Oral Culture Research Articles

Bilişsel İnşanın Yetisel Zeminini Oluşturan Kavramların Kur’an Bağlamında Analizi

The subject of this paper is the analysis of several Qurʾānic words related to the faculties through which man performs any action he wishes to do, including cognitive/intellectual construction, such as nafs, quwwa, istiṭāʿat, udhn, samʿ, taswiya, fiqh, waʿy, and ʿaql. The sub-headings of the research will be the concepts through which the faculties that are the means for the emergence of action and the state of possession of these faculties, which can be considered as a state of selfhood, are expressed; the character structure and process of the construction act and the actions performed through the faculties possessed; the concepts through which the structures that emerge as a result of this construction process and which are actually a target product that governs the whole process are expressed. The Qurʾān also contains an important vocabulary about concepts, which constitute the 'first stage' of the process of abstracting this final product through faculties. However, the fact that the culture in which the Qurʾān was born was an oral culture played an important role in the choice of abilities and materials during its construction and determined the character of the Qurʾān. Therefore, the study will focus on the concepts that considered to come to the fore as abilities and materials. We will try to describe how words which were the expression of these abilities and materials, were used in the process of construction, which could be considered as an act of abstraction and in a permeable and double-meaningful character. In the constructing the link between words, the methodological guidance of semantics will be followed. Analyzing these faculties, which are currently studied under cognitive psychology or cognitive sciences, in the Qurʾānic context and revealing the Qurʾān's unique approach to these capacities can provide seminal functions in the investigation of the construction of a new subject as a set of capacities. In conclusion, it has been observed that the analyzed words were used in a permeable character in a way to include an intellectual meaning rather than a pure sensory input; in this range, the sensory input, as the same thing, constructed the intellectual through itself; the Qurʾan, from this point of view, presented itself as an (intellectual) reminder/tadhkira as the place of the 'essence' that transcended perception in the form of sense; the content of the words was semantically changed while preserving their verbal quality. To add, among the findings is that one of the main points of analogy between God and man was realized through the concept of competence, and the Islamic understanding of divinity was built on this concept.

Bacterial community analysis identifies Klebsiella pneumoniae as a native symbiotic bacterium in the newborn Protobothrops mucrosquamatus

BackgroundThe study of the native microbiome of organisms is crucial. The connection between the native microbiome and the host affects the formation of the innate immune system and the organism’s growth. However, the native microbiome of newborn venomous snakes has not been reported. Therefore, we aimed to determine the oral and skin microbiomes of newborn Protobothrops mucrosquamatus.ResultsWe performed 16 S full-length sequencing on 14 samples collected from 7 newborn P. mucrosquamatus individuals, specifically targeting their oral and skin microbiomes. In terms of the oral and skin microbiome, the main species were Klebsiella pneumoniae lineages. According to subspecies/species analysis, the proportion from highest to lowest was K. quasipneumoniae subsp. similipneumoniae, K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae, and K. pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis. These three bacteria accounted for 62.5% and 85% of the skin and oral activity, respectively. The oral microbiome of newborn P. mucrosquamatus did not comprise common bacteria found in snakebite wounds or oral cultures in adult snakes. Therefore, the source of other microbiomes in the oral cavities of adult snakes may be the environment or prey. Functional Annotation of the Prokaryotic Taxa analysis showed that the skin/oral native microbiome metabolism was related to fermentation and human infection owing to the dominance of K. pneumoniae lineages. The characteristics of K. pneumoniae may impact the development of venom in venomous snakes.ConclusionThe results of the native microbiome in the oral cavity and skin of newborn P. mucrosquamatus demonstrated that the habitat environment and prey capture may affect the composition of bacteria in adult snakes. We hypothesized that the native microbiome influences newborn venomous snakes and that K. pneumoniae lineages related to citrate fermentation may play a role in venom growth. However, further verification of this is required.

Recodification of Gestures in Early Arabic Spoken Discourse Intralingually and Interlingually

This paper explores the symbolic values of gestures in early Arab discourse. The Prophet’s traditions are selected for analysis because they are the most canonical Islamic texts after the Qur’an. The paper analyzes the implications of the Prophet’s gestures as his traditions were related orally before they were recorded in scrolls later. Therefore, we can examine how these semiotic gestures are interpreted in the Arabic script as situated in the early oral culture and how they are codified or recodified intralingually, using corpus linguistics techniques. Findings show that the semiotic cues used by early generations should be situated in their original culture and re-codified to later generations for monolingual and cross-lingual communication. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of gestures in early Arabic discourse and provides insights into how they are recodified for different contexts and languages.

Old Norse Women’s Use of Sacred Textures in Crisis Situations

The purpose of this article is to identify Old Norse sacred texts and contribute to insights into the entanglements between Old Norse women’s gender and their production and performance of sacred texts. By broadening the concept of text to include texture, the article proposes a definition that can identify some recorded Old Norse poetic speech acts as sacred textures. Empirically, the article analyses skaldic and eddic poetry composed by Old Norse women as a means to defend themselves and their communities against threats, and it examines how the production of sacred textures affected women’s gender. The article conjoins theoretical reflections by Paul Ricoeur, Émile Durkheim, Rudolf Otto, Judith Butler, Karen Barad, and Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, offering a platform for future analyses of sacred textures in other oral religious cultures.

Oral Probiotics, Streptococcus salivarius K12 and M18, Suppress the Release of Volatile Sulfur Compounds and a Virulent Protease from Oral Bacteria: An In-Vitro Study.

To evaluate the inhibitory effects of Streptococcus salivarius K12 and M18 strains on the growth of six oral pathogens as well as their release of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), and whether these probiotics can inhibit the expression of arginine-specific gingipain A (RgpA), a protease secreted by Porphyromonas gingivalis. After six halitogenic oral pathogens (P. gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Parvimonas micra, and Eikenella corrodens) were cultured with or without S. salivarius K12 and M18, the concentration of two VSCs was measured. Moreover, the antimicrobial activity of S. salivarius K12 and M18 against these pathogens and the suppressive effect on RgpA release by P. gingivalis were assessed. In the co-culture of S. salivarius K12 or M18 with oral pathogenic bacteria, the growth of all six oral pathogens was significantly inhibited (p < 0.01). Additionally, S. salivarius K12 and M18 had an inhibitory effect on the production of the halitogenic substances H2S and CH3SH (p < 0.01) as well as the expression of P. gingivalis RgpA. Finally, we demonstrated that the addition of only culture supernatants of the two strains K12/M18 to oral pathogen cultures was sufficient to mimic the effects of K12/M18 co-cultures upon VSCs production and protease expression. S. salivarius K12 and M18 inhibited VSC release by all six of the major oral pathogens that were assayed and reduced the expression of RgpA.

Exploring the Feasibility of Intrapartum GBS Collection to Identify Residual GBS in a Pilot Study of an Antenatal Probiotic Intervention

(1) Background: We aimed to explore the feasibility of collecting intrapartum maternal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization and immediate post-birth neonatal GBS colonization cultures for use in a larger trial and to identify cases of residual GBS, which were hypothesized to be less common in the probiotics group. (2) Methods: This sub-study added additional outcome measures to the parent study to identify intrapartum and neonatal colonization and compare between probiotic and placebo groups and to identify cases of residual GBS. Intrapartum maternal vaginal and rectal GBS cultures were collected at the time of admission to a hospital for labor and to give birth. Neonatal oral and nasopharynx GBS cultures were collected within 1–2 h of giving birth. (3) Results: Thirty intrapartum samples were collected; twenty-eight had complete data. The antepartum GBS results significantly predicted the intrapartum results (p = 0.005), with 86.7% of cultures remaining the same at both time points. There were four cases where the intrapartum GBS results were different to the 36-week antepartum cultures results. A case of residual GBS was identified in one probiotic group participant. None of the neonatal swabs were positive for GBS. No cases of EOGBSD occurred in infants born to the study participants. (4) Conclusions: Although the 36–37 week GBS results significantly predicted the intrapartum results, the utility for a larger research trial on probiotics to reduce antenatal GBS is unclear. Intrapartum GBS swab collection was feasible in a busy nurse, midwife, and physician practice. GBS was not recovered from neonatal oral and nasopharyngeal swabs. The pathways of neonatal GBS colonization require further study.

Use of Translated Saudi Folk Narratives to Improve Reading and Speaking Skills of Saudi EFL Learners

The present study aims to explore how the use of translated Saudi folk narratives could help improve Saudi EFL learners' reading and speaking skills. (41) EFL elementary-level students from Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University were selected for this study to identify and assess the influences of the translated Saudi folk stories in enhancing the reading and speaking skills of Saudi EFL learners. An experiential teaching method using selected translated Saudi stories into English was adopted. The preliminary findings in the pre-intervention stage have shown that the students were neither motivated to read the content nor speak in English as the students encountered some kind of difficulties in comprehending the translated stories. The post-intervention results demonstrated that the students were motivated to read the Arabic stories in English. It also showed that the students were engaged to speak about Saudi / Arabic oral stories and culture. The effect of using Saudi-translated stories was observed in improving the reading and speaking skills of EFL Saudi learners. Thus, the study concludes that it is essential to use the translated Arabic folk stories as supplementary teaching material in the EFL reading and speaking classes. It also suggests that we need to translate Saudi folk stories into English for the benefit of Arabic and non-Arabic readers and speakers.

Ensemble and single-particle level fluorescent fine-tuning of carbon dots via positional changes of amines toward "supervised" oral microbiome sensing.

Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted a host of research interest in recent years mainly due to their unique photoluminescence (PL) properties that make them applicable in various biomedical areas, such as imaging and image-guided therapy. However, the real mechanism underneath the PL is a subject of wide controversy and can be investigated from various angles. Our work investigates the effect of the isomeric nitrogen position as the precursor in the synthesis of CDs by shedding light on their photophysical properties on the single particles and ensemble level. To this end, we adopted five isomers of diaminopyridine (DAP) and urea as the precursors and obtained CDs during a hydrothermal process. The various photophysical properties were further investigated in depth by mass spectroscopy. CD molecular frontier orbital analyses aided us in justifying the fluorescence emission profile on the bulk level as well as the charge transfer processes. As a result of the varying fluorescent responses, we indicate that these particles can be utilized for machine learning (ML)-driven sensitive detection of oral microbiota. The sensing results were further supported by density functional theoretical calculations and docking studies. The generating isomers have a significant effect on the overall photophysical properties at the bulk/ensembled level. On the single-particle level, although some of the photophysical properties such as average intensity remained the same, the overall differences in brightness, photo-blinking frequency, and bleaching time between the five samples were conceived. The various photophysical properties could be explained based on the different chromophores formed during the synthesis. Overall, an array of CDs was demonstrated herein to achieve separation efficacy in segregating a mixed oral microbiome culture in a rapid (), high-throughput manner with superior accuracy. We have indicated that the PL properties of CDs can be regulated by the precursors' isomeric position of nitrogen. We emancipated this difference in a rapid method relying on ML algorithms to segregate the dental bacterial species as biosensors.

D. F. McKenzie’s “Providential Version” and the Biblical Paradigm

In his essay on the history of the Treaty of Waitangi, “The Sociology of a Text: Oral Culture, Literacy, and Print in Early New Zealand”, D. F. McKenzie invokes a markedly theological language, culminating in his claim that it is best to think about the Treaty of Waitangi using the concept of an ideal text — and in terms of what he intriguingly terms a “providential version” — rather than thinking about the Treaty of Waitangi as reducible to its various differing versions in circulation. McKenzie’s secular version of providence and transcendence offers an important corrective to narrow forms of historicism and materialism operating in textual studies. This article argues that the history of the Bible’s reception — informed by the tension between “the Bible” as a transcendent unity and as an indeterminate collection of individual texts — constitutes an important context for McKenzie’s “providential version” metaphor. The article contends that the idea of transhistorical and transcendent totality encompassing textual diversity exemplified by the history of the Bible’s reception plays a vital role in McKenzie’s essay.

Sourcing Dis/Information: How Swedish and Ukrainian Journalists Source, Verify, and Mediate Journalistic Truth During the Russian-Ukrainian Conflict

ABSTRACT Journalists form the middle links of global information chains, playing a decisive role in detecting and dismantling or amplifying problematic information. Information sourcing, verification, and transparency are important tools for journalists when they transmit their sense-making of events, i.e., the journalistic truth, to the audiences. This mixed-methods study of the disinformation-prone conflict between Russia and Ukraine investigates how journalists at different positions on the information chain—i.e., on the ground (Ukraine) and at a distance (Sweden)—source, verify, and narrate their journalistic truth to audiences. We found that, even in high-pressure situations created by hot conflicts, sourcing and verification remain mostly individualized practices that are shaped by internalized unwritten, professional rules of an oral newsroom culture. Verification protocols or specialized tools are largely absent. Sources were sometimes hard to detect in the journalistic content; claims about their verification status even harder. There was a fear that being overtly transparent about sources would jeopardize journalists’ authority. Especially problematic are the precarious working and living conditions for journalists on the ground. These conditions make them vulnerable sources for journalists abroad.

THE ROLE OF THE FORMULA COMPONENT IN THE ORGANIZATION OF STYLE AND GENRE OF ZHYRAU POETRY XV-XVIII CENTURIES

In this study, for the first time, the role of formula units in the organization of the style and genre of Kazakh zhyrau oral poetry of the XV–XVIII centuries is explored. The main goal of the paper is to study the poetic technique and formulary of zhyrau oral poetry, to identify and describe their connection with ancient historical and genetic sources: suggestion, magic and rhythmic incantations, as well as a description of their direct function – the organization of the style and genre of oral poetry. Formula-style units were studied for the first time on the material of the heroic poetry of zhyrau of the XV–XVIII centuries. For the first time in scholastic research, the Parry-Lord method of oral theory is also used, which attaches the most basic importance to formulas and poetic technique in the organization of the text.The historical-genetic and structural-semantic methods of studying the text were used, which made it possible to identify the patterns of emergence, development and functioning of the zhyrau art of the XV–XVIII centuries as traditional, but dominant, the types and functions of formulas and formula formations. The practical value of the paper lies in the further development of this method on the material of other carriers of the oral poetic culture of the Kazakh people, in writing the monograph ―Poetic Word in Myth, Rite and Ritual‖, dedicated to the oral poetic culture of the Kazakh people and prepared for publication within the Project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan ―The study of the artistic-defining system, "formal stylistics" and grammar of zhyrau poetry of the XV–XVIII centuries. Frequency Dictionary‖ (under the Program of Grant Financing of Scientific and Technical Projects for 2021–2023 by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan), [ИРН AP09261377].

TRACES OF AHI-ORDER VALUES IN NASREDDIN HODJA ANECDOTES

13-15. centuries; It was a period when political, social, and economic turmoil and social conflicts were seen intensely in Anatolia. During this period, when the power struggles continued violently, the people of Anatolia retreated into their shells in despair and began to gather around the Turkmen dervishes. At this time when literary and cultural life was impoverished under the influence of foreign cultures, it was seen that Sufi movements and oral literature tradition had increased. The people, who could not know Arabic and Persian sources or could not access a limited number of Turkish works, tried to meet the need to read and listen to the folk literature goods that continued in their language and oral tradition, and the Seljuk society, which experienced a state of social collapse with what they learned from this, embraced the anecdotes of Nasreddin Hodja, which represented an important sage type of the period as a moral hub. In his anecdotes, there are solutions to every aspect of society that is flawed/disrupted. Articles about Nasreddin Hodja’s anocdotes were selected among many text publications by considering certain criteria. Here, rather than one of both the anecdotes belong to Nasreddin Hodja or not, more emphasis is placed on whether thet are told in the tradition of Nasreddin Hodja. This article is aimed to address the basic values of the Ethic organization from selected anecdotes of the teacher. Keywords: Ahi-Order, Nasreddin Hodja, Nasreddin Hodja Anecdote, 13-15th Centuries, Oral Culture, Principles of Ahi-Order.

Raluca Bianca Roman, Sofiya Zahova, and Aleksandar G. Marinov, eds. Roma Writings. Romani Literature and Press in Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe from the 19th Century until World War II

Raluca Bianca Roman, Sofiya Zahova, and Aleksandar G. Marinov, eds. <i>Roma Writings. Romani Literature and Press in Central, South-Eastern and Eastern Europe from the 19th Century until World War II</i>

Entertainments from a Medieval Minstrel’s Repertoire Book

Abstract National Library of Scotland, Advocates’ MS 19.3.1 (the Heege Manuscript) is a large, late-fifteenth-century English miscellany manuscript from the border of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. Its first booklet, which existed independently of the manuscript’s other eight booklets throughout much or all of its medieval life, contains three texts: the tail-rhyme burlesque romance The Hunting of the Hare, a mock sermon in prose, and the alliterative nonsense verse The Battle of Brackonwet. This essay proposes that Richard Heege, the booklet’s scribe, copied these texts from the repertoire of a local entertainer, be that a gifted amateur or, very plausibly, a travelling minstrel working a regular beat. In this light, the booklet’s comic, crude, and sometimes frivolous contents take on new significance in the history of English literature, as they provide close evidence for what made up the entertainments of English oral culture—or minstrelsy—at the end of the Middle Ages.

Memecry: tracing the repetition-with-variation of formulas on 4chan/pol/

ABSTRACT In this article we propose a new theoretical framework to conceptualise Internet memes and to trace their temporal variation on 4chan/pol/. We draw from literature on primary and secondary orality to conceptualise the repetition-with-variation of Internet memes as a form of memecry, which we argue is specifically pertinent to the collectivity of online subcultures. We operationalise its study through formulas: mnemonic phrases that encapsulate important elements of oral cultures, which have arguably regained prominence in ephemeral and fast-paced online environments. While Internet memes have often been studied as single images or words, formulas provide a more complex unit for tracing variation and not only circulation. We offer a quali-quantitative protocol to investigate memecry and visualise the spread and variability of 65 prominent formulas on 4chan/pol/, a far-right space known for its reliance on memes. By discussing several cases, we demonstrate how 4chan’s collective identity indeed features typical of secondary oral cultures, while revealing how the memecry of its formulas is entwined with reactionary sentiments and a subcultural struggle for distinction.

Theater in a post-literate world

"The theater, as a living art, has always reflected certain aspects of society, and the great dramaturgical writings function as precise x-rays of pressing problems faced by the society of their time. Today, even if they stage plays from Antiquity or the Middle Ages, theater creators want to stage current realities with fundamentally human values ​​and themes, which have always accompanied us and will never disappear. However, contemporary theater faces a series of problems, or rather particularities, unprecedented in history, most of them revolving around new technologies and the impact they have on society in general and theater in particular. The present work wants to inventory the most recent phase of a phasing based on the relationship between technology and culture, phasing that divides the cultural evolution into three stages, according to the preferred state of the word in social communication, namely: the spoken word (oral culture) the word written (literate culture) and the illustrated word (post-literate culture), the current one."

Remembering Heterodox Pre/Colonial Oral Cultures in (Re)Organising Bengali Dalit Literary Histories

The paper explores what a (re)organisation of the existing histories of Bangla literature from Dalit literary perspectives can offer. Towards this end, it examines some of the early questions on the formation of literary standards and how that remained directly connected with caste hierarchies. It turns briefly towards late eighteenth and early nineteenth century Calcutta as a discursive-material site to explore symptomatically how such organising of dominant literary standards works its way through various forms of exclusion. When seen from the perspective of these exclusions, what does the question of Dalit literature offer in transforming the very idea of ‘literariness’? Also, what can the vernacular literatures offer in the reception of Dalit literatures in their multiplicity while resisting the tendencies of homogenising their volatility? Addressing such concerns, the paper turns towards a conceptualisation of Bangla Dalit literature as offering a poetics for multiple forms of dwelling.

Mizojinic Elements and Genderist Discourses in the Mathnawi Named Salaman u Absâl

Women, who are seen as one of the two basic assets that have high qualities such as fertility and protection, and that constitute the equivalence of existence, have encountered sexist hate speech over time. In this discourse, women were seen as worthless, ominous and the source of evil, as a concubine who could not produce, in need of a man, oppressed in the face of power and serving her man. It is thought that the origin of this concept, which is expressed as misogyny, is monotheist religions, their sacred texts and the influence of religion, social change, economic power in human life in medieval Europe, and in this context, the change in the role of the female figure in social life. In Turkish literary discourses, it is seen that the alpine-valiant woman type dominates both oral and literary culture during the period when the horse-nomadic dominates. Woman; she has been mentioned with positive concepts such as warrior, blessed, wise, supreme individual whose word is listened to, mother, symbol of fertility. With the transition to settled life, there have been some changes in the social status of women. The woman has turned into a being who takes care of the house and children, fulfills all the necessities of the house and serves the patriarchy. With the meeting of the Turks with Islam, women were largely isolated from the outdoors, and the social development of women was almost stopped. Since the 19th century, with the influence of Western culture, the society has chosen to give a new value to women, to re-recognise them, to conceptualize them and to give a new social status to the woman individual. In this study, in the context of Lâmi'î Çelebi's Salamân u Absâl Mathnawi, misogynistic discourses, religious and mythological sources of these discourses, metaphors in which women are compared, have been tried to reflect the perspective of women in the period when the work was written.

Normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity in healthy pet rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).

Rabbits often suffer from dental disease, including dental abscesses and periodontal/apical infections. With odontogenic infection and abscessation, a bacterial aetiology can be proven by bacterial culture and identification. Although studies exist on the bacterial flora of dental abscesses, the information available to date on the bacterial flora of the oral cavity in healthy rabbits is limited. This study aims to evaluate the cultivable bacterial flora in the oral cavity of healthy, young, pet rabbits and to compare this flora with the pathologic flora of odontogenic abscesses described in the literature. Samples were collected from the oral cavity of 33 healthy, young pet rabbits undergoing routine procedures. Oral cavity culture specimens were collected by rolling a sterile flocked paediatric swab in the mouth. Identification was first attempted by morphological assessment, Gram staining and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Colonies that could not be identified by mass spectrometry were identified by amplification and molecular sequencing of a part of the 16s rRNA gene. Bacteria were recovered from 100% of oral swabs; 220 isolates of 35 different genera of bacteria were cultured. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Streptococcus sp. (19.8%), Rothia sp. (17.9%), Enterobacter sp. (7%), Staphylococcus sp. (6.6%) and Actinomyces sp. (5.7%). Four phyla are represented: Proteobacteria (38.3%), Firmicutes (30.5%), Actinobacteria (26.9%) and Bacteroidota (4.3%). A wide range of commensal bacteria are present in the mouths of rabbits. Bacterial cultures taken from cases of dental abscesses often reveal bacteria. Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp. and Actinomyces sp. are frequently found in cultures from dental abscesses, in contrast to Rothia and Enterobacter species. Our findings enhance the knowledge of rabbit microbial communities throughout oral cavity.

The Elusive Progress of Prosodical Study: Essays in Honor of Thomas Cable

The Elusive Progress of Prosodical Study: Essays in Honor of Thomas Cable