Optimal Waste Management Research Articles

Economic-Environment-Energy (3E) objective-driven integrated municipal waste management under deep complexities – A novel multi-objective approach

• WtE technologies compatible with recycling are integrated into the MSW system; • Multi-objective-driven integrated MSW management is optimized to achieve sustainable goals; • An interval-valued fuzzy linear programming method is developed to address uncertainties; • The subsidy is still required to encourage anaerobic digestion from the environmental aspect. Waste-to-energy technologies compatible with recycling are promising solutions for sustainable municipal waste management from both economic and environmental perspectives. This study focuses on the economic-environment-energy (3E) objective-driven integrated waste management optimization problems under deep complexities. A novel multi-objective programming model is developed to assist the optimal decision-making with the consideration of system profit, greenhouse gas emission, and energy recovery simultaneously. Besides, it advances existing optimization methods by incorporating interval-valued fuzzy numbers to tackle the ambiguity and the essential fuzziness in experts’ judgment. It was verified by a case study from an urban district of Beijing, China. The optimum waste treatment facility planning and waste stream allocation strategies with multi-objective tradeoffs were obtained to support decision-making considering different preferences of importance ranking. In general, incineration and anaerobic digestion would be the main technologies for waste disposal in the study area. Recycling would be greatly encouraged when pursuing more economic profits and greenhouse gas emission reduction. With withdrawing the subsidy in the future, the investment in anaerobic digestion would become less attractive. Meanwhile, the landfill with gas recovery would even become economically infeasible if there is no further reduction in cost. In addition, waste source separation is also a crucial factor for successful integrated waste management. It is suggested that a proper government subsidy and public participation in waste source separation would guarantee the sustainable development of the integrated waste management system.

Pay-as-You-Throw (PAYT) for Municipal Solid Waste Management in Greece: On Public Opinion and Acceptance

As municipal solid waste increases on a global scale, local and national governments strive for the implementation of efficient waste management systems in urban settings. The importance of the optimization of waste management lies with the fact that it constitutes a key step towards energy and material independence as well as the development of sustainable societies. In order for municipalities to fall in line with European legislations and strategies (i.e., European Green Deal, Waste Framework Directive, Sustainable Development Goals, etc.), they need to choose strategic, targeted schemes for adequate waste management, taking into account the area profile under investigation (i.e., population, demographic, public opinion, etc.). The present study investigates the level of knowledge of citizens regarding a pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) system in Greece. The aim of the investigation is to elucidate the attitude towards PAYT implementation within a socioeconomic context. A survey was conducted using an online questionnaire in 2021 while the results show valuable insight on the degree of public acceptance and understanding. At the same time, shortcomings (e.g., communication about the implementation from government and local authorities to citizens) have been pinpointed.

Material flow analysis and characteristics of multiple-source organic solid wastes from a perspective of ecological network analysis: A case study in Hefei, China.

The numerous resources are consumed and a large number of multiple-source organic solid wastes are discharged during urban metabolic, which put pressures to environment. This study combined material flow analysis and ecological network analysis to comprehensively analyse the metabolism of multiple-source organic solid waste in Hefei. Analysing current metabolic characteristics of urban multiple-source organic solid waste and relationships between the components of metabolic system can help urban environmental management. The internal material flows of the system were analysed by a metabolic network containing 5 nodes and 18 pathways, which revealed metabolic characteristics of multiple-source organic solid waste in Hefei. The study showed that the metabolic system of multiple-source organic solid waste was relatively stable though distribution of internal flows changed in 8 years. The metabolic environment and agricultural sector covered a relatively large weight in this model. The control and exploitation relationships dominated the metabolic system. The urban metabolic mechanism reflected in this research can improve efficiency of urban metabolic resource, optimize waste management and provide data support for sustainable urban development. This study provided scientific guidance for metabolic research in Hefei and similar cities in China's rapid economic development.

A Technique for Metallic Waste Characterization and Segregation in Management Routes

Adequate radiological characterization is important for optimization of metallic waste management. For decommissioning planning, the objective is to obtain a radiological understanding of the involved installation. The characterization at this stage could be carried out by means of: 1) neutron activation calculations based on reactor design and neutron flux; 2) dose rate measurements; 3) in-situ gamma spectrometry; 4) sampling for determination of the scaling factors in activated and contaminated components. During dismantling, in-situ characterization is carried out to classify and package the generated waste. Then, the packages are monitored for assessment of activity and determination of the management route. The selection of cutting and decontamination techniques should be based on accurate determination of the radionuclides inside the material and/ or on the surface contamination. . It is important to decide in which cases the decontamination will be efficient as well as to select the appropriate decontamination techniques based on whether the waste is slightly activated or contaminated or both. Α Semi-empirical technique for optimization of determination of contamination and activation of components and metallic waste is under development based on combination of gamma spectrometry measurements and MCNPX Monte Carlo simulations. Firstly, the technique aims at reduction of the uncertainties related to the density and activity distribution. The specific activities inside and on the surface of the materials could be determined by using the measurement results of the proposed non-destructive technique in combination with the use of the scaling factors for activation and/ or contamination.

Life Cycle Assessment Model of a Catering Product: Comparing Environmental Impacts for Different End-of-Life Scenarios

This paper assesses the primary energy and environmental impacts of a restaurant main course product’s lifecycle, especially focusing on end-of-life (EoL) stage. In the first step, a cradle-to-grave complex life cycle assessment (LCA) model of the product has been set up from the extraction of the required raw materials through the preparation, cooking and use phase to the end-of-life. In the second step, three scenarios (landfilling, incineration, and composting) were compared for the generated food waste in the end-of-life stage given that one of the biggest challenges in waste management is the optimal management of food waste. We calculated eleven environmental impact categories for the examined food product with the help of GaBi 9.0 software. During our research work, the primary energy was examined in each phase. In the third step, a comparison between the traditional and “sous vide” cooking technologies has been created to optimise of the cooking/frying life cycle phase. This paper basically answers three main questions: (1) How can the main environmental impacts and primary energy throughout the whole life cycle of the examined product be characterised? (2) What methods can optimise the different life cycle stages while reducing and recycling energy and material streams? and (3) what is the most optimal waste management scenario at the end-of-life stage? Based on the analysis, the highest environmental impact comes from the preparation phase and the end-of-life scenario for the traditional incineration caused almost twice the environmental load as the landfilling of the food waste. Composting has the lowest environmental impact, and the value of the primary energy for composting is very low. The sous vide cooking technique is advantageous, and the continuously controlled conditions result in a more reliable process. These research results can be used to design sustainable cooking and catering with lower environmental impacts and energy resources in catering units.

TPS-3R Program Strategy in Bandar Lampung City

Waste production in Bandar Lampung City reaches 4000 tons per day. Heaps of waste that do not decompose become problems such as plastic waste, food waste, and paper materials. The City Government of Bandar Lampung made Regional Regulation Number 05 of 2015 concerning Waste Management in the City of Bandar Lampung by implementing:waste management through TPS 3R. The TPS 3R concept is a place for collecting, sorting, reusing, recycling, and processing regional scale activities. The area of TPS 3R, larger than 200 m2, is equipped with a sorting room, organic waste composting, warehouse, buffer zone and does not interfere with aesthetics and traffic. This research leads to the development of waste processing facilities using a Cost Benefit Analysis approach with a plan for two scenarios, namely Scenario A (business-as-usual) and Scenario B (waste processing using TPS-3R. The pattern of waste management in Bandar Lampung City uses the direct collection method (door to door) and immediately accommodated in Bakung TPA A strategy to optimize waste management at 3R TPS through outreach to the public.

Assessment of Environmental Impacts from Different Perspectives-Case Study of Egg Value Chain System in Serbia.

The environmental performance of various aspects of animal origin food supply chains has been the focus of research in recent years, and has provided useful information. However, there were no studies that covered the entire egg supply chain from different perspectives. The aim of this study was to analyze the majority of environmental impacts in the table egg supply chain comprising of three subsystems: farms, retail outlets and households, with quantification of each individual subsystem and the entire supply chain. All data were gathered from 30 farms, 50 retail stores and 300 households in Serbia. In parallel, the perception and ranking of environmental impacts along the supply chain were also evaluated. Finally, the quality function deployment for the environment was used to determine the degree of correlation between the set of environmental requirements and the identified environmental impacts. Results revealed that the greatest environmental impacts come from the production of feed for laying hens and the use of natural resources, and they contribute the most to the pollution of each individual environmental indicator. Additionally, the results show the differences in the environmental impacts of each individual subsystem and identify opportunities to mitigate them through the optimization of animal feed, energy consumption and household food waste management. The overall perspective of the egg supply chain points to climate change effects as the most important. The differences in the perceptions of environmental impacts along the entire egg supply chain suggest the need for promotion of mitigation strategies to all stakeholders that would encourage them to achieve sustainable development goals.

Biomedical Waste Management Using Incineration and Autoclave

Abstract: Sanitarium wastes pose significant public health hazard if not duly managed. Hence, it's necessary to develop and borrow optimal waste management systems in the hospitals. Bio-medical waste (BMW) generated in our nation on a day-to-day base is immense and contains contagious and dangerous accoutrements. With the rise in COVID-19 cases, there are concerns about the disposal of huge amounts of biomedical waste. Tamil Nadu generated 35269.74 kg/per day of COVID-19 ‘bio-medical waste’ between 2020 to 2021. This paper deals on managing the Bio-medical waste (BMW) using Incineration and Autoclaving. Keywords: Bio-medical waste (BMW), World Health Organization (WHO), Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB), common bio-medical waste treatment and disposal facility (CBMWTF), Incineration, Autoclaving

Optimal waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic

There have been many problems generated by the COVID-19 pandemic. One of them is the worrying increase in the generation of medical waste due to the great risk they represent for health. Therefore, this work proposes a mathematical model for optimal solid waste management, proposing a circular value chain where all types of waste are treated in an intensified industrial park. The model selects the processing technologies and their production capacity. The problem was formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming problem to maximize profits and the waste processed, minimizing environmental impact. The proposed strategy is applied to the case study of the city of New York, where the increase in the generation of medical waste has been very significant. To promote recycling, different tax rates are proposed, depending on the amount of waste sent to the landfill. The results are presented on a Pareto curve showing the trade-off between profits and processed waste. We observed that the taxes promote recycling, even of those wastes that are not very convenient to recycle (from an economic point of view), favoring profits, reducing the environmental impact, and the risk to health inherent to the medical waste.

Assessing China’s potential for reducing primary copper demand and associated environmental impacts in the context of energy transition and “Zero waste” policies

To conserve resources and enhance the environmental performance, China has launched the “Zero waste” concept, focused on reutilization of solid waste and recovery of materials, including copper. Although several studies have assessed the copper demand and recycling, there is a lack of understanding on how different waste management options would potentially reduce primary copper demand and associated environmental impacts in China in the context of energy transition. This study addresses this gap in view of a transition to low-carbon energy system and the optimization of copper waste management combining MFA and LCA approaches. Six types of waste streams (C&DW, ELV, WEEE, IEW, MSW, ICW) are investigated in relation to various “Zero waste” strategies including reduction, reuse (repair, remanufacturing or refurbishment), recycling and transition from informal to formal waste management. Under present Chinese policies, reuse and recycling of copper containing products will lead to a somewhat lower dependency on primary copper in 2100 (11187Gg), as well as lower total GHG emissions (64869 Gg CO2-eq.) and cumulative energy demand (1.18x10^12 MJ). Maximizing such “Zero waste” options may lead to a further reduction, resulting in 65% potential reduction of primary copper demand, around 55% potential reduction of total GHG emissions and total cumulative energy demand in 2100. Several policy actions are proposed to provide insights into future waste management in China as well as some of the challenges involved.

Mathematical Model for the Optimization of Municipal Solid Waste Management

Solid waste management (SWM) is central to any nation experiencing rapid expansion via urbanization, migration, and population growth. Waste management is crucial in every country since it can directly affect people's health and the environment. For example, cholera outbreaks in some developing countries like Nigeria are common in congested areas, especially during the particular season. Therefore, efficient and effective Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is necessary. This study developed a mixed-integer optimization model for MSW of Kano State Nigeria. The model optimizes the total cost of SWM, which includes the cost of transporting different types of waste between other locations plus the fixed cost of establishing and maintaining/operating some facilities. The analysis further reveals that the government should establish 20 standard collection centers having a capacity of 60 tons. With one combusting and hazardous centers each having capacity of 391 and 81 tons, respectively, and two recycling, composting, and disposal centers, each having a total of 240, 200, and 113 tons, respectively. Incorporating the recovery process in the SWM policy reduces the number of disposal centers, and more than 80% of the daily generated wastes are recoverable. Hence, the government would save considerable resources (costs) and generate revenues from the approach once implemented.

Placement of Trash Bins in The Interior of The Hospital Emergency Department to Increase Comfort, Effectiveness, and Work Efficiency

Hospital waste management will reduce the risk of disease for patients and paramedics. In addition, the comfort of the hospital service room (IGD) is an important element that does not only affect the image of the hospital. For this reason, it is necessary to optimize waste management in hospital services, especially in the auction room, such as the emergency room. The aim is to place the trash in the interior of the hospital emergency department to increase comfort, effectiveness, and work efficiency. The method used in conducting systematic review uses a scrum based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) protocol which includes identification, screening, eligibility and included. From the 5 articles analyzed, it was found that health services in the ER are a very important element in dealing with patients who are in an emergency, it is necessary to maintain the ER environmental conditions so that they are not polluted by medical waste because psychologically it can affect patients, and display a good image for the hospital. the. A sense of comfort (comfort) in the waiting room can be achieved through the placement of trash cans in the interior according to their use. Factors that need to be considered such as garbage storage, color, labels, and lighting have a psychological influence to support the creation of a sense of comfort for patients and paramedics in order to increase work efficiency and effectiveness.

The life-cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions and life-cycle costs of e-waste management in Thailand

There is no clear direction in the management of electrical and electronic waste products (e-waste), as there are no regulations on ways to do so. This research attempts to understand the trade-off between the economic value and the environmental effects of the current disposal of e-waste to find ways to optimize waste management, focusing on cellphones, television cathode ray tubes, desktop computers, and air conditioners. A life cycle greenhouse gas and life cycle costs were conducted. Under the e-waste management status quo, most household e-waste is kept in houses because owners do not know where to discard it. In addition, informal sectors, such as domestic farmers or workers, have been actively involved in collecting and dismantling e-waste for more than a decade, leading to poor management standards for both health and the environment. Without e-waste management regulations, informal dismantlers of products gain slight profits by collecting and selling parts and discarding all non-recyclable waste in municipal garbage dumps. The current practice actually adds greenhouse gas to the atmosphere mainly due to improper logistics management and discarding of refrigerants. The logistics are inefficient because the dismantling communities and recycling locations are far apart. Most e-waste is generated, and most recycling industries are located in the central region (the richest areas), while the dismantling communities are located in the northeastern region (the poorest areas). Furthermore, the life cycle of greenhouse gas and the life cycle costs of e-waste are affected by transportation, and not all e-waste parts can be recycled within the country. High-tech mineral extraction cannot be practiced in the country, and thus, circuit boards and batteries are exported for recycling. To promote a circular economy, e-waste management regulations should be implemented, the costs of proper e-waste management should be internalized, and a full recycling industry should be established in the country.

OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY FOR SOLID TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The increase in the number of hospitals in Indonesia has resulted in an increase in medical waste. Hospital activities have resulted in an increase in B3 waste which manages various problems. This research focuses on finding solutions and strategies in the framework of optimizing solid medical waste (B3) management. In particular, the optimization of medical waste management (B3) services involves several special analyzes, namely: priority needs, opportunities and constraints, and innovative work formulation programs. This study utilizes the Interpreted Structural Model (ISM) method to generate a priority scale in the management of solid B3 waste. This study found an analysis of the priority needs of mass education for all employees regarding the handling of solid B3 waste. Analysis of opportunities to increase stakeholder awareness of the dangers of B3 waste. The priority for solving the problem is that the organizational staffing is not complete according to the job description.

Optimization of waste management for mixed oxide fuel in light-water reactors: Evaluation of the effectiveness of blending spent uo2 and mixed oxide fuels in reprocessing

This study evaluated the impact of using mixed oxide fuel in light- water reactors (MOX-LWRs) from the viewpoint of waste management. As one of the challenges of MOX-LWR fuel is the high decay heat, one reasonable option for waste management may be to reduce the heat generation of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) glass by blending spent MOX and UO2 fuels. Both the thermal properties of the HLW glass and the thermal impact on the repository are examined. The results indicate that introducing blended UO2–MOX HLW glass (blended HLW) as a technical option can control the heat generation of the HLW glass and the thermal impact on the repository, which then lead to a reduction of 5–30% in the emplacement area. The obtained results demonstrate the viability of a future alternative approach for the management of MOX-LWR.

СВІТОВИЙ ДОСВІД ПЕРЕХОДУ ДО МОДЕЛЕЙ ЦИРКУЛЯРНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ НА ОСНОВІ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ БЕЗВІДХОДНИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ В АПК

The article is devoted to the issues of world experience of transition to models of circular economy on the basis of use of waste-free technologies in agro – industrial complex. The main differences of the circular model of the economy from the linear (traditional) one are determined. The ecological, economic and social advantages of the circular economy both at the entrance and at the exit from the circular model of economy are singled out. The evolutionary development of R-principles of formation of the concept of circular economy from 3R to 10R is investigated, which proves the dynamism and complexity circular economy. It is substantiated that the circular economy covers issues of energy efficiency, reduction of pollutant emissions, creation of in-novative and efficient methods of production and consumption, optimization of waste management on a cyclical basis. The na-tional peculiarities of the transition to the model of circular economy in some countries of the world are analyzed, in particular, in all cases the concept of circular economy is related to the recycling of waste by environmental impact on the environment. It is proposed to use the concept of “circular bioeconomy” when using waste-free agro-industrial technologies, which should be considered as a combination of the concepts of “circular economy” and “bioeconomy”. By circular bioeconomy we mean a strategy aimed at reducing dependence on fossil fuels, the transition to renewable energy sources and ensuring sustainable economic development through the use of waste-free technologies. It is established that the most promising model of circular bioeconomy based on the use of waste-free agro-industrial technologies is the production of biogas from agricultural waste. The current state of development of biogas technologies in some countries of the world is determined and the advantages for agricultural enterprises from the introduction of environmentally friendly waste-free technologies for biogas production from waste are determined. Based on the research of world experience in implementing a circular economy model using waste-free agro-industrial technologies, a potential scheme for biogas production from agricultural waste to ensure energy security of the industry and characterized the environmental effects of its implementation.

Waste Management in Jakarta Recycle Centre: Case Study of Pesanggrahan, Jakarta

Waste management is collecting, transporting, processing, and recycling waste materials from the Household, 3R Waste Management Site/Integrated Waste Management Site, and the landfill. Optimal waste management can reduce the impact of environmental pollution caused by waste. The current community paradigm in waste management is still in the collect-transport-dispose. This paper describes how Pesanggrahan District manages its waste by applying a new paradigm, namely reduce-sorted-processing. This paper aims to evaluate the waste management system at the Jakarta Recycle Center (JRC), Pesanggrahan, South Jakarta, and identify peer-reviewed documents in the waste management system. This study approaches a semi-systematic review by reviewing relevant documents. The waste transportation scheme carried out in the JRC program is divided into four types on seven different days. The composition of the most significant waste in JRC is organic waste. Two methods carry out the processing of organic waste, namely composting and BSF. With the support of sufficient waste transportation and processing facilities from the government, the JRC can become a pilot program that can be applied in other areas in managing their waste.

Characterization and Analysis of Household Solid Waste Composition to Identify the Optimal Waste Management Method: A Case Study in Hanoi City, Vietnam

A survey on household solid waste generation and physical composition was conducted in Hanoi City, the capital of Vietnam. The study sampled 110 households in specific areas with different population density and household scale. Household solid waste was classified into 13 main categories and 25 sub-categories. The results showed that average generation rate of waste in Hanoi City is 0.63 kg per person per day with a slightly higher rate in rural areas than urban ones. The largest proportion was food and garden waste at 78.9% followed by plastic and paper. Plastic waste was segregated into plastic and nylon, and nylon was double that of plastics in household solid waste. Compared to previous studies, this study found a higher portion of organic matter in the waste characterization that could be attributed to the changes in lifestyle patterns associated with COVID-19. This situation provides challenges and opportunities for introducing biomass technology to recover energy.

Medical waste management at Idaman Hospital in Banjarbaru during the covid-19 pandemic

Covid-19 coronavirus spreads among persons via droplets from the nose or mouth of infectious persons when they breathe or cough. These droplets land on a surface, which another person then touches. When that person then touches her eyes, nose or mouth, the virus enters the new host. The virus can also infect directly when the droplets get inhaled by someone near the infected person. Another problem in the covid-19 pandemic is hazardous medical waste, which can become another vector for a viral infection to hospital patients, medical staff, and the community around the hospital. Covid-19-contaminated medical waste consisting of used needles and infusion kits, PPE, masks and gloves, used paper and plastic food containers, bandages and tissue paper increased the waste volume at Idaman Hospital Banjarbaru by 30%, requiring optimization of waste management. This study aims to identify medical waste potentials and impacts at Idaman Hospital in Banjarbaru during the covid-19 pandemic and evaluate covid-19 medical waste management at Idaman Hospital in Banjarbaru. This study utilizes the descriptive observational method by collecting secondary data. According to the types of waste, the study indicates that medical waste management at Idaman Hospital in Banjarbaru already meets the Regulation of Environment and Forestry Minister Number 56-year 2015, including reducing and separating hazardous and poisonous waste storage, transportation, and management.

EVALUASI PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI WILAYAH PESISIR KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN ANAMBAS Waste Management Evalution In Coastal Area Of Anambas Islands

Garbage is still a crucial problem that can pollute and damage the environment in several areas in Indonesia. Anambas Islands Regency which is a coastal area also has the potential to experience marine pollution, so that waste management is needed early on. However, until now, waste management has not become a priority for the attention of the community and local governments. To find out how the condition of the waste management system in general, a study of waste management in the Anambas Islands Regency was carried out. The main factors causing the less than optimal waste management in the Anambas Islands Regency are the lack of infrastructure, the low understanding of the community in managing waste, and the weak application of the Anambas Islands Regency Perda. Therefore, in order to optimize waste management, support in the form of adequate facilities and also the application of a Perda which is strictly implemented from the local government of the Anambas Islands Regency is needed.