indicated that anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) mediated by ANME-2a group coincided with iron/manganese reduction by Desulfuromonadales at shallow depths deprived of sulfate. The activity of AOM was stimulated either by methane alone or by methane and a range of electron acceptors, such as sulfate, ferrihydrite, and artificial humic acid. Metagenomic analyses revealed that functional genes for AOM and metal reduction were more abundant at shallow intervals. In particular, genes encoding pili expression and electron transport through multi-heme cytochromes were prevalent, suggesting potential intercellular interactions for electron transport involved in AOM. For comparison, genes responsible for methanogenesis and degradation of chitin and plant-derived molecules were more abundant at depth. The gene distribution combined with the enhanced proportions of 16S rRNA genes related to methanogens and heterotrophs, and geochemical characteristics suggest that particulate organic matter was degraded into various organic entities that could further fuel in situ methanogenesis. Finally, genes responsible for aerobic methane oxidation were more abundant in the bubbling pool and near-surface sediments. These methane oxidizers account for the ultimate attenuation of methane discharge into the atmosphere. Overall, our results demonstrated that various community members were compartmentalized into stratified niches along geochemical gradients. These community members form a metabolic network that cascades the carbon transformation from the upstream degradation of recalcitrant organic carbon with fermentative production of labile organic entities and methane to downstream methane oxidation and metal reduction near the surface. Such a metabolic architecture enables effective methane removal under ferruginous, sulfate-depleted conditions in terrestrial MVs.

Nitrogenase Cofactor Assembly: An Elemental Inventory.

Nitrogenase is known for its remarkable ability to catalyze the reduction of N2 to NH3, and C1 substrates to short-chain hydrocarbon products, under ambient conditions. The best-studied Mo-nitrogenase utilizes a complex metallocofactor as the site of substrate binding and reduction. Designated the M-cluster, this [MoFe7S9C(R-homocitrate)] cluster can be viewed as [MoFe3S3] and [Fe4S3] subclusters bridged by three μ2-sulfides and one μ6-interstitial carbide, with its Mo end further coordinated by an R-homocitrate moiety. The unique cofactor has attracted considerable attention ever since its discovery; however, the complexity of its structure has hindered mechanistic understanding and chemical synthesis of this cofactor. Motivated by the pressing questions related to the structure and function of the nitrogenase cofactor, one major thrust of our research has been to unravel the key biosynthetic steps of this metallocluster to cultivate a deeper understanding of these reactions and their effects on functionalizing the cofactor. In this Account, we will discuss our recent work that provides insights into how simple Fe and S atoms, along with a single C atom, a heterometallic Mo atom and an organic homocitrate entity, are assembled into one of the most complex metalloclusters known in Nature. Combined biochemical, spectroscopic and structural studies have led us to a working model of M-cluster assembly, which starts with the sequential synthesis of small [Fe2S2] and [Fe4S4] units by NifS/U, followed by the coupling and rearrangement of two [Fe4S4] clusters on NifB concomitant with the insertion of an interstitial carbide and a "9th sulfur" that give rise to a [Fe8S9C] core that is nearly indistinguishable in structure to the M-cluster except for the absence of Mo and homocitrate. This 8Fe core is then matured into an M-cluster on NifEN upon substitution of a Mo-homocitrate conjugate for one terminal Fe atom of the cluster prior to transfer of the M-cluster to its target binding site in the catalytic component of Mo-nitrogenase. Taking stock of the elemental inventory during the cofactor assembly process, the core Fe and S atoms are derived from modular fusion of FeS building blocks, going through 2Fe, 4Fe and 8Fe stages to generate an 8Fe core of the cofactor. However, such a flow of Fe/S along the biosynthetic pathway of the M-cluster is "intervened" by the insertion of C and Mo, which renders the cofactor unique in structure and reactivity. Insertion of C occurs through a novel, radical SAM-dependent mechanism, which involves SN2-type methyl transfer from SAM to a [Fe4S4] cluster pair, hydrogen abstraction of the transferred methyl group by a SAM-derived 5'-dA· radical, and further deprotonation of the resultant methylene radical concomitant with radical chemistry-based coupling and rearrangement of the [Fe4S4] cluster pair into an [Fe8S9C] core. Insertion of Mo, on the other hand, employs an ATPase-dependent mechanism that parallels metal trafficking in the biosynthesis of molybdopterin and CO dehydrogenase cofactors. These findings provide a nice framework for further exploration of the "black box" of nitrogenase cofactor assembly and function.

Synthesis, molecular structure, vibrational spectroscopy, optical investigation and DFT study of a novel hybrid material: 3,3′-diammoniumdiphenylsulfone hexachloridostannate monohydrate

In his work we investigate a new halogenotin (IV) organic inorganic material. The structure, determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 293 K of 3,3′-diammoniumdiphenylsulfone hexachloridostannate monohydrate abbreviated 3,3′(DDS)SnCl6, can be viewed as inorganic layers built from (SnCl6)2− octahedra and H2O molecules, between which, the organic entities [C12H14N2O2S]2+ are inserted. Experimental room-temperature X-ray studies were supported by theoretical methods using density functional theory (DFT). The detailed examination of the vibrational spectra of our material was correlated by DFT calculation using the unit cell parameters obtained from the experiment data.The optical properties in the UV–visible region have been explored by the UV–visible absorption. This material shows a single absorption band centred at 325 nm (318 eV). The energy difference between Occupied, HOMO and Lowest Unoccupied, LUMO orbital which is called energy gap can be used to predict the strength and stability of metal complexes, as well as in determining molecular electrical transport properties. For the calculation of excitation energies in the optical studies we used Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT). In addition, Mulliken population method and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) of the title material have been theoretically studied by GAUSSIAN 03 package.

Synthesis, X-ray single crystal structure, likelihood of occurrence of intermolecular contacts, spectroscopic investigation and DFT quantum chemical calculations of zwitterionic complex: 1-Ethylpiperaziniumtrichlorozincate (II)

The synthesis and the X-ray structure of the Zn(II) zwitterionic complex:1-ethylpiperaziniumtrichlorozincate (II) are described. In the atomic arrangement, the ZnCl3N entities, grouped in pairs, are deployed along the b-axis to form layers. The organic entities are inserted between these layers through NH⋯Cl and CH⋯Cl hydrogen bonds to form infinite three-dimensional network. The 3D Hirshfeld surfaces were investigated for intermolecular interactions. The optimized geometry, Mulliken charge distribution, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) maps and thermodynamic properties have been calculated using the Lee-Yang-Parr correlation functional B3LYP with the LanL2DZ basis set. The HOMO and LUMO energy gap and chemical reactivity parameters were made. The 13C and 15N CP-MAS NMR spectra are in agreement with the X-ray crystal structure. The vibrational absorption bands were identified by infrared spectroscopy. DFT calculations allowed the attribution of the NMR peaks and of the IR bands.

Sistema e silogismo em O Capital

Os empreendimentos intelectuais de Hegel e Marx continuam relevantes para um exame do mundo contemporâneo. Ambos os autores analisaram, ainda que a partir de diferentes abordagens, elementos importantes das sociedades capitalistas modernas. Traçar as conexões precisas entre os dois pensadores, no entanto, ainda é um desafio—muito embora atualmente seja claro que essas relações não são de idealismo versus materialismo, mas, que envolvem, precisamente, a superação desse dualismo, conforme mostraram as tradições do Marxismo Ocidental e da Teoria Crítica. Em sua versão anglófona, essas investigações cresceram e se expandiram em diferentes tendências, entre essas, notadamente, a Nova Dialética. Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a teoria hegeliana do silogismo como chave para a leitura de O Capital de Marx, tal como proposto por Tony Smith. Para isso, o artigo procura reconstruir a interpretação que Smith oferece da teoria hegeliana do silogismo e suas aplicações para a Filosofia do Direito de Hegel, bem como para O Capital de Marx. De acordo com Smith, O Capital, a apresentação das articulações dialéticas das categorias da economia política no modo de produção capitalista como ordem social específica, deriva sua capacidade crítica e sua coerência científica precisamente do recurso à teoria do silogismo hegeliana—que permite a Marx analisar os processos do mundo social como entidades orgânicas constituídas pela articulação de momentos de universalidade, particularidade e individualidade. O resultado é uma investigação que busca aproximar a Lógica de Hegel a O Capital.

Synthesis and crystal structure of a new 2,6-dimethyl piperazine-1,4-diium perchlorate monohydrate: [C6H16N2](ClO4)2 · H2O

A proton transfer compound 2,6-dimethyl piperazine-1,4-diium perchlorate monohydrate was synthesized by slow evaporation at room temperature using 2,6-dimethyl piperazine as template. The asymmetric unit contains one organic dication, two crystal graphically independent perchlorate anions and one water molecule. Each organic entities is engaged in a large number of bifurcated and non-bifurcated N–H···O (O) and C–H···O hydrogen bonds with different species and enhanced the three dimensional supramolecular network. In addition, the diprotonated piperazine ring adopts a chair conformation with the methyl groups occupying equatorial positions.

Chemistry-based molecular signature underlying the atypia of clozapine

The central nervous system is functionally organized as a dynamic network of interacting neural circuits that underlies observable behaviors. At higher resolution, these behaviors, or phenotypes, are defined by the activity of a specific set of biomolecules within those circuits. Identification of molecules that govern psychiatric phenotypes is a major challenge. The only organic molecular entities objectively associated with psychiatric phenotypes in humans are drugs that induce psychiatric phenotypes and drugs used for treatment of specific psychiatric conditions. Here, we identified candidate biomolecules contributing to the organic basis for psychosis by deriving an in vivo biomolecule-tissue signature for the atypical pharmacologic action of the antipsychotic drug clozapine. Our novel in silico approach identifies the ensemble of potential drug targets based on the drug’s chemical structure and the region-specific gene expression profile of each target in the central nervous system. We subtracted the signature of the action of clozapine from that of a typical antipsychotic, chlorpromazine. Our results implicate dopamine D4 receptors in the pineal gland and muscarinic acetylcholine M1 (CHRM1) and M3 (CHRM3) receptors in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as significant and unique to clozapine, whereas serotonin receptors 5-HT2A in the PFC and 5-HT2C in the caudate nucleus were common significant sites of action for both drugs. Our results suggest that D4 and CHRM1 receptor activity in specific tissues may represent underappreciated drug targets to advance the pharmacologic treatment of schizophrenia. These findings may enhance our understanding of the organic basis of psychiatric disorders and help developing effective therapies.

Bicycle cinema

This paper examines the relationship between identities and the bicycle as portrayed in films. The analysis finds that taking the viewpoint of the bicycle emancipates the bicycle from being subjected to closure, as the constructionists would have it, and thus articulates the differences with which the bicycle can communicate to its rider. The paper examines the bicycle as depicted in three films: Premium Rush (Davis Koepp, 2012), A Sunday in Hell (Jørgen Leth, 1977) and Life on Earth (Abderrahmane Sissako, 1998). It engages with the concept of ‘interpretative flexibility’ and the development of the bicycle, as examined by Wiebe Bijker and others, and argues that the interpretative flexibility of bicycles does not cease just because the high-wheeler was abandoned and the ‘safety’ bicycle was universally accepted. The fight for the role of the bicycle continues and the bicycle is subject to constant transformations in order to reconstruct it according to human needs. Andrew Feenberg’s modified constructivism is applied to re-examine the technical development of the bicycle, claiming that technology is dependent on specific social structures as well as human agency. The paper argues that just as social structures are negotiable and unfixed at any point in time, the bicycle too is never neutral but remains negotiable and unfixed. Consequently, since the bicycle constantly ‘speaks’ back to the user, there is never closure in the technical development of the bicycle. Drawing on the writings of Bruno Latour and the Deleuzian idea of assemblages, the bicycle and its rider are considered as an organic entity that is constantly forged and un-forged. Understanding the rhetoric of the bicycle machine helps the convergence of a bicycle becoming with becoming a rider, marking the bicycle as equal to its rider. Viewed in this way, the hierarchy of agency collapses and a crystallization emerges out of the rider and bicycle entwinement.

Time, History, and Nation in Ang Lee's <em>Lust, Caution</em>

Time, History, and Nation in Ang Lee's Lust, Caution Leihua Weng (bio) In 2012, Taiwanese director Ang Lee once again became the subject of mainstream media attention and popular acclaim in the wake of his award-winning film Life of Pi. Strangely, both international and domestic audiences tended to forget the controversy generated by his previous film, Lust, Caution.1 The contrast between Lust, Caution (2007) and his effort Life of Pi (henceforth referred as Pi), is as great as the contrast between his films Hulk and Brokeback Mountain, although arguably more subtle. Lust, Caution and Pi seem incommensurable in terms of subject and genre: while Pi is widely recognized as an a-political adventure drama, Lust, Caution is often categorized as an espionage film, with a historic-political setting in the second Sino-Japanese War. Furthermore, Pi is lauded by critics and beloved by audiences across the globe for its visual effects and philosophical depth. In contrast, Lust, Caution appeals primarily to an audience of smaller geographic scale, consisting of the so-called "pan-Chinese Communities" (Mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong) and is underrated by Western audiences.2 Besides, while the reviews and feedback on Pi are consistently positive, the reactions to Lust, Caution are extremely polarized, even among domestic audiences in Mainland China.3 The trajectory from Lust, Caution to Pi in one sense fits with the consensus reached by critics and reviewers that Ang Lee's style should be described [End Page 331] as "highly versatile and adaptive" (Chang, H. 2009, 33). However, there is a thematic correlation between these two films that can easily go unnoticed by reviewers and audiences. If we consider Pi as a story of human existence, exploring possibilities of recovering and self-healing from trauma through imagination and narration, Lust, Caution can be taken as a screen treatment of historical trauma. In Lust, Caution, Lee examines a case within its historical context for how individual existence is jeopardized by politics, and how private space is violated and invaded by the pervasive collective power of history. Taken in this perspective, Lust, Caution is a thematic and philosophical prelude to the message in Pi. In other words Lust, Caution presages Life of Pi, by presenting an issue that is to be more fully addressed in a subsequent film. There is an intrinsic thematic linkage between these two films: both deal with a fundamentally crucial aspect in human existence, i.e., how to understand historical trauma and how to recover from it. Granting the premise that these two recent films by Ang Lee can be taken together as part of an organic entity, this paper narrows its scope of discussion to Lust, Caution only. The decision to leave Pi out of this paper is based on two primary considerations. Firstly, a fuller discussion of man's self-healing powers of narration, imagination, and fabrication in Pi would require the length of another separate paper. Secondly, it is the premise of this paper that only after a full-fledged exploration of historical trauma as experienced by an individual within his or her own historical context can we come to understand and to appreciate the healing power of imagination and fabrication as enunciated in Ang Lee's Pi. This paper therefore treats Lust, Caution as an independent entity for this discussion of Ang Lee's cinematic treatment of time in the context of historical trauma. Unlike most of the other films by Ang Lee, Lust, Caution is strictly time-specific. It sets the story line in the World War II Japanese Occupation of China between 1939 and 1942, during which time the protagonists and her friends become involved with, manipulated, and eventually victimized by the invasive political forces that characterize their historical period and modern Chinese history. This paper argues that, in the process of unfolding the lives of the protagonist and her friends during these tempestuous years, the film employs a series of filmic devices in its treatment of time, and thereby conveys an important message, a message that is subtle but subversive. The film challenges and negates the legitimacy of the dominance and manipulation of "nation as the subject of history" over the...

The Myth of Formalism: (Mis)Readings of Jewish Law from Paul to the Present

A pervasive myth, rooted in the Pauline critique of Judaism, but internalized by Western thought and perpetuated up to the present - in some cases even by Jewish expositors - contends that Jewish law is formalistic. The Apostle Paul portrayed the talmudic judge as pedantic and legalistic, focused on the letter of the written law rather than its divine spirit. The myth takes Jewish law to be mechanical, rule-governed, and oblivious to the personal and moral dimensions of the matters being adjudicated.This paper deflates the myth of formalism, showing that Jewish law is inherently flexible, context-dependent, and self-transcending. It surveys the core features of Jewish law, demonstrating that they give rise to a model of judicial activity that is, by design, individualistic, dynamic, and sensitive both to pragmatic contingencies and moral dilemmas. It shows that, due to these core features, Jewish law, far from the cold, positivistic apparatus it is alleged to be, is a holistic, organic entity that reflects the personalities and diverse jurisprudential approaches of those who create and administer it.

Synthesis, structure and physicochemical characterization of the hybrid material [C6H16N2O]2 SnCl6·2Cl·2H2O

The current study reports the chemical preparation, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis and spectroscopic characterization of the novel compound [C6H16N2O]2SnCl6·2Cl·2H2O. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic system (space group P − 1, Z = 1) with the following unit cell dimensions: a = 7.9764(9), b = 8.2703(9), c = 12.1103(14)Å, α = 84.469(6), β = 75.679(6), and γ = 64.066(5)°. The structure was solved using 3093 independent reflections down to R = 0.020. The atomic arrangement shows alternation of organic and inorganic entities. The cohesion between these entities is ensured by NH…Cl and OH…Cl hydrogen bonds that build a three-dimensional network. The 3D Hirshfeld surfaces and the associated 2D fingerprint plots were investigated for intermolecular interactions. The 13C and 15N CP-MAS NMR spectra are in agreement with the X-ray structure. The vibrational absorption bands were identified by infrared spectroscopy. DFT calculations allowed the attribution of the IR and NMR bands. X-ray powder, XPS and UV spectrum have been carried out. The DSC profile shows that the title material exhibits dehydration at 339 K.

Core/Shell Conjugated Polymer/Quantum Dot Composite Nanofibers through Orthogonal Non-Covalent Interactions.

Nanostructuring organic polymers and organic/inorganic hybrid materials and controlling blend morphologies at the molecular level are the prerequisites for modern electronic devices including biological sensors, light emitting diodes, memory devices and solar cells. To achieve all-around high performance, multiple organic and inorganic entities, each designed for specific functions, are commonly incorporated into a single device. Accurate arrangement of these components is a crucial goal in order to achieve the overall synergistic effects. We describe here a facile methodology of nanostructuring conjugated polymers and inorganic quantum dots into well-ordered core/shell composite nanofibers through cooperation of several orthogonal non-covalent interactions including conjugated polymer crystallization, block copolymer self-assembly and coordination interactions. Our methods provide precise control on the spatial arrangements among the various building blocks that are otherwise incompatible with one another, and should find applications in modern organic electronic devices such as solar cells.

Data sources for in vivo molecular profiling of human phenotypes.

Molecular profiling of human diseases has been approached at the genetic (DNA), expression (RNA), and proteomic (protein) levels. An important goal of these efforts is to map observed molecular patterns to specific, mechanistic organic entities, such as loci in the genome, individual RNA molecules or defined proteins or protein assemblies. Importantly, such maps have been historically approached in the more intuitive context of a theoretical individual cell, but diseases are better described in reality using an in vivo framework, namely a library of several tissue-specific maps. In this article, we review the existing data atlases that can be used for this purpose and identify critical gaps that could move the field forward from cellular to in vivo dimensions. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2016, 8:472-484. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1354 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.

Sources of organic ice nucleating particles in soils

Abstract. Soil organic matter (SOM) may be a significant source of atmospheric ice nucleating particles (INPs), especially of those active > −15 °C. However, due to both a lack of investigations and the complexity of the SOM itself, the identities of these INPs remain unknown. To more comprehensively characterize organic INPs we tested locally representative soils in Wyoming and Colorado for total organic INPs, INPs in the heat-labile fraction, ice nucleating (IN) bacteria, IN fungi, IN fulvic and humic acids, IN plant tissue, and ice nucleation by monolayers of aliphatic alcohols. All soils contained ≈ 106 to ≈ 5 × 107 INPs g−1 dry soil active at −10 °C. Removal of SOM with H2O2 removed ≥ 99 % of INPs active > −18 °C (the limit of testing), while heating of soil suspensions to 105 °C showed that labile INPs increasingly predominated > −12 °C and comprised ≥ 90 % of INPs active > −9 °C. Papain protease, which inactivates IN proteins produced by the fungus Mortierella alpina, common in the region's soils, lowered INPs active at ≥ −11 °C by ≥ 75 % in two arable soils and in sagebrush shrubland soil. By contrast, lysozyme, which digests bacterial cell walls, only reduced INPs active at ≥ −7.5 or ≥ −6 °C, depending on the soil. The known IN bacteria were not detected in any soil, using PCR for the ina gene that codes for the active protein. We directly isolated and photographed two INPs from soil, using repeated cycles of freeze testing and subdivision of droplets of dilute soil suspensions; they were complex and apparently organic entities. Ice nucleation activity was not affected by digestion of Proteinase K-susceptible proteins or the removal of entities composed of fulvic and humic acids, sterols, or aliphatic alcohol monolayers. Organic INPs active colder than −10 to −12 °C were resistant to all investigations other than heat, oxidation with H2O2, and, for some, digestion with papain. They may originate from decomposing plant material, microbial biomass, and/or the humin component of the SOM. In the case of the latter then they are most likely to be a carbohydrate. Reflecting the diversity of the SOM itself, soil INPs have a range of sources which occur with differing relative abundances.

Ordered Layered Dendrimers Constructed from Two Known Dendrimer Families: Inheritance and Emergence of Properties.

A new concept is presented, namely the synthesis of dendrimers intrinsically composed in alternation of building blocks pertaining to two known families of dendrimers: phosphorhydrazone dendrimers and triazine-piperazine dendrimers. These mixed dendrimers with layered controlled architecture inherit their easy (31) P NMR characterization and their thermal stability from the phosphorhydrazone family, and their decreased solubility from the triazine-piperazine family. However, they have also their own and original characteristics. Both parent families are white powders, whereas the mixed dendrimers are yellow, orange, or red powders, depending on the generation. DFT calculations were carried out on model dendrons to understand these special color features. Remarkably, these dendrimers incorporating redox-active organic entities allow for the first time the monitoring of the growth of an organic dendrimer by electrochemistry while highlighting an even-odd generation behavior.

M-Xylylenediaminium sulfate: crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis.

The crystal structure of the title salt {systematic name: [1,3-phenyl-enebis(methyl-ene)]bis-(aza-nium) sulfate}, C8H14N2 (2+)·SO4 (2-), consists of infinite (100) sheets of alternating organic and inorganic entities The m-xylylenediaminium cations are linked to the sulfate anions by N-H⋯O and asymmetric bifurcated N-H⋯(O,O) hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network. A weak C-H⋯O inter-action also occurs. The Hirshfeld surface analysis and the two-dimensional fingerprint maps indicate that the packing is dominated by H⋯O/O⋯H and H⋯H contacts.

Water Pollution and Its Impact on Environment of Society

The present seminar paper mainly highlight the concept of water pollution, causes of water pollution, Its Effects, Elements of pollutants, Methods used to prevent the water pollution in environment and the mandatory initiatives taken by the concerned authorities for prevention of water pollution. Water is essential for survival of all living organisms on the earth. Thus for human beings and plants to survive on land, water should be easily accessible. The term “Pollution” is generally refers to addition of any foreign body either living or non – living or deletion of anything that naturally exists. The basic Sources of Water pollution causes due to Culmination into lakes, rivers, ponds, seas, oceans etc. Domestic drainage and sanitary waste, Industrial drainage and sewage, Industrial waste from factories, Dumping of domestic garbage, Immersion of Idols made of plaster of Paris, Excess use of Insecticides , pesticides, fungicides, Chemical fertilizers, Soil erosion during heavy rains and floods, Natural disasters, tsunami etc. General pollutants which are also caused for water pollution which include Organic, Inorganic, and Biological entities, Insecticides, Pesticides, Disinfectants ,Detergents, Industrial solvents, Acids, Ammonia fertilizers, heavy metals, Harmful bacteria, Virus, Micro –Organisms and worms, Toxic chemicals. Agricultural lands become infertile and thereby production also drops, Spread of epidemic diseases like Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid, Diarrhea, Hepatitis, Jaundice etc. The basic responsibility of the Government, NGOs, National Pioneer scientific Research Institutions may conduct research oriented programs on control of water pollution by create awareness among the public through mass media and Environmental Education on recycling units, and water treatment plants must be established both at domestic levels and Industry levels, Every citizen must feel responsible to control water pollution. There have been many water pollution prevention acts that have been set up by the governments of the world. But these are not enough for permanent water pollution solutions. Each of us needs to take up the responsibility and do something at an everyday at individual level. Otherwise we can’t survive in a society forever in a future.

Bioindicators: the natural indicator of environmental pollution

ABSTRACTBioindicators are living organisms such as plants, planktons, animals, and microbes, which are utilized to screen the health of the natural ecosystem in the environment. They are used for assessing environmental health and biogeographic changes taking place in the environment. Each organic entity inside a biological system provides an indication regarding the health of its surroundings such as plankton responding rapidly to changes taking place in the surrounding environment and serving as an important biomarker for assessing the quality of water as well as an indicator of water pollution. Even the health of aquatic flora is best reflected by plankton, which acts as an early warning signal. In this review we have tried to explain the concept behind Bioindicators and plankton, with particular emphasis on their potential to be used as Bioindicators for water quality assessment and outcomes relating to this.