Exploration technology of archaeological objects by the method of drilling

Materials of archaeological exploration of monuments without land characteristics in the territory of Dnipropetrovsk region in 2017 are reported. The work is conditioned by the necessity to establish the safety of archaeological objects that have already been registered by the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Center for the Protection of the Historical and Cultural Values and which have recently been revealed. The settlement near the village Vilne of Novomoskovsk was explored in 2005. It occupies the natural cape of the right bank of the Samara river. It is located 1 km to the NE from the village outskirts. The area of the settlement is limited to two sources of drinking water. In the central part of the cape there are four pits. Stratigraphy is established, the thickness of the cultural layer is 0,8–0,9 m. The area of the monument is 50 x 20 m. The artifacts are represented by fragments dishes of clay: walls, bottoms and top part of vessels. The dishes are ornamented with rollers, drawn lines, embossed lines. The numerous bones found belong to large and small cattle and a horse. There are pieces of slag. All matherials refer to the Boguslav-Belozersk culture of the Late Bronze Age. In the Sinelnikovo District, a settlement near the village Zaporozhets near Sinelnikovo was investigated. It was discovered by the work of the DniproHES expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the late 1920s. Territorially occupies part of the cape of the left bank of the river Dnepr from the village. Not digging. As a result of the survey of the monument in the 1970s, A. V. Bodiansky and L. P. Krylova collected numerous artifacts that reflect the destruction of the cultural layer. The pits laid in 2017 by the Dnipropetrovsk National University on the area of the settlement testify to its further destruction as a result of the natural factor (flooding of the Dnieper river) and active anthropogenic activity of the last decades. The cultural layer with thickness up to 0.4 m is poorly saturated with finds. Archaeological materials include single fragments of ceramics with a glossy Saltov-type surface and animals bones. The carried out researches testify to the preservation of only the peripheral part of the object, which chronologically and culturally represents the Late Slavonian period in the history of the ancient population of Nadporozhye.

The oil and gas industry faces unprecedented challenges in optimizing drilling operations while maintaining safety standards and operational efficiency in an increasingly complex technological landscape (Agapiou et al., 2012). This research presents a comprehensive AI-enhanced predictive model designed to transform drilling operations through advanced machine learning algorithms, real-time data analytics, and predictive maintenance protocols. The study addresses critical gaps in current drilling optimization methodologies by integrating artificial intelligence with traditional drilling engineering principles to create a future-ready operational framework. The proposed model leverages deep learning techniques (Goodfellow, Bengio, & Courville, 2016), Internet of Things (IoT) sensors (Li, Ota, & Dong, 2018), and cloud-based analytics to predict equipment failures, optimize drilling parameters, and enhance overall operational efficiency. Through extensive analysis of drilling data patterns, equipment performance metrics, and geological conditions, the AI system provides real-time recommendations for drilling optimization while minimizing non-productive time and reducing operational costs. The research methodology encompasses comparative analysis of traditional drilling approaches versus AI-enhanced systems, implementation of machine learning algorithms for predictive analytics, and validation through industry case studies. Key findings demonstrate that AI-enhanced drilling operations can reduce non-productive time by up to 35%, improve drilling efficiency by 28%, and decrease equipment failure rates by 42% compared to conventional methods (Bourgoyne Jr et al., 1986). The predictive model successfully integrates multiple data sources including drilling logs, sensor readings, geological surveys, and historical performance data to generate accurate predictions for optimal drilling parameters. Implementation challenges include data quality assurance, system integration complexities, and workforce training requirements, which are addressed through comprehensive change management strategies (Essien et al., 2019). The research contributes to the advancement of smart drilling technologies by providing a scalable, adaptable framework that can be implemented across diverse geological formations and drilling environments. The model's architecture incorporates federated learning principles (Soneye et al., 2025) to ensure continuous improvement while maintaining data privacy and security standards. Future applications include integration with autonomous drilling systems, enhanced environmental monitoring capabilities, and expanded predictive maintenance protocols for complex drilling equipment (Dare, Ajayi, & Chima, 2025). This study establishes the foundation for next-generation drilling operations that combine human expertise with artificial intelligence to achieve unprecedented levels of operational efficiency and safety. The implications extend beyond immediate operational improvements to encompass strategic planning, risk management, and sustainable resource extraction practices that align with industry 4.0 principles and environmental stewardship requirements (Fasasi, Adebowale, & Nwokediegwu, 2025). Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Predictive Modeling, Drilling Operations, Operational Efficiency, Machine Learning, Iot Sensors, Predictive Maintenance, Smart Drilling, Data Analytics, Industry 4.0.

INTRODUCTION Exploratory drilling along the Labrador Shelf dates back to 1971, when Leif L-38 was drilled and abandoned. Since that time, many problems have been encountered, many lessons have been learned and significant technological advances have made it possible to operate seasonally in a safe, efficient and even routine manner. The current operating methods require the most sophisticated drilling equipment in order to work safely in the unique environment of the area. It is north of Davis Strait, in Baffin Bay and Lancaster Sound, that more severe sea-ice and iceberg conditions occur, requiring a further refinement in operating methods. This paper will outline current operating practices and principles, followed by the approach being taken to provide the capability for future exploratory drilling operations. Environment The distinguishing feature of the operating environments of both the Labrador and Baffin Island coasts is the seasonal occurrence of sea ice and icebergs. The open-water or ice-free period is July through November in the region south of Davis Strait, and July through October in northern Baffin Bay. There are many local and seasonal variations to the above generalities, but on the basis of using dynamically positioned drills hips, the gross operating window is in the order of 100 days per year. In the Labrador and Davis Strait areas, severe weather and resulting sea states limit drillship operations during the latter portion of the season; in the north, freeze-up controls the operating end-of-season. The north-to-south drift current, frequently referred to as the Labrador Current, sweeps the sea ice and icebergs to the south. Ablation and decay of the ice occurs throughout this journey and results in a decreasing frequency of iceberg occurrence as well as less severe sea-ice conditions. The degree of severity of the sea-ice and iceberg regimes is the key to the ability to work throughout the region. For Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, a major environmental data gathering and analysis program, known as EAMES (Eastern Arctic Marine Environmental Study), is active. It provides the data necessary to satisfy various regulatory processes, environmental clearances and exploratory operations. In addition, large programs directed to gathering engineering-quality data are conducted. Major feasibility and technology development studies have resulted from these field programs and form the basis for developing future operating capabilities in the region. Table 1 (Approximate Environmental Comparison) contrasts the environment of the Labrador and northern Baffin Bay/Lancaster Sound regions. Drilling Operations All drilling activity in Canadian waters has occurred south of the 63rd parallel to date. As stated above, the average duration of a drilling season is approximately l00 days. A total of 26 wells have been drilled in Canadian waters, between 1971 and 1981. In addition, two more wells were spudded and suspended to be re-entered at a later date. With the exception of Aquitaine et at. Hekja 0-71 and Esso"s Gjoa 0-37, all wells were drilled on what is popularly known as the Labrador Shelf.

The paper presents a brief analysis of the territorial, quantitative, and qualitative scope of M. P. Kuchera’s explorations; organizational principles, methodological principles, and practical techniques for ensuring the functioning and livelihood of his archaeological exploration expedition are defined. The peculiarities of the methodology, research methods and style of the researcher’s scientific investigations are characterized. Due to visiting and detailed examination in different years of numerous Old Rus sites in different lands of Rus-Ukraine the scientist could to conceptualize and formulate a probable typology of Old Rus settlements and fortifications as well as to build a well-founded dating scheme of Old Rus kitchen pottery. The conscious understanding of necessity of the development of source base and research interest required the most comprehensive coverage of the entire scope research object. At least twice M. P. Kuchera set such tasks and successfully fulfilled them: he created a comprehensive, consolidated and complete study of the Old Rus settlements of Ukraine and the Zmievy Walls. A brief description of the author’s personal exploration experience within the scope of the student scientific Early Slavic archaeological expedition and as part of the expedition of M. P. Kuchera is presented. The combination and understanding of previous experience, strategies and methods allowed the author to synthesize, develop and implement the program of complex multi-year and multi-seasonal archaeological explorations of the historical Ovruch Volost. The concentrated description of the main principles and features of exploration in the Ovruch project, their key methods and results is provided. Multiple trips, observation in dynamics, monitoring of the state of preservation are some of the main components of the field research strategy of the expeditions of the Ovruch project. The main result was a more than tenfold increase in the number of archaeological sites known in this area before the start of work. Such drastic qualitative and qualitative changes prompted the development of a new special scientific and practical field of archaeological knowledge — the study and assessment of the degree of archaeological research (SAD). The methods of SAD ensure the determination of the archaeological potential of the territory, the creation of its detailed regional models, special techniques and methods of studying and assessing the level of accounting and protection of the historical and archaeological heritage objects of the certain region, the identification and assessment of risks and threats to them. Finding the critical modern state of study, recording and preservation of domestic archaeological sites makes it obvious the need to develop and implement urgent and large-scale tasks in this field, first of all, to find out at least approximate parameters of the real archaeological potential of the relevant territories of the state. This task requires specially designed, planned and implemented broad and detailed archaeological exploration. In the paper the author once again emphasizes the vital need for the development and implementation of the National Program of Archaeological Survey of Ukraine and the corresponding changes in the strategy and tactics of scientific research of the Instituteof Archaeology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

Role of optimization techniques in microgrid energy management systems—A review

Background: The global dairy market is experiencing a massive transition as dairy farming has recently undergone modernization. As a result, the dairy industry needs to improve its operational efficiencies by implementing effective optimization techniques. Conventional and emerging optimization techniques have already gained momentum in the dairy industry. This study’s objective was to explore the optimization techniques developed for or implemented in the dairy supply chain (DSC) and to investigate how these techniques can improve the DSC. Methods: A systematic review approach based on PRISMA guidelines were adopted to conduct this review. The authors used descriptive statistics for statistical analysis. Results: Modernization has led the dairy industry to improve its operational efficiencies by implementing the most effective optimization techniques. Researchers have used mathematical modeling-based methods and are shifting to artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) -based approaches in the DSC. The mathematical modeling-based techniques remain dominant (56% of articles), but AI and ML-based techniques are gaining traction (used in around 44% of articles). Conclusions: The review findings show insight into the benefits and implications of optimization techniques in the DSC. This research shows how optimization techniques are associated with every phase of the DSC and how new technologies have affected the supply chain.

Objective The aim is to provide a new idea for tree species suitability evaluation, provide a support for scientific afforestation, and explore the relationship between site factors and tree suitability. Method Take a Eucalyptus plantation in Guangxi as the research object, 1 883 forest resource sub-compartment survey data of Guangxi state-owned Gaofeng Forest Farm were selected. Then, Naive Bayesian, Support Vector Machine, and Random Forest algorithm were used to evaluate the suitability of tree species and to construct a suitability classification model for Eucalyptus. Eleven site factors, namely, landform type, elevation, aspect, slope position, slope, litter thickness, humus layer thickness, soil layer thickness, gravel content, parent material, and soil type were input with the output being Eucalyptus suitability. Result The fitting accuracy of the three models was 63.18% for Naive Bayesian, 69.73% for Support Vector Machine, and 78.03% for Random Forest algorithm with a generalization accuracy of 64.33% for Naive Bayesian, 67.93% for Support Vector Machine, and 78.18% for Random Forest algorithm. The order of importance for site factors was elevation > soil layer thickness > aspect > slope > gravel content > litter thickness > slope position > humus layer thickness > soil type > landform type > parent material. Overall, Eucalyptus was more suitable for growth in areas of 200-350 m altitude and 80-100 cm soil layer thickness. Conclusion Thus, machine learning classification algorithms could be used to fit the non-linear relationship between tree species suitability and site factors.

Effects on succeeding crops

Surface reconstruction for mid-slice generation on variable lamination manufacturing

Ground-penetrating radar was applied at Beiluhe and Xieshuihe region along the Qlnghai-Tlbet Highway (QTH) to investigate the permafrost active layer thickness (ALT) and shallow subsurface internal structure. It has obviously differences for ALT and characteristic of shallow internal structure in different soil types and vegetation coverage. For the GPR data in different soil types and vegetation coverage, we analyzed the characteristic of reflection and diffraction and processed data using different migration method, respectively. From the analysis results, we summarize as follows: 1) the permafrost active layer was about 0.8 m in June 2015 in Beiluhe region. Due to have influence on the stratigraphy and soil moisture content, GPR profile have obviously lateral variations in Beiluhe region. It's shown the characteristic of graben-like structure from reverse time migration (RTM) profile, which may be related to the cycle of freezing and thawing on the roadbed. 2) The closer to the highway, the deeper the stratigraphy layer thickness near the north side of highway in Xieshuihe region, which may be related to compaction in highway construction. We can find out the characteristic of multi-stage internal structure of paleo-channel from GPR profile. The paleo-channel is 57.5 m wide and 3 m depth. 3) The characteristic of internal structure of shallow ground surface have obviously differences in the different landform and vegetation. The vegetation coverage is key factor to permafrost active layer. GPR can be used to analyze the lateral changes rule and internal structure of permafrost active layer in different soil types and vegetation coverage. It is very important to clearly reveal ALT and shallow ground internal structure for engineering construction and safeguard. Our work will provide a new foundation for the future detection work.

The assessment of water resources in soil is important in understanding the water cycle in the natural environment and the processes of water exchange between the soil and the atmosphere. The main objective of the study was to assess water resources (in 2010–2013) in the topsoil from satellite (SMOS) and in situ (ground) measurements using the SWEX_PD approach (Soil Water EXtent at Penetration Depth). The SWEX_PD is a result of multiplying soil moisture (SM) and radiation penetration depth (PD) for each pixel derived from the SMOS satellite. The PD, being a manifold of the wavelength λ0 equal to 21 cm, was determined from the weekly SMOS L2 measurement data based on the real and imaginary part of complex dielectric constant. The SWEX_PD data were compared with soil water resources (WR) calculated from the sum of components derived from multiplication of soil moisture (SM) and layer thickness in nine agrometeorological stations located along the eastern border of Poland. Each study site consisted of seven neighbouring Discrete Global Grid pixels (nodes spaced at 15 km) including the central ones with agrometeorological stations. The study area included different types of soils and land covers. The agreement between the water resources obtained from the SWEX_PD and ground measurements (WR) was quantified using classical statistics and Bland–Altman's plots. Calibrated Layer Thickness (CLT = dbias) from 8 to 28 cm was obtained with a low values of bias (close to zero), limits of agreements, and confidence intervals for all the SWEX_PD, depending on the pixel location. The results revealed that the use of the SWEX_PD for assessing soil water resources is the most reliable approach in the study area. Additionally, the data from Bland–Altman plots and the equation proposed in these studies allowed calculation of the Equivalent Layer Thickness (ELT = d_{ei}^{SWEX}), which corresponds to the water resources derived from the SMOS satellite at the same time as (SM) measurements performed in the agrometeorological stations. The ranges of the mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and coefficient of variation (CV) of ELT among all pixels and stations were 8.28–28.7 cm, 3.27–12.66 cm, 3.03–10.87 cm, 19.23–94.97 cm, and 24.72–98.79%, respectively. The ranges of the characteristics depended on environmental conditions and their means were close to the values of the calibrated layer thickness. The impacts of soil texture, organic matter, vegetation, and their interactive effects on the differentiation and agreement of soil water resources obtained from SWEX_PD vs. data from ground measurements in the study area are discussed. Further studies are required to address the impact of the environmental factors to improve the assessment of soil water resources based on satellite SM products (retrievals).

When people did ecological restoration,it was very difficult to achieve the trans-regional soil replacement. Basalt platform is distributed around the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve. The intrazonality soil( i. e. baijiang soil,peat soil and meadow soil) in the temperate humid climate zone is developed widely on basalt platform,howerer,the zonality soil such as dark brown earth is rare. The mountain brown coniferous forest soil,baijiang soil,peat soil and meadow soil are not in the same physical geographic zone,and there are significant differences in their physical and chemical properties,thus, it is not easy to complete soil replacement directly. In this zone,we could use the synthesis soil which is artificially synthesized with baijiang soil,peat soil and meadow soil to instead of the mountain brown coniferous forest soil. In this study,the baijiang soil,peat soil and meadow soil in the dark brown soil zone in the temperate broadleaved-coniferous mixed forest were used as raw materials,and the mountain brown coniferous forest soil in cold temperate zone in Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve was used as replacement object. Firstly,we completed soil synthesis taking the imitates the natural prototype principle,and then,conducted the experimental research on trans-regional soil replacement and plant growth. The results showed that the differences of soils were significant in the distribution of the content of every soil grain size group( %),humus layer thickness( 10—20 cm),pH( 5. 9—7. 5),and the available nitrogen( N) content( 57. 8—100. 7 g / kg) in the mountain brown coniferous forest soil zone. The limited factors of plant growth were humus layer thickness,pH,and available N content of mountain brown coniferous forest soil. Plant growth condition was better as the humus layer thickness was 40cm,pH was 7. 0 and available N content was 80 mg / kg which were the inflection point value of the mountain brown coniferous forest soil limited factors. Therefore,the inflection point value of the mountain brown coniferous forest soil limited factor was a key to synthesis soil,and it was the basis for physical and chemical indicators of synthesis soil. There were more gravel but less silt and clay on surface soil of the mountain brown coniferous forest soil,the soil texture is gravelly sandy loam. Soil texture of meadow soil was sandy loam soil. There were less gravel but more silt and clay on surface soil of soil texture of baijiang soil,and peat soil was loam. The mountain brown coniferous forest soil and the peat soil were more abundant in organic matter content,however,the baijiang soil and the meadow soil were low. The pH of the mountain brown coniferous forest soil was higher than that of baijiang soil,peat soil and meadow soil. Total N was more abundant in the mountain brown coniferous forest soil than that of other types of soils,but the available N was lower in surface soil of the mountain brown coniferous forest soil. The total and available potassium was the most abundant nutrient in the mountain brown coniferous forest soil. There was no significant different in the total and available phosphorus for the four types of soils. In Changbai Mountain,the mixed soil was made of a quarter of peat soil,a quarter of meadow soil and a half of baijiang soil and the its soil layer thickness was kept about 40 cm,then the pH of the mixed soil was adjusted to neutral by lime. It was the most reasonable solution for replacing the mountain brown coniferous forest soil since the vegetation restoration effect was best and the cost was the lowest to produce the mixed soil.

Soil inorganic carbon stock under different soil types and land uses on the Loess Plateau region of China

The ongoing archaeological survey and excavations in the Faid area in northwest Saudi Arabia has uncovered remains of a large early Islamic settlement. Paleolithic artefacts discovered in the building foundations of that settlement during the 2019 excavation showed that a Paleolithic site was buried partially by the settlement ruins. An archaeological exploration was carried out in the area around the site in March 2020 that documented three Paleolithic sites (Faid 1 – Faid 3). In February 2021, the archaeological survey was extended to the east and west of the settlement, resulting in the discovery of four additional Paleolithic sites (Faid 4 – Faid 7). The archaeological sites represented two main Paleolithic traditions: Acheulean, identified from the presence of bifaces, and Middle Palaeolithic, represented by production of prepared cores and points referable to the Levallois method. Faid 2 is an Acheulean site, where a systematic survey shows agglomeration of large cutting tools (LCTs) covering an area of 15 hectares. Handaxes and cleavers are the most conspicuous artefacts. Thus, the locations of these archaeological sites and lithic technocomplexes have direct relevance in assessing hominin dispersal routes through Arabia to the rest of Eurasia.

Hydrodynamic and thermodynamic processes during evaporation from bare soils