Order Of Liver Research Articles

Bioaccumulation of Aluminium Chloride in Different Organs of Freshwater Fish Labeo rohita (Ham.)

The present research work was carried out to determine the bioaccumulation of aluminium chloride in the gills, liver, Kidney and muscles of Labeo rohita. Sub-lethal concentration (LC50) for 96 hours of exposure was found to be 32.5 ppm. The accumulation of heavy metal gradually increases in liver during the heavy metal exposure period. In the present study the accumulation of aluminium chloride was not found in tissues like gill, liver, kidney and muscle in control fish, whereas in treated fish the accumulation was found in the following order of liver>kidney>gill>muscle. Changes in the aluminium chloride content of muscle tissue in treated fish against the control fish were statistically significant at P<0.05. In all heavy metal, the bioaccumulation of aluminium chloride proportion was significantly increased in the tissues of Labeo rohita. This study revealed the accumulation of heavy metals in fish Labeo rohita which may act as an indicative measure to address the production, bioaccumulation and health hazardous issues of heavy metals.

Evaluation of the biodistribution and preliminary safety profile of a novel brain-targeted manganese dioxide-based nanotheranostic system for Alzheimer’s disease

A novel brain-targeted and reactive oxygen species-activatable manganese dioxide containing nanoparticle system functionalized with anti-amyloid-β antibody (named aAβ-BTRA-NC) developed by our group has shown great promise as a highly selective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent for early detection and multitargeted disease-modifying treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To further evaluate the suitability of the formulation for future clinical application, we investigated the safety, biodistribution, and pharmacokinetic profile of aAβ-BTRA-NC in a transgenic TgCRND8 mouse AD model, wild type (WT) littermate, and CD-1 mice. Dose-ascending studies demonstrated that aAβ-BTRA-NC was well-tolerated by the animals up to 300 μmol Mn/kg body weight [b.w.], 3 times the efficacious dose for early AD detection without apparent adverse effects; Histopathological, hematological, and biochemical analyses indicated that a single dose of aAβ-BTRA-NC did not cause any toxicity in major organs. Immunotoxicity data showed that aAβ-BTRA-NC was safer than commercially available gadolinium-based MRI contrast agents at an equivalent dose of 100 μmol/kg b.w. of metal ions. Intravenously administered aAβ-BTRA-NC was taken up by main organs with the order of liver, kidneys, intestines, spleen, followed by other organs, and cleared after one day to one week post injection. Pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that the plasma concentration profile of aAβ-BTRA-NC followed a 2-compartmental model with faster clearance in the AD mice than in the WT mice. The results suggest that aAβ-BTRA-NC exhibits a strong safety profile as a nanotheranostic agent which warrants more robust preclinical development for future clinical applications.

Disposition Kinetics and Tissue Distribution of Titanium Dioxide (TiO<sub>2</Sub>) Nanoparticles Following Single Exposure in Male Wistar Rats

Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are one among the several environmental contaminants essentially due to their widespread applications in food, medicine, cosmetics, electronics, and several other applications. The current experimental study was undertaken to determine the toxicokinetic variables and tissue distribution profile of titanium (Ti) following single intraperitoneal (i.p) administration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) in male Wistar rats. The Tmax(obs.), Cmax (obs.), the elimination half-life (t1/2k10), the area under the curve (AUC0-336), and AUC0-∞ of TiO2 following single i.p administration of TiO2 NPs in whole blood was 0.5h, 0.26 ± 0.03 μg.ml-l, 486.31 ± 39.66 h, 48.81 ± 0.54 μg/ml*h and 128.28 ± 7.17 μg/ml*h, respectively. The mean Titanium (Ti) concentration ratio for tissue(s)- to whole blood measured at 336 h as well as the Cmax(obs.) was in the order of liver > spleen > lung > kidney > testis > brain following single i.p administration. The elimination half-life (t1/2k10) was in the order of spleen > kidney > liver > lung. The toxicokinetic and tissue distribution profile TiO2 NPs thus derived would serve as baseline data to execute long-term studies with toxicoepidemiological relevant concentration so as to re-visit safety pharmacology governing TiO2 -nanoparticles exposure from various sources including pharmaceuticals.

Combined Toxic Effect of Cypermethrin and Chlorpyrifos on Carbohydrate Metabolism of Freshwater Carp Fish Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)

Aquatic ecosystems are vulnerable to the detrimental effects of various agrochemicals, including synthetic pyrethroids and organophosphates. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos on a commonly found freshwater fish species Labeo rohita. The fish Labeo rohita was divided in to four groups, Group I treated as Controls, Group II treated with 1/10th of the LC50 of Cypermethrin (0.015 mg/kg bw), Group III treated with 1/10th of the LC50 of Chlorpyrifos (0.042 mg/kg bw) and Group IV treated with 1/20th of the LC50 of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos in combination (i.e.,0.0075 mg/kg bw and 0.021 mg/kg bw respectively) for 7 days. After stipulated time the fishes were sacrificed and the contents of carbohydrate metabolites were observed in liver, kidney and muscle tissues. It is observed a declining trend in total carbohydrate and pyruvate contents in all selected tissues showing significant differences, in the order of Liver > muscle > kidney. Conversely, there was an increasing trend in lactic acid content, with the order of muscle > liver > kidney. Importantly, these changes were more pronounced in the combined treatment compared to individual exposures, suggesting a potential synergistic effect of cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos.

Effects of chronic exposure of cadmium on growth performance, bioaccumulation and hematological parameters of genetically improved farmed tilapia

This study was conducted to evaluate the chronic exposure of cadmium on growth performance, bioaccumulation, and hematological parameters of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT). Two concentrations of cadmium (50 μgL-1 and 100 μgL-1) with control were used. Twelve fish with an initial mean weight of 12.84 ± 0.53 g were randomly assigned quadruplicated treatments (total 144 fish) and the experiment lasted for six weeks. In the end, growth performance and feed utilization efficiencies were assessed by using % specific growth rate (%SGR), % average daily gain (%ADG) and feed conversion ratio. The pattern of Cd accumulation in different tissues and hematological parameters were examined. Mean body weight, %ADG, %SGR, hematocrit and packed cell volume were not affected by the treatments. A significantly higher survival rate (100 %) was observed in control followed by CD50 (87.50 %) and CD100 (78.13 %). The rate of Cd accumulation in various tissues was in the order of liver > gills > muscle > skin in each treatment. Among tested concentrations, the highest accumulation was observed in CD100 for each tissue. Both red blood and white blood cell count (2.21 ± 0.07 × 106 mm-3 and 468.00 ± 6.61 × 103 mm-3 respectively) were significantly higher in control and it was lowest in CD 100 (1.28 ± 0.04 × 106 mm-3 and 205.19 ± 8.94 × 103 mm-3). The results of this study supported the conclusion that there is a significant effect of the chronic exposure to cadmium on the bioaccumulation and hematological parameters of the GIFT tilapia even at the ecologically relevant concentration.

Heavy Metals Accumulation in Water and Human Health Risk Assessment via the Consumption of Labeobarbus intermedius Samples from Borkena River, Ethiopia

Concentrations of heavy metals, namely, chromium, lead, cadmium, and copper, were evaluated in the water samples and selected fish organs (Labeobarbus intermedius) from the Borkena River, Ethiopia. The concentrations of these metals were determined using ELICO’s SL-176 double-beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The distribution of heavy metals in water samples analyzed was in the order of magnitude of Cu > Cr > Cd > Pb. The average heavy metal concentrations recorded in the water samples were below the maximum permissible limit established by international and national organizations (WHO, EPA, and USEPA), except for cadmium. Organ specificity was observed for accumulating the selected heavy metals in the order of liver > kidney > muscles. Pearson’s correlation results revealed that Cr and Cd originated from similar sources. Hazard quotient (HQ) and total hazard index (THI) results showed that Cu, Cr, Cd, and Pb contents were safe and might not have adverse public health effects. From the point of carcinogenic risk, this study suggests that the observed Cr and Cd concentrations possibly pose a risk of developing cancer in the future. Controlling waste at the source and implementing remediation strategies should be done to reduce heavy metal pollution in the river.

Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Residue Profiles of Enrofloxacin in Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) Following Single and Multiple Oral Administration.

The pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and elimination of enrofloxacin (ENR) and its metabolite ciprofloxacin (CIP) were investigated to the crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) after single (20 mg/kg b. w.) and multiple oral administration (20 mg/kg b.w. one time daily for 5 days) at 28°C. The concentrations of ENR and CIP in the plasma and tested tissues (muscle/skin, liver, and kidney) were detected simultaneously by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the pharmacokinetic data were analyzed with a non-compartmental model using WinNonLin 6.1 PK software (Pharsight Corporation, Mountain View, CA, USA). The pharmacokinetic characteristics of ENR in crucian carp exhibited slow absorption, wide tissue distribution, and long elimination half-life. In the single-dose group, the peak concentrations (Cmax) of ENR in the plasma, muscle/skin, liver, and kidney were 8.93 μg/mL, 13.9 μg/g, 31.2 μg/g, and 27.3 μg/g, respectively, observed at 3 h, 6 h, 1 h, and 3 h after dosing. The elimination half-lives (T1/2λz) of ENR in plasma, muscle/skin, liver, and kidney were calculated to be 67.4, 82.8, 94.4, and 114 h, respectively. In the multiple-dose group, the Cmax of ENR in the plasma, muscle/skin, liver, and kidney were 18.4 μg/mL, 26.8 μg/g, 82.8 μg/g, and 74.5 μg/g, respectively, achieved at 3 h, 6 h, 1 h, and 1 h after the last dose. The T1/2λz of ENR in the plasma, muscle/skin, liver, and kidney were calculated to be 76.4 h, 91.5 h, 114 h, and 148 h, respectively. During the multiple-dose administration, significant accumulations of ENR and CIP were observed in the plasma and tissues of crucian carp, possibly due to their long elimination half-lives. In both dose groups, the AUC0−∞ for both ENR and CIP followed the order of liver > kidney > muscle/skin > plasma. The finding suggested that the liver may play an important role in the metabolism of ENR. According to the calculated PK/PD indices of Cmax/minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and AUC24h/MIC, the multiple-dose regimen would be highly effective against pathogenic bacteria with a MIC value of ≤ 1.84 μg/ml. Depletion studies indicated that a withdrawal period of at least 29 or 32 days was necessary to guarantee food security after single or multiple oral gavage administration at 28°C.

Tissue-specific accumulation, transformation, and depuration of fipronil in adult crucian carp (Carassius auratus)

Accumulation and biotransformation of pesticides in fish tissues are essential to assess their toxicity and associated human exposure risk. The mechanisms on time-dependent and tissue-specific accumulation and transformation of fipronil in adult fish are limited. An experiment consisting of 25-d uptake of fipronil at two levels (10 and 50 μg/L) and 25-d depuration in adult crucian carp (Carassius auratus) was conducted. Fipronil concentration at 25-d exposure was tissue-specific with the order of liver > kidney > blood > muscle. The uptake rate constant of fipronil in the liver (low exposure group: 2.38 ± 0.27 L/kg/d; high exposure group: 1.10 ± 0.11 L/kg/d) was significantly higher than that in other tissues (p < 0.05), and the lowest in muscle (low exposure group: 0.10 ± 0.01 L/kg/d; high exposure group: 0.16 ± 0.11 L/kg/d). The bioconcentration factors of fipronil in different tissues were 1.04–12.7 L/kg wet weight and 177–4268 L/kg lipid. The tissue–blood distribution coefficients of the liver and kidney were lower than 1 based on lipid normalized concentration but higher than 1 based on wet weight concentration, suggesting fipronil was dispersed into other tissues mainly via blood in the lipid-combination pattern. Fipronil sulfone had 1.2–32 times higher concentration and longer depuration time than fipronil, implying fipronil sulfone was more retender in fish bodies. The estimated daily intake of fipronil via fish muscle consumption at 25-d exposure was 8.5–101 and 27–320 ng/kg bw/d for adults and children, respectively. Overall, the human health risk of fipronil and its metabolites with consumption of the polluted fish cannot be negligible.

Toxicological effects of atenolol and venlafaxine on zebrafish tissues: Bioaccumulation, DNA hypomethylation, and molecular mechanism

The beta-blocker atenolol (ATE), and the selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, venlafaxine (VEN) are frequently detected in municipal wastewater effluents, but little is known about their ecotoxicological effect on aquatic animals. Herein, ATE and VEN were selected to explore their accumulation and global DNA methylation (GDM) in zebrafish tissues after a 30-day exposure. Molecular dynamics (MD) stimulation was used to investigate the toxic mechanism of ATE and VEN exposure. The results demonstrated that ATE and VEN could reduce the condition factor of zebrafish. The bioaccumulation capacity for ATE and VEN was in the order of liver > gut > gill > brain and liver > gut > brain > gill, respectively. After a 30-day recovery, ATE and VEN could still be detected in zebrafish tissues when exposure concentrations were ≥10 μg/L. Moreover, ATE and VEN induced global DNA hypomethylation in different tissues with a dose-dependent manner and their main target tissues were liver and brain. When the exposure concentrations of ATE and VEN were increased to 100 μg/L, the global DNA hypomethylation of liver and brain were reduced to 27% and 18%, respectively. In the same tissue exposed to the same concentration, DNA hypomethylation induced by VEN was more serious than that of ATE. After a 30-day recovery, the global DNA hypomethylations caused by the two drugs were still persistent, and the recovery of VEN was slower than that of ATE. The MD simulation results showed that both ATE and VEN could reduce the catalytic activity of DNA Methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), while the effect of VEN on the 3D conformational changes of the DNMT1 domain was more significant, resulting in a lower DNA methylation rate. The current study shed new light on the toxic mechanism and potential adverse impacts of ATE and VEN on zebrafish, providing essential information to the further ecotoxicological risk assessment of these drugs in the aquatic environment.

Tissue distribution and endocrine disruption effects of chronic exposure to pharmaceuticals and personal care products mixture at environmentally relevant concentrations in zebrafish.

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as emerging contaminants are ubiquitously present in the aquatic environment. Using in vivo and in silico techniques, this study aims to elucidate tissue distribution and endocrine disruption effects of chronic exposure (120 days) to PPCP mixture at environmentally relevant concentrations (ERCs) in adult zebrafish. Results from UHPLC-MS/MS analyses showed elevated distribution of PPCPs in zebrafish tissues in the order of liver > gonad > brain. Upregulation of steroid hormone receptors, both gonadotropin, and steroidogenic genes perturb the HPG axis pathway in females, while male fish exhibited significantly downregulated expressions of vtg, cyp17, and 17βhsd genes with inhibited fecundity. The Spearman correlation indicated a significant positive relationship between PPCPs bioaccumulation and mRNA levels of HPG axis genes. In silico molecular docking (MD) revealed specific amino acid residues of PPCPs binding with zebrafish estrogen receptors. Furthermore, the strongest binding energies of sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, and triclosan were discovered in erα and erβ estrogen receptors, confirming PPCPs' xenoestrogenic behavior. To summarize, chronic exposure to ERCs resulted in a high accumulation of PPCPs in the liver and gonad tissues of adult zebrafish, as well as associated perturbed genetic responses. As a result, strict environmental regulations for the disposal of PPCPs should be ensured to protect ecological and public health.

Histopathology and transcriptome reveals the tissue-specific hepatotoxicity and gills injury in mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) induced by sublethal concentration of triclosan

Triclosan (TCS), a ubiquitous antimicrobial agent, has been frequently detected in wild fish, leading to concerns regarding TCS safety in the aquatic environment. The present work aims to investigate the TCS-mediated effects on various tissues (the liver, gills, brain, and testes) of wild-sourced adult mosquitofish based on histological analysis and transcriptome. Severe morphological injuries were only found in the liver and gills. The histopathological alterations in the liver were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolation and degeneration, eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions, and nuclear polymorphism. The gill lesions contained epithelial lifting, intraepithelial edema, fusion and shortening of the secondary lamellae. Consistently, the numbers of differently expressed genes (DEGs) identified by transcriptome were in the order of liver (1627) > gills (182) > brain (9) > testes (4). Trend-aligned histopathological and transcriptomic changes in the 4 tissues, suggesting the tissue-specific response manner of mosquitofish to TCS, and the liver and gills were the target organs. TCS interrupted many biological pathways associated with lipogenesis and lipid metabolism, transmembrane transporters, protein synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism in the liver, and it induced nonspecific immune response in the gills. TCS-triggered hepatotoxicity and gills damnification may lead to inflammation, apoptosis, diseases, and even death in mosquitofish. TCS showed moderate acute toxicity and bioaccumulative property on mosquitofish, suggesting that prolonged or massive use of TCS may pose an ecological risk.

Tissue-Specific Accumulation and Antioxidant Defenses in Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Juveniles Experimentally Exposed to Methylmercury.

Methylmercury (MeHg) is the most toxic form of mercury and can accumulate in the cells of marine organisms, such as fish, causing adverse effects on various physiological functions. This study examined MeHg accumulation and its toxicological role in antioxidant defenses in tissues, including the liver, gills, and muscle of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) juveniles. After 30 d of MeHg exposure (0, 0.1, 1.0, 10.0, and 20.0µgL-1), the accumulation of MeHg in the three tissues correlated positively with the concentration of MeHg and exhibited tissue specificity in the order of liver > gills > muscle. Among the antioxidant markers, the activities of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and GST (glutathione S-transferase) as well as the content of glutathione (GSH) in the liver and gills were induced at 0.1-10.0µgL-1 but repressed at 20.0µgL-1. The activities of SOD and GST and the content of GSH in the muscle significantly increased with increasing MeHg concentration. Catalase (CAT) activity in the liver was induced at 0.1-1.0µgL-1 but inhibited at 10.0-20.0µgL-1, whereas exposure to MeHg did not remarkably affect CAT activity in the gills and muscle. The levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) increased dose dependently, showing tissue specificity with the highest level in the liver, then the gills, followed by muscles. Overall, higher sensitivity to oxidative stress induced by MeHg was detected in the liver than the gills and muscle. These findings improve our understanding of the tissue-specific accumulation of heavy metals and their roles in antioxidant responses in marine fish subjected to MeHg exposure.

Evaluation of toxicity and response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to manganese chloride solution

This study investigated the acute toxicity and behavioural response of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) to manganese chloride (MnCl ) solution. One hundred (100) pieces of juvenile Clarias gariepinus were acclimatized 2 for 14 days in ten (10) plastic bowls containing 25 L of water each. The acute-toxicity of manganese chloride, LC and sub chronic exposure (28 days) were investigated. For sub-lethal exposure; fifty pieces of C. gariepinus 50 were divided into five groups of ten in bowls labelled (A to E). The fish in groups (A to D) were exposed to manganese chloride solutions at: 68.5, 137, 205.5 and 274 mg/L respectively while group G served as the control. On day 28, the exposed fish were sacrificed; blood, muscle, liver, and gills were collected for haematological and histological studies. The activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-Stransferase (GST) were determined using standard methods. The manganese concentrations in the liver, gills and muscle tissues were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The LC obtained 50 was 2.74 g/L. The mean water temperature showed that there was no significant variation at (p &lt; 0.05) between the control and other groups. The results of growth parameters showed that fish exposed to 137 mg/L manganese concentration had better growth performance than those exposed to higher concentrations. The activities of SOD and GST in the liver of fish increased significantly (p &lt; 0.05) as manganese concentration increases. The red blood cells concentrations decreases while white blood cells increases as the concentration of manganese increases respectively. The mean bioaccumulation of manganese in the organs of C. gariepinus followed the order of liver &gt; gill &gt; muscle. The histopathological study revealed alterations in the liver, gill and muscle tissues. This study concluded that manganese at concentration greater than 137 mg/L elicits adverse effect on C. gariepinus growth performance, haematology, histopathology as well as liver SOD and GST activities.&#x0D; Key words: Behavioural response, Cat-fish, Juvenile, Manganese chloride, Toxicity

Uptake and Depuration Kinetics of Pacific Ciguatoxins in Orange-Spotted Grouper (Epinephelus coioides).

Ciguatoxins (CTXs), produced by toxic benthic dinoflagellates, can bioaccumulate in marine organisms at higher trophic levels. The current study evaluated the uptake and depuration kinetics of some of the most potent CTXs, Pacific CTX-1, -2, and -3 (P-CTX-1, -2, and -3), in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) exposed to 1 ng P-CTXs g-1 fish daily. Over a 30 d exposure, P-CTX-1, -2, and -3 were consistently detected in various tissues of exposed fish, and the concentrations of the total P-CTXs in tissues generally ranked following the order of liver, intestine, gill, skin, brain, and muscle. Relatively higher uptake rates of P-CTX-1 in the groupers were observed compared with those of P-CTX-2 and -3. The depuration rate constants of P-CTX-1, -2, and -3 in different tissues were (0.996-16.5) × 10-2, (1.51-16.1) × 10-2, and (0.557-10.6) × 10-2 d-1, respectively. The accumulation efficiencies of P-CTX-1, -2, and -3 in whole groupers were 6.13%, 2.61%, and 1.15%, respectively. The increasing proportion of P-CTX-1 and the decreasing proportion of P-CTX-2 and -3 over the exposure phase suggest a likely biotransformation of P-CTX-2 and -3 to P-CTX-1, leading to higher levels of P-CTX-1 in fish and possibly a higher risk of CTXs in long-term exposed fish.

High contamination, bioaccumulation and risk assessment of perfluoroalkyl substances in multiple environmental media at the Baiyangdian Lake

The contamination of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the Baiyangdian Lake has exacerbated readily since 2008. This study analyzed the perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and perfluoroalkane sulfonic acids (PFSAs) in the surface water, sediment, and fish of the Baiyangdian Lake. In the surface water, the total concentration of PFASs ranged in 1193–3462 ng L−1 (mean 1734 ng L−1) in the rainy season and 469–1724 ng L−1 (mean 876 ng L−1) in the dry season. The total concentration of PFASs in the sediment ranged in 1.97–13.3 ng g−1 (mean 6.53 ng g−1). It was found that PFCAs and PFSAs with longer chains were more easily adsorbed in the sediment. Among the collected fish samples, the enrichment of PFASs in the tissues fell in the order of liver > cheek > muscle. For the muscle, stomach, and liver tissues of the fish samples, significant correlations existed between the δ15N values and the concentration of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS). The contents of PFOS and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the fish were not at a level high enough to significantly risk human health.

Microcystins distribution, bioaccumulation, and Microcystis genotype succession in a fish culture pond

In freshwater aquaculture ponds, cyanobacterial blooms and microcystins (MCs) pollution have attracted considerable attention due to their toxic effects. To provide an insight into cyanobacterial problems in aquaculture ponds, MCs distribution, bioaccumulation, and Microcystis genotype succession in a fishpond were investigated from May 2017 to November 2017. The distribution of MCs in filtered water, seston, and sediment varied considerably among months. MCs concentrations in filtered water, seston, and sediment ranged from 1.16 to 3.66 μg/L, 0.64 to 13.98 μg/g DW, and 1.34 to 5.90 μg/g DW, respectively. In addition, chemical oxygen demand was positively correlated with sestonic MCs concentrations. MCs concentrations accumulated in different tissues of market-size fish were in the order of liver > kidney > intestine > muscle. MCs content in muscle was 4.3 times higher than the WHO recommended tolerable daily intake level. Twenty-four ITS genotypes of Microcystis were identified from a total of 653 sequences. During the survey period, considerable genotype variation and rapid genotype succession were observed and dominant genotype was absent. A redundancy analysis revealed that Microcystis genotypes could significantly influence the variations in the proportions of the potentially toxic Microcystis, which could in turn influence the MCs concentrations in seston.

PB2026 TRANSDIAPHRAGMATIC MUCORMYCOSIS

Background:Mucormycosis is a life‐threatening infection in immunocompromised patients and in haematological malignancy patients in particular.Aims:To report the phenomenon of transidaphragmatic mucormycosis and to raise concerns with regard to the extent of imaging studies in patients with mucormycosis.Methods:Retrospective chart review was performed on patients with Mucormycosis treated at the University Hospital of Cologne (UHC) between April 2012 and June 2017. Mucormycosis was confirmed either histologically or by culture. All cases were diagnosed pre‐mortem.Results:In a series of three patients we observed a previously unreported contiguous disease pattern, where the pulmonary type of disease contiguously spread through the diaphragm into abdominal organs, mostly liver or spleen.Patient 1, a 53‐year‐old women with history of B‐NHL, allogeneic stem cell transplantation and chronic renal disease developed mucormycosis of the lungs with continuous growth through the diaphragm into the liver. Fungal cultures and PCR of bronchoalveolar lavage and liver biopsy remained negative. Hepatic and diaphragm resection was performed and liposomal Amphotericin B (L‐AmB) &gt;5 mg/kg once daily (QD) initiated. Histology showed invasive growth of fungal hyphae of the Mucorales order in liver and diaphragm. A planned lung resection was not possible due to progression of the disease and impossible one‐lung ventilation. The patient died seventeen days after the diagnosis was made.Patient 2, a 35‐year‐old man with history of acute myeloid leukemia and no further underlying conditions developed mucormycosis of the lungs with continuous growth through the diaphragm into the spleen. L‐AmB &gt;5 mg/kg QD was initiated. Splenectomy was performed and histology showed invasive growth of fungal hyphae. Fungal cultures of the surgical sample remained negative, but panfungal PCR resulted in Rhizomucor spp. The patient died 976 days after the diagnosis was made, due to progression of the AML with neoplastic meningitis.Patient 3, a 42‐year‐old man with history of poorly controlled insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and injection drug use developed mucormycosis of the lungs with continuous growth through the diaphragm into the liver. Fungal culture of BAL fluid showed growth and PCR positivity of Rhizopus microsporus. Due to septic shock, high vasopressor support and extensive growth of mucormycosis, therapeutic goals were changed to palliative care. Therefore no surgery took place and no antifungal therapy was initiated. The patient died two days after the diagnosis was made.Summary/Conclusion:This is the first report of the clinical observation of transdiaphragmatic mucormycosis in 3 patients. We observed this phenomenon in 11% (3/27) of patients, raising concerns with regard to the extent of imaging studies in patients with mucormycosis. Clinicians should become aware of this new‐described entity. Upmost goal is to understand of the extent of the disease in order to personalize surgical debridement in combination with antifungal treatment. Therefore all patients with suspected mucormycosis should receive a complete staging with head, neck, chest and abdomen CT to find dissemination or contiguous rhinocerebral or transdiaphragmatic spread.

Assessment of adverse outcome of Excel Mera 71 in Anabas testudineus by histological and ultrastructural alterations

Present study was designed to evaluate the adverse effect of glyphosate-based herbicide, Excel Mera 71 in Anabas testudineus on comparative basis under field and laboratory conditions. Field (750 g/acre) and laboratory (17.2 mg/L) experiments were performed for a period of 30 days. For field experiment special type of cages were prepared. Fish gill, liver, and kidney were analyzed for histology and ultrastructural responses. A significant increment in morphometric indices (DTC) was observed in gill, liver and kidney of A. testudineus under laboratory condition (p < 0.05) and responses showed the degree of pathogenicity in the order of liver > kidney > gills. However, under field study significant increase in DTC value was observed in gill and liver (p < 0.05). Among the scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observations necrosis and loss of microridges, and damage in stratified epithelial cells were prominent in gill, although higher prevalence of alterations was observed under laboratory study than field study. Additionally, transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observations also depicted higher prevalence of pathological lesions under laboratory study compared with field observation. Among the TEM observations damage in chloride and pavement cells, degenerative mitochondria and nucleus (in gill); severe vacuolation, necrosed nucleus and vesiculated network in case of liver and degenerated epithelial cells, cytoplasmic vacuolation, and damage in proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) in case of kidney were prominent. Therefore, these findings demonstrated that Excel Mera 71 induces significant damage in tissues of A. testudineus and these responses might be considered as biomarkers for monitoring herbicidal toxicity on fish in aquatic body.

Measurement and prediction of bioconcentration factors of organophosphate flame retardants in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The increase in the production and usage plus the toxicity nature of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has become a concern. However, limited information is available about the bioaccumulation potential of OPFRs in fish. In this study, we determined the 96 h LC50 s, and evaluated the bioaccumulation potential of six most frequently reported OPFRs in gill, kidney, liver, and muscle tissues of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) for 48 d, and a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed to predict bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for the remaining 16 OPFRs. The BCFs and half-lives (t1/2) in the tissues ranged from 6.54 (Tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate, (TCPP)) to 528.15 (Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP)), and 2.25–5.78 days, respectively. The tissue-specific concentration and BCFs values followed the order of liver > kidney ≥ intestine >> muscle. The proposed QSAR model with a high cross-validated value (Q2(cum)) of 0.930 and a correlation coefficient of 0.94 was obtained and was able to predict log BCF from parameters related to molar volume and isotropic average static field polarizability. The results show that the model has a high level of accuracy, making the proposed approach a suitable method for predicting the log BCF.

Incidences of mortality of Indian peafowl Pavo cristatus due to pesticide poisoning in India and accumulation pattern of chlorinated pesticides in tissues of the same species collected from Ahmedabad and Coimbatore.

Incidences of mortality of Indian peafowl Pavo cristatus, the national bird (Schedule I Indian Wild Life Protection Act 1972), are rampant in India. Between January 2011 and March 2017, around 550 peafowl in 35 incidences were reported dead across the country. Due to the non-availability of fresh carcases, poisoning could not be confirmed. Birds which died due to kite string injuries in Ahmedabad (15) and accidents in Coimbatore (5) were tested for residues of chlorinated pesticides, namely hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT), endosulfan, heptachlor, dicofol, dieldrin and cholipyrifos. The liver, kidney and muscle were the tissues considered to document pesticide load. Total load ranged from BDL to 388.2ng/g. DDT (95%) and HCH (80%) were detected more frequently. DDT (40%) and endosulfan (26%) contributed maximum to the total pesticide load followed by HCH (21%). Pesticide accumulation pattern among the organs was in the order of liver (123.9ng/g) > kidney (91.9ng/g) > muscle (19.5ng/g) with significant difference (p < 0.05). Peafowl from Ahmedabad had significantly (p < 0.05) higher level of total pesticide (149.0ng/g) than birds from Coimbatore (47.8ng/g). Although varying levels of chlorinated pesticide were detected, they were below reported toxic limits. Nevertheless, persistence of chlorinated pesticides and poisoning due to modern pesticides across the entire distribution range of Peafowl in India is a cause for concern.