Optimum Tilt Angle Research Articles

Experimental study on the effect of operational and environmental conditions on photovoltaic modules productivity in El-Oued region, algeria

This experimental study aims to track the changes in electrical properties and energy behavior of two technically identical photovoltaic modules of the RAGGIE type (RG-M165W model) under different operating conditions. The first is the reference photovoltaic module, while the second is the targeted photovoltaic module. Both modules were tested under the same climatic conditions in the Algerian region of El-Oued. Numerous practical experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effect of using a solar tracking system (a horizontal single-axis tracking system manually moved from east to west), changing the tilt angle of the photovoltaic modules, and the cleanliness of the effective photovoltaic module area on their productivity. The study results showed a convergence between experimental and theoretical results. The optimal tilt angle of the photovoltaic modules in El-Oued during the study days is 33°, and any inaccurate selection of this angle results in an efficiency loss of 19.31 %. Additionally, manually tracking the solar path improved the photovoltaic module efficiency by 1.63 %. A decrease in energy productivity by 34.68 % was recorded due to dust deposition of 14.5 g.m−2. Economically, it was shown that installing a photovoltaic system consisting of 14 RAGGIE modules can feed a typical Algerian house with 136.6 MWh over 25 years, with a Levelized Cost of Energy of $0.037/kWh, and the CO2 mitigation is 59.15 tons with a saving of $858.

Numerical analysis of an innovative solar collector utilizing bistable composite laminates and macro fiber composite actuators

Innovative designs for solar collectors have attracted substantial academic and industrial interests owing to the high efficiency of solar panels in the recent past. This paper proposes the analysis and numerical design of a novel solar collector model composed of bistable laminates bonded with Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuators and solar cells. The bistable cross-ply laminate serves as the steering mechanism in this design by providing multiple stable shapes for the innovative solar collector design. Bistable morphing structures have received growing interest in aerospace structures and wind turbines due to their rapid shape-changing ability in response to changes in operating conditions, and this paper aims to integrate them more into the solar energy sector. The snap-through and snap-back motion of bistable laminates can be controlled by the voltage inputs of MFC actuators. The change of bistable laminate shape holds the solar cell in a position approximately at the latitude angle of the place to capture maximum solar energy. A systematic finite element parametric study has been performed to identify the optimum size and location of MFC actuators to achieve an energy-efficient snap-through and snap-back transition. As a result, a numerical design of a solar collector with six bistable elements has been proposed. In order to check the feasibility of the proposed designs, a numerical study has been performed to evaluate the total energy output and to optimize the solar panel tilt angle. ASHRAE’s solar irradiation model proposed in the literature has been used to identify the optimum solar panel tilt angle for maximum annual solar irradiation. This innovative solar collector model has demonstrated promising results, holds the potential for widespread application across various engineering domains, and paves the way for increased adoption of intelligent structures in everyday life.

Evaluating and Analyzing The Transposition Factor In Al- Musayyib Technical College to Setting The Optimal Tilt Angle for Fixed And Seasonal Orientation

Evaluating and Analyzing The Transposition Factor In Al- Musayyib Technical College to Setting The Optimal Tilt Angle for Fixed And Seasonal Orientation

Impact of Increasing Albedo on Choosing the Optimal Tilt Angle to Optimize PV Systems : Case Study

The amount of irradiation energy that is produced by reflecting one's surroundings is measured using albedo. The amount of albedo is affected by factors such as time, position, geometry, and meteorological conditions. The albedo value responds to changes in any of the characteristics described above, even if those changes are just slight. Because of this, modelling albedo can be difficult. This paper applied the optimum tilt angle at 31° with a constant albedo 0.2 for location in Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University - at latitude 32°03'30.6" North and longitude 44°24'13.3" East. After treating the surface on which the PV system is installed with white Portland cement, the surface albedo will change to (0.87); the increase in albedo leads to an increase in reflected radiation from the ground on PV panels then increase in the power output, also the results shown to reaching the maximum value of the solar irradiation hitting the PV panels to get maximum value of power output with albedo 0.87 in this location, optimum tilt angle will change to be 42o instated of 31o. This study proved that when the albedo of the surface on which the system is installed changes, so does the optimal tilt angle.

Optimization of tilt angle for PV in China with long-term hourly surface solar radiation

The optimal tilt angle for photovoltaic (PV) systems is crucial for maximizing solar energy capture. China's diverse climate and geography pose challenges for tilt angle optimization. This study addresses the challenges by using a data-driven approach to determine grid-specific optimal tilt angles across China. Long-term ERA5 hourly solar radiation data and an optimization procedure are used to calculate the annual and monthly tilt angle that maximizes the total solar radiation received over different time periods (up to ten years) for every grid in China. Sensitivity analyses indicate that the optimized tilt angle varies by up to 10° depending on the time period considered, highlighting the importance of long-term radiation data. It is shown that four latitude-dependent schemes in China cannot accurately match the optimized tilt angles, emphasizing the need for optimization through the use of local solar radiation. The difference between our optimized tilt angles and ones via a best-performing latitude scheme makes for an estimated PV power loss of approximately 1.11 TWh/year based on China's PV installations in 2018, equivalent to the PV power generation of Philippines or Portugal in the same year. The presented data-driven framework contributes to China's PV industry by determination of optimal fixed tilt angles.

Analysis of the impact of irradiance, temperature and tilt angle on the performance of grid-connected solar power plant

In order to maximize the solar radiations falling on a Photo-voltaic (PV) panel and hence, to maximize the solar power generation, an optimum tilt angle of the PV panels for a specific geographic location plays a critical role. This paper exploits the tilt angle and establishes an empirical relation among optimum tilt angle, module temperature and ambient temperature. Moreover, estimating accurate solar photovoltaic power output depends on the correct modelling of the PV module. Temperature and irradiance dependent modelling need statistical support for their behaviour and pattern. This work also examines and institutes the relationship between Ambient temperature and Module temperature throughout the year. Furthermore, in order to determine the impact of irradiance, ambient temperature and module temperature on the solar power generation of a grid-connected solar power plant, this paper evaluates Karl Pearson correlation coefficients for each of the following three pairs (1) generation and irradiance (2) generation and ambient temperature and (3) generation and module temperature, for all the 12 months of a year. The results obtained shall help to better understand, manage, plan, forecast and stabilize the solar power output. Earlier researchers usually used weather data for their study, which are not location-specific therefore, accuracy is questionable. Hence, the data used in this research is recorded from a 3.3 MWp grid-tied ground-installed solar power plant and a 119 ​KW grid-tied rooftop-installed solar power plant, both located at Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. This paper presents an exhaustive analysis of the two grid-tied solar power plants as there is very little work with actual data of generation, irradiance, temperature and tilt angle, all measured on the spot with high accuracy; results obtained are realistic with a novel approach.

Shared energy in renewable energy communities: The benefits of east- and west-facing rooftop photovoltaic installations

Renewable energy communities (RECs) offer a promising perspective for decarbonizing the building sector. This is accomplished by enhancing the uptake, among others, of citizen-owned rooftop photovoltaic systems. A key challenge lies in ensuring that photovoltaic generation matches the needs of community members, i.e. maximizing shared energy index. Indeed, the shared energy depends on the consumption habits of individual members and the rooftop characteristics, such as orientation and inclination of available pitches, which influence the production curve. Therefore, clear guidelines on which roof pitches are most suitable for PV generation within RECs might be helpful during the design of such communities. In this paper, we investigate the optimal orientations and tilt angles for PV systems in REC design. We conducted a robust Monte Carlo simulation of an energy community comprising 60 users, 30 of which are equipped with rooftop PV systems for a total of 150 kWp installed. Our analysis revealed that pitches with West and East offer comparable, if not better, shared energy values than those South-facing, consequently mitigating peak power dispatched to the grid. Besides, shared energy remains quite constant across various tilt angles. These findings suggest that buildings with non-South-facing roofs should not be overlooked, but embraced in the design of renewable energy communities as they can contribute significantly to shared energy.

A Model Validatory Approach in Determining Solar Panel Tilting Angles and Orientations at the Brikama Environment of The Gambia

This paper determines the solar panel optimal tilt angle and orientations at the Brikama environment of The Gambia. This was achieved by comparing mathematical model results with experimental data collected using a PV module (Model AP-120) manufactured by AstroPower, USA, and a single-axis tracker technology at the same location and months of the year. The experimental tilt angles obtained range from 5.1°-28.2° with an average angle of 14.8° while the mathematical model approach obtained the tilt angle to be within the range of 9.1°-22.3° with a mean value of 15.5°. The generated power analysis revealed that the peak power produced by the solar panel was recorded at an angle of 30° due South and the mean power gain from the orientation of the PV panel ranged from 3.6-48.1W. The mean power result suggests that, in comparison to a horizontal position, solar collecting efficiency is higher at the optimal tilt angle.

Study on the effect of PV tilt angle on power generation

The power generation of a photovoltaic (PV) system is significantly influenced by the tilt angle of the module. The system achieves the highest power efficiency when operated at the optimal tilt angle, which is typically considered in the design of system installation. In this study, the optimal tilt angle of photovoltaic (PV) modules is determined by using PVsyst software and analyzed through shadow simulation under specific boundary conditions. The study examines the power generation of photovoltaic (PV) panels at various inclination angles and illustrates the impact of inclination angle on PV panel power generation by using project-specific data. The study results indicate that the secondary optimization of the tilt angle by PVsyst, in conjunction with the geographic factors of a specific region in Hainan, reveals that the optimal installation tilt angle for maximum power generation benefit is 9°. This finding aligns with the best power generation and benefits from the actual installation, which is at 10° (adjacent to 9°). The conclusions drawn from the exploration emphasize the essential nature of EPC optimization for future projects, as it can serve as a valuable reference for the design of photovoltaic power generation systems.

Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Longitudinal Tilt Angles on the Thermal Performance of a Small-Scale Linear Fresnel Reflector

This paper analyses the influence of the longitudinal tilt angle of the secondary system of a low-concentration photovoltaic system based on a small-scale linear Fresnel reflector. Several evaluation indicators, such as useful heat gain, thermal efficiency, incident solar irradiance gain on the photovoltaic cells, and total useful energy gain, were evaluated for five wind speed conditions and six locations in the Northern Hemisphere. The tests were performed with two small-scale linear Fresnel reflector configurations: the classical large-scale linear Fresnel reflector configuration (base configuration) and the optimal longitudinal tilt angle configuration (longitudinal tilt configuration). An experimental platform based on an open-loop wind tunnel was designed and built for this purpose. As far as useful heat production, the longitudinal tilt configuration performs worse as the longitudinal tilt angle and wind speed increase. A useful heat gain 33.91% lower than the base configuration is obtained with a wind speed of 10.03 (m/s) at the 36.86 (°) latitude location. Thermal efficiency decreases with increasing wind speed and longitudinal tilt angle. The thermal efficiency is between 0.3 and 0.2 with wind speeds of 4.99 (m/s) and 10.03 (m/s). The longitudinal tilt configuration shows the best increase in total useful energy gain in the absence of wind (up to 53% at a latitude of 36.86 (°)). This increase is 25% at this same location with a wind speed of 10.03 (m/s). It can be concluded that the effect of the longitudinal tilt of the secondary system has a positive effect. To highlight the importance of this work, the results obtained in the configuration comparison were used to compare a nonconcentrating photovoltaic system and a low-concentration photovoltaic system. The incident solar irradiance on the photovoltaic cells is much higher with nonconcentrating photovoltaic technology. This solar irradiance gain is over 60% for the base configuration and 45% for the longitudinal tilt configuration. The total useful energy gain is 70% in the absence of wind and at the 36.86 (°) latitude location in favour of the low-concentration photovoltaic system. The nonconcentrating photovoltaic system performs better with a wind speed of 10.03 (m/s).

SLOPE ANALYSIS OF CLOT-ADJUSTED SSI-FY4A DATA FOR SOLAR PV POWER POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

Abstract. Utilization rate of energy from solar photovoltaic (PV) systems has surged considerably with the increase in global demand for sustainable energy solutions.The angle at which panels are positioned relative to the horizontal plane must be aligned with the sun's incoming radiation to achieve optimum power production. Unfortunately, this ideal alignment is not always feasible, particularly for panels lacking tracking systems. Therefore, determining the best tilt angle becomes a key factor that significantly influences the effectiveness of solar PV systems, considering various influencing factors. The study aims to establish the relationship between different slopes and solar PV performance and to assess the impact of this on energy generation efficiency for specific locations across Luzon and Mindanao. The study focuses on determining the optimal tilt for specific locations across Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Sites including Metro Manila, Cebu, and Davao were selected as representative areas for each respective island group for being the most populous cities in their respective geographical island groups. Theoretical solar energy obtained from SSI was CLOT-adjusted and incorporated with dust and temperature effects to determine the maximum solar energy resource potential within the study area. Results show that the highest solar PV potential was determined at 5°–10° tilt angle for both Metro Manila and Davao followed by 10–20° and 20–30° tilt angle with an average of 86.42 W solar PV potential (PPV). For Cebu, the highest solar PV potential was determined at 20° to 30° tilt angle with the value of 95.99 W solar PV potential (PPV). The lowest PPV was found on installations with tilt > 30° in all the study areas at an average of 65.02 W. This suggests that to maximize solar PV output in different regions, installations should be tilted according to the optimal tilt angle specific to that region. The latitude differences across the country significantly impact which tilt angle is most effective, as they influence the amount of sunlight received in each area. To improve the accuracy of future studies, it is recommended to increase the number of data points per slope interval. While the differences observed in this study were small, having more data points can enhance the precision of average values obtained from formulas.

Quantifying the air pollution impacts on solar photovoltaic capacity factors and potential benefits of pollution control for the solar sector in China

Solar photovoltaic (PV) plays a crucial role in China's energy transition. However, air pollution diminishes solar radiation resources, thereby reducing PV power generation efficiency. This study aims to quantify the impacts of air pollution on PV capacity factors in China while emphasizing the geographically specific potential benefits of improved air quality for the future PV sector. Using a PV power generation evaluation model, this study estimated solar PV capacity factors from 1961 to 2016 under both all-sky and clear-sky scenarios. Also, the spatiotemporal patterns of air pollution-induced capacity factor changes were analyzed. The results indicate that the all-sky and clear-sky PV capacity factors showed consistent annual anomalies, suggesting that air pollution due to aerosol emissions drove PV capacity factor temporal evolutions and trends in China. From 1961 to 1990, the national average clear-sky PV capacity factors for fixed modules with optimal tilt angle showed a significant decreasing trend of −0.0053 per decade, whereas from 1990 to 2016, an upward trend of 0.0030 per decade was observed. Compared with fixed modules, tracking systems suffered from greater productivity losses due to air pollution. In comparison to 1961–1965 averages, the provincial PV capacity factors for 2012–2016 decreased by 0.48–13.54%, 1.15–11.40%, 1.06–14.83%, and 1.31–16.51% for fixed modules with optimal tilt angle, horizontal fixed, one-axis horizontal tracking, and two-axis tracking modules, respectively, with decreases of 7–17% in the central and southeast. Furthermore, according to the provincial PV installation targets projected in China's 14th Five-Year Plan, national solar PV power generation was expected to increase by 81.333 TWh to 1069.997 TWh in 2025 with average PV capacity factors for 1961–1965, compared to 2012–2016 averages. In a scenario of keeping grid parity, additional power generation would offer an economic benefit of approximately 30.102 billion CNY.

Investigating the optimal Photovoltaic (PV) tilt angle using the Photovoltaic Geographic Information System (PVGIS)

This work presents an investigation of the optimal tilt angles for mounting pv panels in South –South and South - East States in Nigeria when no tracking system exists using the photovoltaic geographic information system (PVGIS). Experiments were carried out to verify results obtained from the PVGIS database. The experimental set up consist of five PV panels each rated 10Watts inclined at five different angles including the optimal angle obtained from the PVGIS database. South-South Nigeria consists of six states (Rivers, Delta, Bayelsa, Edo, Cross-Rivers and Akwa-Ibom). South-East Nigeria consists of five states (Abia, Enugu, Imo, Ebonyi and Anambra). The optimal installation angle of selected cities within each of the States was identified. Results from experiments conducted showed that from January to April and September to December, the yearly optimal tilt angle (11o for Port Harcourt, 12o for Yenagoa, 11o for Benin City, 10o for Calabar, 11o for Asaba and 10o for Uyo) is suitable for use in the South – South while from January to April and September to December, the yearly optimal tilt angle (10o for Umuahia, 11o for Awka, 12o for Enugu, 10o for Owerri, and 11o for Abakaliki) is suitable for use in the South – East. The horizontal plane (0o ) is suitable from May to August in both South – South and South – Eastern States. The untapped solar potential in the South – South was observed to be as high as 286.62kWh/m2 for Port Harcourt and a low value of 19.34kWh/m2 was recorded in Calabar when solar panels are not installed at the optimal angles. For the South –East, the untapped solar potential was observed to be as high as 222.11kWh/m2 for Umuahia and a lowest value of 21.31kWh/m2 was also recorded in Umuahia when solar panels were not installed at the optimal angles. Installing PV panels at the optimal tilt angle can improve the efficiency of solar energy generation, making it more cost-effective by maximizing the total amount of diffused and direct radiation.

Minimizing annual reflection loss in fixed-tilt photovoltaic modules using graded refractive index (GRIN) anti-reflective glass

This study evaluates the performance of graded refractive index (GRIN) anti-reflective (AR) structures on photovoltaic (PV) modules across twenty global locations and compares them with conventional thin film AR coatings and bare glass. Optimized glass nanocones were chosen to represent the GRIN structures. Electrodynamic simulations were conducted to assess reflection properties at multiple angles of incidence. GRIN AR structures dramatically reduce total solar-integrated reflection to 0.2% at normal incidence, compared to 3.8% for bare glass and 0.8% for optimized thin film AR coatings, and maintained low reflection across a range of incident angles, demonstrating only 0.7% reflection at 60 degrees compared to significantly higher values for other surfaces. Detailed hourly simulations for twenty global locations revealed that GRIN AR coatings substantially reduce annual reflection loss to just 0.86±0.19% and increase expected annual energy output by up to 11.15±1.00% compared to bare glass at optimal tilt angles. The benefits of GRIN AR coatings are more substantial at sub-optimal panel orientations such as horizontal or vertical due to its broad angle AR properties. These findings highlight the potential of GRIN AR technology to approach the theoretical limit where front surface reflection loss is completely eliminated and enhance solar power conversion efficiencies. Additionally, a generalized model to approximate annual reflection loss for various materials is presented. This research encourages further exploration into GRIN AR coatings to optimize power conversion efficiencies and reduce reflection in PV modules.

The Interaction between Short- and Long-Term Energy Storage in an nZEB Office Building

The establishment of near-autonomous micro-grids in commercial or public building complexes is gaining increasing popularity. Short-term storage capacity is provided by means of large battery installations, or, more often, by the employees’ increasing use of electric vehicle batteries, which are allowed to operate in bi-directional charging mode. In addition to the above short-term storage means, a long-term storage medium is considered essential to the optimal operation of the building’s micro-grid. The most promising long-term energy storage carrier is hydrogen, which is produced by standard electrolyzer units by exploiting the surplus electricity produced by photovoltaic installation, due to the seasonal or weekly variation in a building’s electricity consumption. To this end, a novel concept is studied in this paper. The details of the proposed concept are described in the context of a nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) and the associated micro-grid. The hydrogen produced is stored in a high-pressure tank to be used occasionally as fuel in an advanced technology hydrogen spark ignition engine, which moves a synchronous generator. A size optimization study is carried out to determine the genset’s rating, the electrolyzer units’ capacity and the tilt angle of the rooftop’s photovoltaic panels, which minimize the building’s interaction with the external grid. The hydrogen-fueled genset engine is optimally sized to 40 kW (0.18 kW/kWp PV). The optimal tilt angle of the rooftop PV panels is 39°. The maximum capacity of the electrolyzer units is optimized to 72 kW (0.33 kWmax/kWp PV). The resulting system is tacitly assumed to integrate to an external hydrogen network to make up for the expected mismatches between hydrogen production and consumption. The significance of technology in addressing the current challenges in the field of energy storage and micro-grid optimization is discussed, with an emphasis on its potential benefits. Moreover, areas for further research are highlighted, aiming to further advance sustainable energy solutions.

Incidence of Suboptimal Fluoroscopic Outlet Imaging of the Sacrum and Pelvic Retroversion Necessary for Optimal Views.

To estimate the prevalence of suboptimal fluoroscopy of sacral outlet images due to anatomic and equipment dimensions. Pelvic retroversion is hypothesized to mitigate this issue. In silico simulations using retrospectively collected computed tomography (CT) data from human patients. Level I trauma center. Adults with OTA/AO 61 pelvic ring disruptions treated with posterior pelvic fixation between July and December 2021. C-arm tilt angles required to obtain 3 optimal fluoroscopic sacral outlet images, defined as vectors from pubic symphysis to S2 and parallel to the first and second sacral neural foramina, were calculated from sagittal CT images. A suboptimal view was defined as collision of the C-arm radiation source or image intensifier with the patient/operating table at the required tilt angle simulated using the dimensions of 5 commercial C-arm models and trigonometric calculations. Incidence of suboptimal outlet views and pelvic retroversion necessary to obtain optimal views without collision, which may be obtained by placement of a sacral bump, was determined for each view for all patients and C-arm models. CT data from 72 adults were used. Collision between patient and C-arm would occur at the optimal tilt angle for 17% of simulations and at least 1 view in 68% of patients. Greater body mass index was associated with greater odds of suboptimal imaging (standard outlet: odds ratio [OR] 0.84, confidence interval [CI] 0.79-0.89, P < 0.001; S1: OR 0.91, CI 0.87-0.97, P = 0.002; S2: OR 0.85, CI 0.80-0.91, P < 0.001). S1 anterior sacral slope was associated with suboptimal S1 outlet views (OR 1.12, Cl 1.07-1.17, P < 0.001). S2 anterior sacral slope was associated with suboptimal standard outlet (OR 1.07, Cl 1.02-1.13, P = 0.004) and S2 outlet (OR 1.16, Cl 1.09-1.23, P < 0.001) views. Retroversion of the pelvis 15-20 degrees made optimal outlet views possible without collision in 95%-99% of all simulations, respectively. Suboptimal outlet imaging of the sacrum is associated with greater body mass index and sacral slope at S1 and S2. Retroversion of the pelvis by 15-20 degrees with a bump under the distal sacrum may offer a low-tech solution to ensure optimal fluoroscopic imaging for percutaneous fixation of the posterior pelvic ring. Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Evaluating the potential benefits of float solar photovoltaics through the water footprint recovery period

In the context of higher demands on the development of clean energy technologies due to the issue of water shortage in China and the implementation of the 2060 carbon-neutral objective, floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems present novel opportunities for transforming the energy structure through land conservation and enhancement of power generation efficiency compared to conventional solar systems. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive analysis on the potential benefits of FPV. Utilizing reservoir databases and employing a professional FPV system design, a methodology for determining the water footprint recovery period was introduced, which enables the assessment of potential FPV benefits. The water footprint recovery period for constructing FPV on 909 reservoirs in China was found that ranges from 1.86 yr to 10.48 yr. It is found that reservoir evaporation, latitude, and climate are closely related to the water footprint recovery period of FPV. Furthermore, by implementing FPV panels with an optimal tilt angle, covering 30% of the area in each reservoir, the annual electricity generation can amount to 1429.19 TWh, leading to savings of 5.76 billion m3 of water. This achievement corresponds to 19.41% of the national electricity consumption and a 6.86% reduction in the national residential water consumption in 2020. The overall economic benefit is 5.61 myriads RMB, equivalent to 5.76% of the national GDP. These benefits are unevenly distributed and mainly concentrated in areas with more reservoirs. The anticipated enhancement of FPV system benefits is foreseen with the ongoing development and implementation of future reservoir power infrastructure and energy storage technology. These results demonstrate the significant potential of installing FPV systems on the reservoirs in China. This study proposes a method to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive benefits of constructing FPV in China and conduct a thorough analysis of the feasibility of FPV, which could provide reference for the development of regional industries and the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Maximizing solar radiations of PV panels using artificial gorilla troops reinforced by experimental investigations

This article's main objective is to maximize solar radiations (SRs) through the use of the gorilla troop algorithm (GTA) for identifying the optimal tilt angle (OTA) for photovoltaic (PV) panels. This is done in conjunction with an experimental work that consists of three 100 W PV panels tilted at three different tilt angles (TAs). The 28°, 30°, and 50° are the three TAs. The experimental data are collected every day for 181-day and revealed that the TA of 28° is superior to those of 50° and 30°. The GTA calculated the OTA to be 28.445°, which agrees with the experimental results, which show a TA of 28°. The SR of the 28o TA is 59.3% greater than that of the 50° TA and 4.5% higher than that of the 30° TA. Recent methods are used to compare the GTA with the other nine metaheuristics (MHTs)—the genetic algorithm, particle swarm, harmony search, ant colony, cuckoo search, bee colony, fire fly, grey wolf, and coronavirus disease optimizers—in order to figure out the optimal OTA. The OTA is calculated by the majority of the nine MHTs to be 28.445°, which is the same as the GTA and confirms the experimental effort. In only 181-day, the by experimentation it may be documented SR difference between the TAs of 28° and 50° TA is 159.3%. Numerous performance metrics are used to demonstrate the GTA's viability, and it is contrasted with other recent optimizers that are in competition.

DETERMINATION OF TILT AND AZIMUTH ANGLES OF SOLAR PANELS AT TANJUNGPURA UNIVERSITY SOLAR POWER PLANT USING PVSYST 7.3 SOFTWARE SIMULATION

Solar Power Plant is a plant that uses solar energy as a renewable source and converts solar energy into electrical energy. To maximize the intensity of sunlight, solar panels need an optimal tilt angle to receive high sunlight intensity. This research aims to determine the optimal tilt angle of solar panels and azimuthal angle so that solar panels obtain maximum output energy. The type of solar panel used is the monocrystalline type with an installed power of 1.51 MW with a total of 2800 panels using a nominal panel power of 540 Wp and 12 units of 1.1 kW inverters. At the research location, Tanjungpura University Solar Power Plant with coordinates 0°3'37.486" LU 109°20'34.633" BT (-0.060410, 109.342969). With a simulation method using PVsyst software to determine the optimal tilt angle and solar radiation data on meteonorm 8.1 in PVsyst software. The results showed that the optimal panel tilt angle and azimuth angle in producing maximum output energy at Tanjungpura University Solar Power Plant is at a panel angle of 5° with the azimuth angle facing northeast (-45°) with an output energy of 2365 MWh/year, specific production of 1564 kWh/kW/year, and normalized production of 4.29 kWh/kWp/day.

Perancangan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Surya Dengan Sudut Panel Optimal Sebagai Sumber Energi Listrik Pada Area Keramba Jaring Apung Padang Cermin

Indonesia's seas hold abundant natural resources and are a highly desirable location for marine fish farming, especially among fishermen. One of the most common methods used in this activity is the use of floating net cages. However, an obstacle faced by fishermen is limited access to electrical energy at the cage sites which are generally far from settlements. This research aims to design a Solar Power Plant (PLTS) in order to meet the electrical energy needs of fishermen in the floating net cage area. The focus of the research is on the design and assembly of the PLTS system with an emphasis on setting the optimal panel angle. The panel angle is calculated based on the amount of radiation received by the inclined plane surface, utilizing geographic location data obtained from NASA SSE. The results show that the proposed solar power plant design can meet the electrical energy demand in the floating net cage area. In practical implementation, the daily energy requirement of 481 Wh for lighting and automatic feeding devices can be met by using a 100 Wp solar PV system, with a battery storage capacity of 46 Ah. Furthermore, the determination of the optimal tilt angle, based on radiation and geographical factors at the location of floating net cages, is about 6 degrees, with a radiation value of 57.38848 kWh per year at the location of Padang Cermin, Durian District.