Optimal Drilling Research Articles

Exploration technology of archaeological objects by the method of drilling

We represent the results of archaeological works by using the drilling method. Such works were carried out in the Medzhybizh and Bar castles, as well as in Palaeolithic field explorations. Our drilling research in castles focused on the inspection of courtyards and fortification of castles. Drilling made it possible to see the thickness of cultural layers up to 8 meters of thick. Based on the obtained data, reconstructions of the daytime surface of castle courtyards and the sequence of changes in their relief were carried out. Drilling during the search for Palaeolithic sites was carried out on turfed areas and different soil types. The high efficiency of exploratory drilling operations has been determined. The equipment was adapted, and the optimal drilling technique worked out during archaeological explorations.

Correlation of Damage in Rocks Dynamically Loaded by Percussive Tools Using Piston Coefficient of Restitution (COR)

AbstractEfficient drilling operations require optimal drilling parameters to achieve higher penetration rates and minimize tool wear. This study focuses on characterizing the piston coefficient of restitution (COR) as a damage indicator for rocks dynamically loaded by percussive tools. The COR offers a nuanced understanding of damage, particularly at low impact energies where plastic deformation beneath the insert and sub-surface fractures predominates over chip mass removal. Various design parameters, including piston-to-bit mass ratio, piston length and impact velocity, were varied to evaluate their impact on the piston COR in pristine rock samples. Tests were conducted on granite, sandstone and limestone, all common rocks in down-the-hole hammer drilling. Despite variations in the impact energy level, the influence of mass or length ratios on the COR and the resultant destroyed rock volume was minimal. X-ray computed tomography revealed the significance of the crushed zone beneath the crater, affecting the rock ability to exert mechanical work on the bit during unloading. This characteristic led to the identification of a distinctive non-linear shape in the COR curves, with clearly delineated regions for each rock type, corresponding to different damage rates. These findings underscore the potential of the piston COR as a valuable tool for aiding in the identification of optimal drilling parameters and understanding rock formation characteristics during drilling.

A Comparative Assessment of Hole Integrity with Twist Drill Geometry in Drilling AFRP/AL7075-T6 Stack Material

Drilling Aramid Fiber Reinforced Plastic (AFRP) with aluminium (AL7075-T6) is challenging. It is crucial to maintain the dimensional accuracy and minimize burr formation. In this study, two carbide drill bit were tested across 13 runs with varying combinations of feed rates (0.05, 0.08, 0.10 mm/rev) and spindle speeds (2000, 4000, 6000 rev/min), using a central composite design (CCD) methodology within the Design of Experiment (DOE) framework. The drill geometries included angles such as the helix angle, primary clearance angle, chisel edge angle, and point angle. For the tapered web drill bit, angles were set at 10º, 6º, 45º, and 130º, while for the burnishing drill bit, they were 20º, 8º, 30º, and 135º, respectively. The primary focus of the experiment was to assess hole quality, specifically evaluating hole diameter error and burr height formation. Among the 13 runs conducted, the tapered web drill bit exhibited superior performance in terms of hole diameter error, showing a deviation of-0.5 µm in Run 8, compared to a deviation of 1.2 µm for the burnishing drill bit in Run 12. Additionally, the tapered web drill bit demonstrated a lower burr height of 63.97 µm in Run 12, while the burnishing drill bit resulted in a burr height of 95.44 µm in Run 4. These findings enhance aircraft production by promoting better hole quality with optimal drill bits, leading to material savings, lower rejection rates and cost reduction, thus boosting reliability and productivity.

Optimization of high speed bone drilling with automated osteonecrosis avoidance using an ANN-GA hybrid method

ABSTRACT Efficient high-speed bone drilling with an automated osteonecrosis avoidance strategy is a very fascinating task to the orthopaedic surgeons. Several drilling parameters such as drill diameter, speed, and feed rate can affect the performance of drilling in terms of generated temperature and thrust force. This research is conducted using a high-speed mini CNC machine to investigate bone drilling parameters’ impact on the outputs. Here, a piece of swine bone has been used for testing material and an automated cooling system based on proportional controller (P) was developed to prevent osteonecrosis. Further, a hybrid Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) model has been proposed based on the different experimental findings. ANN predicts output variables, and GA determines the optimal input drilling parameters by minimizing the ANN model of temperature and force. The simulation results revealed that drill diameter of 1.838 mm, speed of 17,880 rpm, and feed rate of 9.973 mm/min minimized the output temperature generated on swine bone. Similarly, diameter of 1.5 mm, speed of 16,582 rpm, and 10 mm/min feed rate helped to minimize the generated force during drilling. The proposed model has been validated by conducting new experiments based on these obtained optimal parameters.

Predicting the Rate of Penetration while Horizontal Drilling through Unconventional Reservoirs Using Artificial Intelligence.

Estimating the rate of penetration (ROP) is one of most critical tasks for evaluating the efficiency and profitability of drilling operation, which will aim in decision-making related to well planning, time estimation, cost estimation, bit selection, operational troubles, and logistics in drilling operation. The rise in unconventional resource development underscores the need for accurate ROP prediction to optimize drilling operations in these valuable reserves. ROP prediction and optimization in unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs are challenging due to the formations' heterogeneity, high strength, and brittleness. These reservoirs often involve complex well designs, high pressures, and high temperatures, making it difficult to maintain optimal drilling conditions. This study presents the optimization and validation of the artificial neural network (ANN) model to predict the ROP during horizontal drilling through unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. The ANN model was trained using 34,869 data points from five wells (Well-1 to Well-5) and achieved a high correlation coefficient of 0.96 and an average absolute percentage error (AAPE) of 4.68%. An empirical correlation was developed based on the weights and biases of the optimized ANN model. The empirical correlation performance was rigorously tested with 23,246 data points, representing 40% of the data from the same wells, yielding an AAPE of 4.75% and a correlation coefficient of 0.96. Validation of the developed equation on data from Well-6 further confirmed the model's robustness, maintaining a correlation coefficient of 0.91 and an AAPE of 5.75%. These results demonstrate the ANN model's and empirical equation's accuracy and reliability in predicting the ROP, highlighting their potential to optimize drilling operations in unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs.

Shale pore pressure seismic prediction based on the Hydrogen generation and compaction-based rock physics model and Bayesian Hamiltonian Monte Carlo inversion method

The seismic prediction of formation pore pressure is critically important for the exploration and appraisal of shale oil and gas reservoirs, as well as for identifying optimal drilling targets within these formations. In particular, the complex pressure regimes of deep shale reservoirs introduce substantial challenges to traditional seismic prediction methodologies. A Bayesian Hamiltonian Monte Carlo pre-stack seismic inversion approach is proposed to enhance the accuracy of pore pressure estimations based on an advanced rock physics model that integrates compaction and hydrocarbon generation effects. Initially, a comprehensive petrophysical model is developed to account for the effects of hydrocarbon generation and compaction, establishing a robust framework for the normal compaction trend simulation. Subsequently, a novel formation pressure prediction model is derived based on integrating the Eaton model and the Bower stress hypothesis. Then, the Bayesian HMC seismic inversion method is proposed to predict formation pore pressure in shale reservoirs with elastic impedance data set. The proposed methodology is validated through application to actual well log and seismic data from the Fuling shale oil and gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin, which demonstrates significant potential of this method for enhancing the prediction of pore pressure in complex geological settings.

Multidisciplinary evaluation of geological, geotechnical, geomechanical, and hydrogeological parameters for assessing slope stability in the Aures Mountain Quarry

The study delves into characterizing the mechanical parameters of the Tahar Louchene aggregate quarry unit in Ain Touta municipality, Batna province, Algeria. This investigation is crucial to address recurring instabilities commonly encountered in open-cast mines. Our approach adopts a comprehensive methodology integrating geotechnical, geomechanical, and numerical analyses, aiming to provide a thorough assessment of fractured rock mass behavior. Our methodology begins with detailed geological surveys aimed at optimal drilling site selection. Geomechanical analysis follows, focusing on fracturing and evaluating rock mass quality, complemented by geotechnical investigations featuring in-situ testing. To gather representative samples, we extracted eighteen cylindrical cores (102 mm × 204 mm) from various benches using a mechanical coring drill. These cores underwent rigorous physical characterization, geochemical analysis, and mechanical testing. Furthermore, 3D FEM numerical modeling was applied to comprehensively assess rock edge stability. The outcomes of our study unveil the presence of four distinct discontinuity sets within the primary formations, with particular emphasis on fault families of geological significance influencing deposit configuration. These fault structures provide valuable insights into stress history and tectonic evolution that directly impact the stability of the quarry. Moreover, our analysis identified various failure types, notably exacerbated by blasting practices that reduce safety factor values, highlighting the critical need for improved safety protocols. Our approach not only contributes to enhancing mining efficiency and productivity but also prioritizes the safety of equipment and personnel in open-cast mining operations across Algeria.

Fast mixture spatial regression: A mixture in the geographical and feature space applied to predict porosity in the post-salt

Extracting geological resources like hydrocarbon fluids requires significant investments and precise decision-making processes. To optimize the efficiency of the extraction process, researchers and industry experts have explored innovative methodologies, including the prediction of optimal drilling locations. Porosity, a key attribute of reservoir rocks, plays a crucial role in determining fluid storage capacity. Geostatistical techniques, such as kriging, have been widely used for estimating porosity by capturing spatial dependence in sampled point-referenced data. However, the reliance on geographical coordinates for determining spatial distances may present challenges in scenarios with small and widely separated samples. In this paper, we develop a mixture model that combines the covariance generated by geographical space and the covariance generated in an appropriate feature space to enhance estimation accuracy. Developed within the Bayesian framework, our approach utilizes flexible Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods and leverages the Nearest-Neighbor Gaussian Process (NNGP) strategy for scalability. We present a controlled empirical comparison, considering various data generation configurations, to assess the performance of the mixture model in comparison to the marginal models. Applying our models to a three-dimensional reservoir demonstrates its practical applicability and scalability. This research presents a novel approach for improved porosity estimation by integrating spatial and covariate information, offering the potential for optimizing reservoir exploration and extraction activities.

Multi-objective optimization of geothermal heating systems based on thermal economy and environmental impact evaluation

High-temperature geothermal resources are increasingly being explored as an alternative to coal and natural gas for space heating. In light of the growing demand for energy conservation and emission reduction, it is crucial to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of geothermal energy according to environmental impact and energy cost. Based on geothermal heating systems in Xi'an, China, this study develops a model involving the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to assess the borehole heat exchanger (BHE) in heating systems, encompassing carbon intensity (Cintensity). The response surface method was employed to optimize the drilling depth, operating flow, and pipe diameter ratio, which influences carbon intensity. The findings revealed that the minimum Cintensity is 24.11 g(CO2)·kWh−1, corresponding to a 4000 m burial depth, 20 m3 h−1 flow rate, and 0.54 diameter ratio. However, these results diverge from the minimum levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of $7.84/GJ, with 3912.8 m, 34.32 m3 h−1, and 0.64. A dual-objective optimization indicates the allocation of weights to the objective functions influences the optimal drilling depth (the optimal value is between 3920.51 m and 3921.62 m) and operating flow rate (ranging from 28.8 to 31.4 m3 h−1). The optimal outcomes for LCOE and Cintensity are contingent upon the decision-makers' weight allocation.

Thermal optimization of robotic piezoelectric osteotomy motion in porcine trabecular bone

BackgroundPiezoelectric osteotomy represents a potentially viable alternative to conventional techniques for preparing pilot holes for bone screws. However, piezoelectric osteotomes have demonstrated the potential to heat bone beyond 47 °C, which induces necrosis that could contribute to screw loosening, resulting in osteosynthetic material failure and pseudarthrosis. Thus, we sought to determine the working movements of a piezoelectric drill that resulted in the lowest maximum bone temperatures while ensuring that this optimal drilling motion resulted in temperatures below 47 °C. MethodsVertebrae samples were obtained fresh from a local abattoir. A robot was used to drill 15 mm holes through the vertebrae bodies parallel to a sectioned viewing surface, observed with a thermal camera. We tested three significant aspects of the osteotome's movement: the feed rate, retraction speed and working cycle to see which combination resulted in the lowest maximum temperatures. Each factor combination was tested three times for a total of 24 trials. FindingsA feed rate of 2 mm/s, a retraction speed of 2 mm/s and a novel working cycle termed “multi-pass” were found to generate the lowest maximum temperatures (41.5 °C, σ = 1.91 °C). The factors of retraction speed and working cycle demonstrated statistical significance through analysis of variance, with ordinary least squares regression indicating their optimal settings resulted in reductions in maximum temperatures of 4.95 °C and 5.63 °C, respectively. InterpretationRobotic piezoelectric osteotomy appears to represent a safe method of pedicle screw pilot hole preparation from a thermal perspective when using the optimal methods found in this study.

Drilling parameter optimisation for three-dimensional prints of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

Abstract Over the past decade, additive manufacturing has transformed the industry, leading to a range of innovative products. In this study, the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene specimen was produced using the fused deposition modeling process. To assess the effectiveness of additive manufacturing parts in final product development, it’s crucial to establish the optimal drilling process parameters to minimize thrust force and torque. The investigation utilized two different drill geometries. Drilling with an end mill resulted in a 24.22% reduction in thrust force and a 12.37% decrease in torque compared to using a twist drill. Additionally, factors such as orientation, infill density, feed rate, and drill geometry have a significant impact on drilling forces.

Drilling Fluid Density Optimization for Narrow Density Window Fractured Formation

Abstract Fractures are prevalent in the Leikoupo Formation in western Sichuan, with a narrow safe density window of 0.06-0.12 g/cm3, leading to frequent downhole accidents like kicks and losses. Using Pengzhou X well as a case study, this research employed numerical simulation to analyze the impact of various drilling fluid densities within this window on displacement rate and bottomhole pressure. It established an optimal drilling fluid density model for fractured formations with narrow density windows. Findings reveal that as drilling fluid density increases, annulus up-return velocity decreases, potentially trapping fracture gas in the upper annulus. Optimal drilling fluid density lies within this narrow window, maintaining a dynamic balance between preventing fast gas return and fluid accumulation in fractured formations. The model applied to Pengzhou Y well yields a drilling density correlation of 0.000001036, consistent with optimized model results. This approach optimizes drilling fluid density within narrow density windows, mitigating downhole gushing and leakage accidents.

Drilling fluid for drilling permafrost rocks

Relevance. The article provides an overview of the problem of drilling wells for oil and gas in conditions of permafrost. When constructing wells for various purposes in conditions of permafrost rocks, special requirements are imposed on the selection of the optimal drilling fluid. Deposits in the permafrost zone have significant differences from conditions where rocks have a positive temperature. Aim. For permafrost conditions, the choice of optimal drilling technology plays an important role. The temperature of the drilling fluid during drilling should be equal to the temperature of the rocks being drilled or be slightly lower. Methods. An analysis of the types of flushing agents used for drilling permafrost has been carried out, and the main technologies used in this case have been considered. A description of the developed flushing liquid is given, and its optimal composition is determined. Results and conclusions. The objectives are solved by developing a clay-free polymer drilling fluid with antifreeze additives, which has a freezing point of minus 7°C. The paper considers the issues of reverse freezing of wells and the use of a thermal case in order to improve the thermal regulation of wells. The choice of thermal insulation equipment is outlined based on predicting temperature changes in the properties of rocks. It was shown that reverse freezing of rocks during the construction of oil and gas wells leads to leaks and collapse of casing columns, freezing of casing columns to the walls of the well, and failure of columns to reach a given design depth. The paper introduces the formula to determine the pressure, at which the stress in the casing reaches the yield point and collapse of the casing occurs. The article shows the diagram of the hydration of ions of the proposed drilling fluid with permafrost and the main causes of complications. Using the laboratory studies, the optimal composition of the drilling fluid was determined. The introduction of the proposed drilling fluid into the practice of permafrost drilling will make it possible to successfully construct oil and gas wells.

Drill Hole Spacing Analysis for Evaluation of Quartz Sand Resources as Residual Material from On-Land Alluvial Tin Processing based on Global Estimation Variance and Kriging Variance, with Case Study in the Bangka and Belitung Islands, Indonesia

On-land alluvial tin mining activities produce residual materials from mineral processing or mineral washing; the major one of these is quartz sand, which can be utilized in the manufacturing industry. As time goes by, the reserves of alluvial tin are decreasing, which is in line with the increasing residual material from abundant mineral processing. Mining procedures are carried out following the Indonesian government regulations, covering mining as well as reprocessing. This motivated us to evaluate the potential of quartz sand at two mining sites in Bangka and Belitung Islands. This study evaluated alluvial tin processing residual quartz sand through drill hole spacing analysis (DHSA) by comparing two geostatistics parameters, namely global estimation variance (GEV) and kriging variance (KV). Drill hole samples were taken with varying spacing, ranging from 50 to 200 m, after which geostatistical analysis was carried out. With several simulations, the incorporation of GEV and KV was able to produce the optimal drill hole spacing with measured resource categories in the range of 40 to 55 m, indicated resources in the range of 55 to 85 m, and inferred resources >85 m. Accordingly, the total estimated quartz sand resources of both sites were obtained.

Optimizing Deep Geothermal Drilling for Energy Sustainability in the Appalachian Basin

This study investigates the geological and geomechanical characteristics of the MIP 1S geothermal well in the Appalachian Basin to optimize drilling and address the wellbore stability issues encountered. Data from well logs, sidewall core analysis, and injection tests were used to derive elastic and rock strength properties, as well as stress and pore pressure profiles. A robust 1D-geomechanical model was developed and validated, correlating strongly with wellbore instability observations. This revealed significant wellbore breakout, widening the diameter from 12 ¼ inches to over 16 inches. Advanced technologies like Cerebro Force™ In-Bit Sensing were used to monitor drilling performance with high accuracy. This technology tracks critical metrics such as bit acceleration, vibration in the x, y, and z directions, Gyro RPM, stick-slip indicators, and bending on the bit. Cerebro Force™ readings identified hole drag caused by poor hole conditions, including friction between the drill string and wellbore walls and the presence of cuttings or debris. This led to higher torque and weight on bit (WOB) readings at the surface compared to downhole measurements, affecting drilling efficiency and wellbore stability. Optimal drilling parameters for future deep geothermal wells were determined based on these findings.

Optimization of relief hole blasting satisfying synergistic constraints of rock-breaking area and hole-bottom minimum burden

A strategy to optimize relief hole positions is proposed to enhance the effectiveness of tunnel blasting in rock breaking. This study employed two predefined arithmetic progressions to coordinate the distribution of rock-breaking areas and hole-bottom minimum burdens allocated to each row of holes. Iterative calculations were performed to determine the final position of each row of holes. To determine the optimal drilling scheme, modeling and simulation were conducted using a finite element method-smoothed particle hydrodynamics (FEM-SPH) coupling algorithm. This approach allowed for a comparison of the rock-breaking effects of relief holes under different constraint combinations. This study indicates that the displacement of rock particles varies in different depth zones. The largest displacements of the rock particles were observed in the middle of the charge section. For a conventional working face with a width of 12.2 m and a designed advance of 3 m, the rock-breaking efficiency is optimal when the two control ratios, rA and rW, are 1.5 and 1.4, respectively. This study advances the underground blasting design technology and contributes to energy reduction and efficiency improvements in blasting engineering.

An insightful multicriteria model for the selection of drilling technique for heat extraction from geothermal reservoirs using a fuzzy-rough approach

Geothermal energy stands out as an exceptional renewable resource for power generation, offering a consistent power production without the intermittency issues. Despite its potential to deliver a consistent supply of electricity on demand, geothermal adoption is hindered due to substantial costs. Utilising the most effective drilling method can alleviate this challenge by boosting efficiency and reducing operational costs. The primary goal of this study is to identify the best drilling method for extracting heat from geothermal reservoirs. This optimised approach facilitates better access to geothermal reservoirs, leading to increased heat recovery rates and improved project viability. Traditional methods often fall short in evaluating optimal drilling alternatives due to uncertainties. To address this, our research introduces an innovative paradigm that integrates novel T-Spherical Hesitant Fuzzy Rough (T−SHFR) set, method for the removal effects of criteria with a geometric mean and ranking alternatives with weights of criterion hybrid Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) techniques. By leveraging the novel T−SHFR concept, our approach allows for a comprehensive assessment of various factors. This holistic evaluation ensures an exhaustive comprehension of the decision-making environment. The study reveals that reservoir characteristics play a significant role in selecting a sustainable drilling alternative. Furthermore, directional drilling appears as the most promising method with higher energy yields followed by slim hole drilling. The robustness and credibility of these findings are established through sensitivity and comparative analyses, indicating the potential applicability of this MCDM method to analogous challenges in different contexts. The findings of the ranking techniques were validated using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, which revealed a positive and notable correlation. This research will empower stakeholders to make informed decisions, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and sustainability of geothermal energy projects.

التصميم ألامثل للعملية الهيدروليكية لرأس الحفر

All drilling companies emphasize the importance of maintaining optimum drilling bit hydraulics in real-time drilling operations. The behavior of flow rate and pressure plays a crucial role in monitoring and optimizing drilling processes. By ensuring the hydraulic conditions are optimal, various drilling-related issues such as equipment failure, wellbore instability, and kicks can be minimized, resulting in significant time and cost savings. The paper's main objective is to illustrate the impact of mud pump flow rate optimization on the cutting Transport Fluid Velocity (TFV). This optimization directly influences the pressure loss inside the drill string and annular space, which, in turn, affects the selection of optimum nozzle sizes. The goal is to achieve efficient bottom hole cleaning and hole conditioning, ultimately leading to satisfactory rates of penetration (ROP). The study conducted a series of tests using different pump flow rates ranging from 100 to 500 gallons per minute (gpm) to drill two different sections. An 8 ½" bottom hole assembly (BHA) with a Tri-cone bit and a 6 1/8" BHA with a Polycrystalline Diamond bit were used. The WellPlane Software was employed for optimization. The results of the study indicate that for the 8 ½" section, a minimum pump rate of 488.3 gpm is necessary to avoid cutting accumulation and the formation of bed height. On the other hand, for the 6 1/8" section, a minimum pump rate of 193.2 gpm is required. The optimal parameters for achieving a bed height of zero in the 8 ½" section are a pump flow rate of 500 gpm and nozzle size of (316). For the 6 1/8" section, a pump flow rate of 250 gpm and nozzle size of (514) are recommended. In summary, the optimization of bit hydraulics is essential for mitigating drilling problems and reducing overall drilling costs. By maintaining proper flow rate and pressure conditions, along with appropriate nozzle sizes, efficient bottom hole cleaning can be achieved, leading to improved rates of penetration and overall drilling performance.

Geochemical anomaly separation based on geology, geostatistics, compositional data and local singularity analyses: A case study from the kuh panj copper deposit, Iran

This study combines geochemical anomaly separation with geostatistical approaches and compositional data analysis. To have a reasonable model for abnormal areas, suggesting the optimal drilling coordinates, one needs to consider some effective geological controllers on the mineralization such as lithology, alteration, and tectonic processes. The lithogeochemical samples at 608 locations were processed from the copper porphyry mineralization area of Kuh Panj, Iran, to illustrate the proposed approach. The heterogeneity of rock type domains was detected using contact analysis. Based on this, plurigaussian simulation made it possible to model the uneconomic dykes of the area. Copper-molybdenum grades and filler as geochemical components were transformed into multivariate normal data using isometric logarithmic ratio-flow anamorphosis. Hierarchical rock type-grade simulation reproduced the grade behavior at hard rock type boundaries. Selection of a dense and regular simulation grid minimized the smoothing effect caused by interpolation of the singularity index values. Finally, unsupervised machine learning identified the anomaly zone by clustering the results of the singularity analysis. Validation using drilling data and the geological map shows that the anomaly separation, considering the geological conditions and the compositional nature of the geochemical data, can provide a reliable model of the geochemical anomalies in the Kuh Panj deposit.

BRIEF UNDERSTANDING OF CHARACTERISTICS DEPLETED RESERVOIR (INTERVAL-I) USING PORE PRESSURE AND FRACTURE GRADIENT ANALYSIS IN "X" FIELD, SANGA-SANGA AXIS, KUTAI BASIN

Field X, as this study area's focus, boasts over 200 wells proven to be hydrocarbon producers. Two pore pressure regimes exist: normal hydrostatic and overpressure. The primary hydrocarbon reservoir in the Balikpapan Formation within the Sanga- sanga axis at Field X consists of sandstone. Drilling disturbances, particularly in the lower intervals of this reservoir, often occur due to overpressure. The main challenge encountered in this reservoir is mud losses. The objective of this study is to develop the Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient characteristics and its relation to the geological environment. Furthermore, the distribution of Sand (Interval-I) is determined, which is the primary cause of losses due to production. Besides that, the parameters used to create optimal fracture gradient is also defined. Thirteen wells in this field were examined to identify the controlling factors of pore pressure. This study integrates wireline logging, velocity, mud logs, pressure tests, drilling parameters and event which are subsequently processed for determining shale points, Normal Compaction Trend (NCT), calculating overburden gradient, and estimating pore pressure using the Eaton method. From the analysis result, the distribution of overpressure and the generating mechanism of overpressure are determined. This study also carried out analysis to determine overpressure and depleted Sandstone (Interval-I) distribution. Subsequently, facies and depositional environtment analysis are conducted, followed by modelling Sandstone (Interval-I) and determining Sandstone’s poisson ratio from loss data and shale’s from leak of test data for fracture gradient estimation. Overpressure is found in Interval-I with magnitude of 4000-4700 psi, which corresponds to delta plain to delta front depositional environment. Top of overpressure is observed shallower in the southern than northern due to geological structure conditions. The generating mechanism of overpressure is caused by loading and hydrocarbon generation. The experienced loss in overpressure zone, caused by reservoir production from the initial pressure of 4475 psi and has depleted to 373 psi. From the sandstone distribution model, the loss sandstones are a connected fluvial channel in southern ward. It is also observed several unconnected channel sandstones that did not experience loss. Poisson ratio parameter for sandstone is 0.35, which is calibrated from the loss event with minimum fracture gradient in Interval-I is approximately 4772 psi. It is expected that the understanding of pore pressure and Sandstone (Interval-I) distribution could be used to increase the success ratio for optimal drilling planning, including to choose effective casing design, mud weight, and appropriate total depth.