Optimal Land Use Research Articles

Deciphering the evolving trajectories of China's megaregions from 1992 to 2020: A novel morphological approach based on global land cover products

The monitoring of megaregion boundaries (MBs) is of vital importance for optimizing land use decision-making. However, the morphological structure of megaregions is currently insufficiently identified due to the nontransparent proprietary or inherent deficiency data sources. Thus, this study utilized land cover products integrated with morphological approaches to delineate the evolving trajectories of China's megaregions from 1992 to 2020. Firstly, core areas of megaregions and periphery affected areas were extracted from urban land density maps based on the gravity model and landscape metrics. Secondly, contiguous urban-rural fringes were improved based on the morphological operations and the rank-size distribution. Thirdly, urban land was automatically allocated to megaregions, considering planning policies. Furthermore, three indicators (gross domestic product, population, and land use density) are considered to validate our results, and our extracted MBs show a better understanding than the administrative divisions. The dynamic expansion patterns of twenty identified MBs were captured. As urbanization continues, the boundaries between megaregions become increasingly blurred and eventually merged into large-scale continuous megaregions that extend far beyond administrative divisions. Our study provides valuable insights for megaregion planning, including the effective urban management policies, the role of core cities in each megaregion in terms of radiation and capability.

Optimizing Land Use for Carbon Neutrality: Integrating Photovoltaic Development in Lingbao, Henan Province

This study aims to examine the impact of land use variations on carbon emissions by incorporating the development of photovoltaics as a scenario. To meet this end, we investigate the carbon emissions fluctuations resulting from different development scenarios: natural development, low-carbon strategies, and widespread adoption of photovoltaic technology. We identify important influencing factors related to these changes and utilize multi-objective optimization and the PLUS model to simulate land use patterns in Lingbao City projected for 2035, with a focus on achieving carbon neutrality. Through multiple scenarios, we analyze differences in carbon emissions, economic benefits, ecological impacts, and land use allocations. Our findings demonstrate that the photovoltaic scenario leads to a substantial 3500-ton reduction in carbon emissions and boosts overall benefits by RMB 85 million compared to the low-carbon scenario. This highlights the significant role of photovoltaic systems inefficient land utilization, meeting carbon emission targets, and generating economic gains. This research explores the relationship between land use alterations and carbon emissions, aiming to achieve ambitious carbon reduction objectives by integrating photovoltaic applications across diverse land types. It provides fresh perspectives for examining urban land utilization and strategies to reduce carbon emissions.

Potential development of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) through optimizing land use in Pati, Central Java, Indonesia

Preservation of local genetic resources through exploration and conservation along with inventory and characterization are efforts to maintain food resources. Optimizing land use is very potential in the development of local genetic resources. Objective of the research was to characterize local mangosteen from Pati and to optimize the land use. The primary data was derived from the mangosteen characterization results. Information for the secondary data was derived from various sources relevant to the research. The data includes: land potential, climatology, and agroecosystems. Characterization was conducted on a cultivar of Gunungsari mangosteen as the parent plant used in this research. Format of the mangosteen description has been arranged in the form of standard blanks. Results of the research showed that the public yards are potential to develop local mangosteen of Gunungsari. Morphological characters of the Gunungsari mangosteen are red petals (44 A Red Group), circular shape p-1, average weight of the fruit ranges 119.22 g-180.53 g, yellowish white aril (NN 155 A yellowish white) and the taste is sweet and slightly sour. The specific characteristics of Gunungsari mangosteen are soft seeds, the aril tastes sweet and slightly sour, fine fibrous textures, delicate aroma, and high production. The residents’ yards in Gunungsari Village are potential for the development of local fruits commodities especially mangosteen. In order to keep up the local genetic resources and to increase the economic value, Gunungsari mangosteen must be registered immediately to acquire the Certificate of Registration of Plant Varieties.

Urban farming for social benefit

The study provides an exploration of unban farming by delving into the diverse dimensions of stakeholders, challenges, typologies, methodologies, and societal impacts. The study engages with a spectrum of participants, from project initiators to financing institutions, highlighting the necessity for coordinated efforts and early communication to effectively address challenges such as regulatory hurdles, technical considerations, and financing obstacles. A typology of Urban Farming products is presented, revealing three primary strategic orientations - Sustainable Food Production, Education and Social Commitment, and Urban Qualities - each wielding distinctive transformative potential. The nuanced examination of five types of Urban Farming initiatives further emphasizes their diverse purposes and acknowledges overlaps that underscore the interconnected nature of these endeavors. The exploration extends to innovative methods in urban farming, focusing on sustainable food production through advanced techniques like hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics. Spatial configurations for optimal land use in urban environments are scrutinized, revealing diverse and innovative forms of agriculture, from Rooftop Farming to Vertical Farming and Shipping Containers. Environmental aspects underscore the complex relationship between high yield urban agriculture and its environmental impact. The economic analysis sheds light on challenges and opportunities in financing, spatial constraints, and energy efficiency, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of financial strategies and the potential for interconnected local food networks. The study contributes to the future of urban agriculture, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach that integrates technological innovation, economic feasibility, accessibility, and broader societal impacts to shape a sustainable and resilient urban farming landscape.

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN LAHAN PADA SATUAN WILAYAH PENGEMBANGAN DI KOTA AMBON

Optimizing land use plans is carried out for land capabilities that are useful for conserving land resources so that they can reduce the problem of land degradation. This study aimed to assess the level of land capacity and determine the function of both protected and cultivated areas in Development Area Units (SWP). The method used in the research is quantitative descriptive, consisting of data collection and processing stages. Data collection was carried out through literature studies from several related agencies. Meanwhile, spatial data analysis was carried out using Geographic Information System (GIS) software. The results of the research showed that the analysis of land capacity, especially for determining the function of areas for settlement, reached 3,687.35 ha and the buffer area was around 11,755.27 ha. This indicates that only a small portion of suitable areas can be developed for urban development. This is due to the physical limiting factors of the land where the characteristics of the Ambon City area are dominated by hilly areas.

Future land use prediction and optimization strategy of Zhejiang Greater Bay Area coupled with ecological security multi-scenario pattern.

The land use changes driven by human activities press a incredible menace to zonal ecological security. As the most active urban cluster, the uncontrolled expansion of cities in the bay area exerts enormous pressure on the ecosystem. Therefore, from the perspective of ecological conservation, exploring future land use optimization patterns and spatial structure is extremely essential for the long-term thriving of the bay area. On this basis, this research integrated the System Dynamics model (SD) as the quantity forecast model and the PLUS model as the spatial emulation model and established the Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) Simulation Framework by setting the constraints of Ecological Security Multi-Scenario Patterns (ESMP). By setting four scenarios in future, that is, Business As Usual (BAU), Priority of Ecological Protection (PEP), Balanced Development Scenario (BD), and Priority of Urban development (PUD), this research predicts LUCC in the Zhejiang Greater Bay Area (ZGBA) in 2035 and explored land use optimization patterns. The results indicate that by 2035, under the scenarios of BAU, BD, and PUD, the construction land will observably grow by 38.86%, 19.63%, and 83.90%, respectively, distributed mainly around the Hangzhou Bay Area, Taizhou Bay Area, and Wenzhou Bay Area, primarily achieved by sacrificing ecologically sensitive lands such as forests to achieve regional high economic growth. Under PEP, the growth of construction land retards, and forest experiences net growth (11.27%), with better landscape connectivity and more cohesive patches compared to other scenarios. Combining regional planning and analysis at the city scale, Hangzhou Bay area (Hangzhou, Huzhou, Jiaxing, Shaoxing, Ningbo) can adopt the BD development scenario, while Zhoushan, Taizhou, Wenzhou and Fuyang County of Hangzhou can adopt the PEP development scenario. This research furnishes a novel mechanism for optimizing land use pattern in ecological security perspective and offers scientific guidance for land resource management and spatial planning in ZGBA.

A Study on the Spread and Impact of American Fruit Trees in the Lingnan Region of China from the Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China

Abstract Trade and cultural exchanges introduced American fruit trees to China’s Lingnan region following the Age of Exploration. By analyzing historical records from the Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China, a comprehensive outline of the cultivation history of these fruit trees in Lingnan can be constructed. Both natural and social factors are responsible for the successful introduction of these species. Lingnan’s advantageous geographical location and favorable climate provided ideal conditions for their growth, while the region’s robust trade networks, large overseas Chinese population, and long-standing tradition of fruit tree cultivation facilitated their introduction and dissemination. The introduction of American fruit trees enhanced Lingnan’s agricultural diversity, optimizing land use and increasing agricultural productivity, paving the way for the region’s fruit industry to flourish.

Land degradation neutrality in the Penza region

This study is carried out in order to calculate the neutral balance of the territory of the Penza region using the trend.earth program. In the course of the study, data on current land use, climatic conditions and changes in land cover are collected and analyzed. Using the trend.earth program, modeling of various scenarios of impact on land coverage is carried out in order to determine possible strategies for improving land management in order to achieve a neutral balance. The results of this study can be used to develop practical strategies for the sustainable use of land resources and to reduce the negative impact on the environment in the Penza region. The study of the neutral balance of the territory of the Penza region should take into account the existing rates of change in land cover, including the expansion of agricultural land, loss of forests and changes in water resources. When using the trend.earth program to model possible scenarios, potential impacts on biodiversity, climatic conditions and ecosystem sustainability should also be taken into account. The results of this study will identify potential locations for forest restoration, optimization of agricultural land use and other strategies to achieve a neutral balance in land management. The study will also provide important information for the development of practical recommendations for the sustainable development of the region. In addition, the assessment of the neutral balance of land use using trend.earth will allow assessing potential scenarios of changes in land cover in the context of climate change and economic development. This will allow factors such as carbon stocks, biodiversity conservation and ecosystem sustainability to be taken into account when developing land management strategies.

Optimization of Yard Land Use for Community Food Independence in Giripeni Village, Wates, Kulonprogo

To achieve food independence and security, people can use their yard as a productive land for farming tubers, vegetables, fruits, and medicinal herbs. Additionally, animal farming, such as poultry and fish farming, can be incorporated to obtain advanced farming. Through these attempts, each household is expected to have an accessible nutrient source. In the Giripeni village, yard farming is a novel concept due to limited skills and knowledge. Therefore, the current study aimed to conduct a community service program for the community of Giripeni village to educate and provide training about optimal and productive yard land use. The villagers can achieve food independence by properly knowing yard land farming technologies. Activity in this study includes training, workshops, actual farming, and counseling on yard land management through integrated farming of tubers, vegetables, fruits, medicinal herbs, and animal farming, as well as monitoring and evaluating the resulting farms. The results of this study found that through community service activities, the community of Giripeni village showed improved skills and knowledge of yard land use. The villagers were able to perform farming of horticulture and animal products and, subsequently, improve their family’s food independence and access to food sources.

Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Lahan Bantaran Sungai: Pengembangan Usaha Pedagang Kaki Lima (Angkringan) Melalui Inisiatif Sosial Dan Pelatihan Wirausaha

This community empowerment activity aims to identify optimal use of riverbank land through developing street vendor businesses (angkringan), empowerment focusing on social initiative programs and entrepreneurial training. The methods used to empower angkringan traders include field visits (observations), focus group discussions, and outreach, the activities of which begin with an analysis of land potential along the riverbanks in Sampangan Village. The activity partners are street vendors (angkringan) located around the banks of the Sampangan river, consisting of three groups, namely a group of immigrants, a group of housewives and a group of youth who manage modern angkringan businesses. The results of empowerment for angkringan traders were identified, among others, by carrying out social initiatives, namely entrepreneurship training which covers three main aspects, including marketing, financial management and product development.

Evolution of spatial network structure for land-use carbon emissions and carbon balance zoning in Jiangxi Province: A social network analysis perspective

Exploring the spatial network structure of land-use carbon emissions (LUCE) and the carbon balance in developing regions is pivotal for climate change mitigation in these areas. Using socio-economic and land-use data from 2000 to 2020, this study focused on Jiangxi Province as a representative case to elucidate the spatial network structure of LUCE and conduct carbon balance zoning. The primary findings were as follows: (1) The LUCE distribution in Jiangxi Province demonstrated a spatial pattern with high values in the northwest and low values in the southeast. An increasing trend was observed in the total amount of LUCE. Furthermore, there were evident regional differences in the Ecological Support Coefficient (ESC), indicating a weakening regional carbon sink capacity. (2) The spatial network structure of LUCE was intricate but stable. Although the gravitational interactions of LUCE between cities have intensified, overall network connectivity remained moderately correlated, indicating a prominent regional development imbalance. (3) There was a pronounced “core-periphery” structure in the LUCE spatial correlation network. Northern Jiangxi was the “core” of the network, taking an “initiator” role, whereas most cities in southern Jiangxi played a “passive” role, and resided at the “periphery” of the network. The inter-regional LUCE network exhibited pronounced spatial spillover, with inter-block correlations surpassing those within blocks. (4) By leveraging empirical data and spatial metrics, we categorized Jiangxi Province into five distinct carbon balance zoning types and subsequently proposed land-use optimization strategies. From the perspective of social network analysis (SNA), this study offers methodological insights into low-carbon development and synergistic emission reduction in developing regions.

GEODETIC PLANNING IN THE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE: CREATION OF DIGITAL MAPS AND MODELS FOR LAND USE OPTIMIZATION

The article is devoted to the topical issue of geodetic planning in agro-landscape and its importance for efficient land use. The authors review modern methods and technologies for creating digital maps and models of agricultural landscapes based on the use of geographic information systems and aerial photography from unmanned aerial vehicles. Modern new approaches to geodetic planning within agrolandscapes are investigated. The requirements of the agricultural sector for digital mapping and modeling for the optimal use of land resources are determined. The tools for the formation of digital maps of agro-territories of united territorial communities are substantiated. Proposals for the use of geodetic methods for effective agro-landscape planning are formulated. The main attention is paid to the practical significance of the data obtained for optimizing land use, planning agricultural operations and rational use of land resources. The studied approaches and developments can be useful for farmers, landowners, ecologists and specialists in the field of geodesy. In the course of the study, a methodology and procedure for mapping agricultural landscapes using GIS and aerial survey materials using UAVs were developed. This methodology made it possible to obtain high-quality images of agricultural landscapes and develop a cartographic model in GIS based on them. The approach was successfully tested on the example of the selected model area near the ATC. The created digital map and database are promising for further research of agricultural landscapes. The research clearly shows that the data obtained as a result of UAV surveys is a high-quality source of reliable information. Aerial photography allows you to quickly create an accurate digital terrain model, which can serve as the basis for geographic information systems in the development of a number of thematic maps and terrain models important for the agricultural sector. The geographic information system makes it possible to visualize the main elements of agricultural landscapes as separate layers (e.g., relief, soil-forming rocks) with appropriate detailing of their characteristics in attribute tables. By combining different data sources, GIS allows you to create detailed maps of the agro-ecological conditions of a particular area. GIS can also be used to store information on field work, yields and other indicators, which ensures the rational management of agricultural processes on land plots.

Beef Cattle Farming Strategy in Baluran National Park

Sidomulyo Hamlet, Sumberwaru Village, which serves as buffer zones of Baluran National Park, has 2,220 beef cattle as a potential economical source. At the same time, the beef cattle farming business's potential threatens Baluran National Park's existence due to being grazed illegally. The condition urges an efficient strategy so cattle farming can develop without disturbing the conservation zone of the national park. The study's objective was to find out the characteristics of beef cattle farmers in Sidomulyo Hamlet and to determine a strategy to improve beef cattle farming efficiency in Sidomulyo. The research was conducted in Sidomulyo Hamlet, Sumberwaru Village, from 1st June to 18th July 2022. The research method used a descriptive quantitative method with a SWOT analysis. The respondents were 72 cattle farmers. The research results showed that most of the cattle farmers in Sidomulyo are male, aged between 41-50 years old; the education level is mostly Elementary School, 11-20 years of cattle farming experience, and livestock ownership scale under 4 Animal Unit (AU). Increasing cattle farming efficiency is an SO strategy that supports aggressive growth: 1) Optimizing land use by planting forage. 2) Optimization of farmers' potencies and the availability of resources. 3) Cooperate with government and academicians to increase farmers’ knowledge and skill. 4) Application of feed processing and livestock manure technology.

Total Phenolic and Starch Content of Arrowroot Tuber in The Agroforestry System

Indonesia's tropical forest management faces several challenges owing to the growing demand for forest resources and increasing population. The forestry sector plays a significant role in supporting food security programs by harnessing the potential of forest resources. One solution to sustainable forest management and optimal forest land use is agroforestry techniques. Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea) is tolerant to heavy shade and is a promising functional food crop that can contribute to food security programs. Starch content in arrowroot tuber plays an important role in meeting nutritional requirements and overcoming several health problems. Arrowroot tubers also contain phenolic compounds, the largest group of compounds that act as natural antioxidants in plants. This study aimed to analyze the total phenolic and starch contents of arrowroot tubers cultivated in agroforestry systems. We used a Randomized Complete Block Design with a planting pattern as treatment for the species combinations of Falcataria moluccana + arrowroot (FA), F. moluccana + arrowroot + Amomum cardamomum (FAC), and monoculture arrowroot (MA) with three blocks/replications. The arrowroot tubers were harvested from nine-month-old plants and composite samples representing each treatment were analyzed for total phenolic and starch contents. The total phenolic content in the arrowroot tubers was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Starch content was measured using the Modified Somogyi method, which involves preparing reagents, followed by hydrolysis and the reducing sugar determination methods. The results revealed that the planting pattern significantly affected starch content. The highest starch content was observed in the MA pattern of 23.99%, followed by the FAC and FA planting patterns of 22.75% and 18.44%, respectively. The planting pattern did not significantly affect phenolic content. The MA, FAC, and FA patterns yielded the highest to lowest phenolic contents of 218.02, 212.62, and 210.04 µg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the planting pattern significantly affected the total phenolic of tuber yield per plant, with the highest value of 214.48 mg yielded by MA pattern. Thus, agroforestry practices can maintain the phenolic and starch content of arrowroot tubers. The development of arrowroot in agroforestry system will be prospective not only for meeting food demand, but also for supporting forestry multi-business and social forestry programs to achieve sustainable forest management.

Environmental features of land use formation in the regions of Ukraine

Purpose. The objective of the study is a comprehensive evaluation of the level of environmental friendliness of land use in the regions of Ukraine, taking into account the structure of cultivated areas.
 Methodology / approach. The evaluation of the structure of cultivated areas and the level of productivity in the regions of Ukraine was carried out using the method of complex ranking score. This allowed consolidating data on different crops to a single indicator and evaluating the situation in the regions. The regression method was used to evaluate the dependence of the ranking score on the structure of the cultivated areas and the level of productivity in the regions. A graphical method was also used to display the level of relationship between the studied indicators.
 Results. It was established that in 2022, the structure of cultivated areas did not significantly differ from the situation in 2020 and 2021. The use of a ranking score of changes in the structure of cultivated areas made it possible to establish that in terms of crop groups, the situation was better in 2022 in the regions of Zakarpattia, Volyn and Rivne. The most violations in the structure of cultivated areas were noted in the regions of Sumy, Mykolaiv and Kirovohrad. It turned out to be the best in the regions of Zakarpattia, Lviv and Volyn in terms of individual cultures. The most problematic situation with respect to the structure of cultivated areas was in the regions of Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia and Luhansk.
 Originality / scientific novelty. The use of methods of the complex ranking score based on the criterion of environmental friendliness of production (structure of cultivated areas) and the level of its efficiency (crop productivity) made it possible to establish that there is a direct level of connection between these indicators. This fact is proof that the optimal structure of land use has a positive effect on the level of crop productivity.
 Practical value / implications. The obtained results of the study give grounds for raising the question of creating an economic mechanism aimed at stimulating agricultural enterprises to comply with optimal land use standards in terms of compliance with the structure of cultivated areas.

Evolution and Transformation Analysis of Land-use in Mountainous “Granary”—Evidence from Typical Basin in Karst Mountainous Areas of Southwest China

Intermountain basins are the granaries of the karst mountains of southwest China. Revealing the process and trend of land-use transformation in typical mountainous “granaries” is of great significance to optimizing land-use, food security, and rural revitalization in the karst mountains of southwest China. Lianjiang basin in Huishui County is the largest in Guizhou Province of southwest China, and a typical mountainous “granary” is used as a case study area. Based on seven periods of high-definition remote sensing images from 1966 to 2020 and on-the-spot investigation, we adopt the analysis methods of landscape pattern, moving window, and buffer zone and conduct an in-depth study on the spatial evolution of land-use and the land-use transformation law of the typical “granaries” of karst mountainous areas in southwest China from the perspectives of changes in the quantity of land-use, changes in the types of land-use, and changes in the landscape pattern. The results showed that the transformation of land-use in the basin was mainly manifested in the transformation of the function of cultivated land and the diversification of the function of cultivated land. The landscape pattern of the basin was gradually transformed from traditional rural landscape to modern agricultural landscape. The gradient effect of land-use evolution and transformation in the study basin was obvious. Traffic, location, and land resources significantly affect land-use transformation in the basin. Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes that the “granary” basins in karst mountainous areas should optimize the land-use of the basin by the trade-off between regional socio-economic development, ecological protection, and food security. The results of this paper provide a reference for land-use optimization and rural development in the granary-type basins and other similar areas in the karst mountains of southwest China.

Optimal allocation system of urban land use types under multi-objective constraints

Abstract This paper arranges suitable land use types according to the quality characteristics of land parcel units, obtains the objective function of optimal land use allocation, and constructs a multi-objective constraint system in the process of land use planning. The integer vector is used to encode the land use types and represent the spatial distribution of land use, combined with the particle swarm algorithm to calculate its adaptability, speed and position update based on the initial population size and construct the land use optimization allocation model based on the constraint system. The particle swarm algorithm is used to explore the geographic environment and climate resources, the economy of the natural economy of the study area, and Landsat TM remote sensing image technology is used to obtain the initial data on the land use of the study area and empirical analysis is carried out on the optimization of the allocation of urban land use in the study area. The results show that the algorithm converges faster and achieves global convergence when the parameter is set to the fourth state, and the comprehensive suitability evaluation function achieves global convergence at generation 73, with a value of 1.64E+08, which is faster than the convergence of parameter settings 1 and 2 as well as 3. The land types that increase in area include garden land, forest land, transportation land, and water and water conservancy facilities land, which increase by 0.8%, 2.84%, 0.14%, and 0.8%, respectively, which protects the arable land and restricts the expansion of the construction land in terms of the quantitative structure. This study enriches the content and methods of optimizing land use space allocation, which helps to rationalize the use of land resources.

Response of Ecosystem and Eco-Economic System to the Land use Structure Change in Tourism Typical Town: A Case Study in Yanyang Town of Guangdong Province, China

Purpose: The main purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship among rural tourism development, land use structure and ecosystem, and provide decision-making basis for the sustainable development of rural tourism destination.
 
 Theoretical framework: Based on the theory of sustainable development, this paper explores the sustainable development of rural tourism destinations with the framework of the relationship among ecosystem, economy and society.
 
 Design/Methodology/Approach: The research methodology used quantitative analysis. Taking Yanyang Town as the study area, based on the land use interpretation data from satellite remote sensing in 2004, 2014 and 2020, with the help of land use structure change index, ESV evaluation model and EEH index, the change characteristics of land use structure, and the response of ecosystem and eco-economic system in Yanyang Town were analyzed.
 
 Findings: Rural tourism is more conducive to the coordination development of rural ecosystem and economy than traditional agricultural production. However, in the process of tourism development, it is very important to reduce the interference to land use, protect ecological land, maintain the continuity and complexity of land use, enhance the ESV of land use, and pay attention to the excavation of ecosystem value and cultural connotation.
 
 Research, Practical & Social implications: It provides a basis for the optimizing land use structure, improving ecosystem service function, adjusting regional development model and coordinating economic development and ecological protection.
 
 Originality/Value: This research explores the influence mechanism of land structure-ecology-economy system in rural tourism destinations, which enriches the research results of rural sustainable development.

Mengurai Kemacetan dalam Konteks Tata Ruang Perkotaan Yogyakarta

This study discusses the role of spatial planning in overcoming the increasingly worsening problem of traffic congestion in the urban area of Yogyakarta. This research explains how good spatial planning can contribute to reducing congestion, improving mobility and creating a more sustainable environment. The author explains that effective spatial planning must consider aspects such as residential location, land use patterns, transportation accessibility, and road infrastructure. The research results show that good spatial planning can optimize land use, reduce travel distances, and increase accessibility to various important facilities. In addition, this study also discusses the importance of community participation in the spatial planning process, because opinions and input from residents can help create solutions that are more appropriate to local needs and reduce resistance to change. The results of this research provide a better understanding of how wise spatial planning can help overcome traffic congestion, improve the quality of life in the Yogyakarta urban area, and support sustainable development. The policy implications drawn from this research can provide important guidance for policymakers, urban planners, and the public in joint efforts to face the challenges of congestion in other cities in the future.

Resilient urban expansion: Identifying critical conflict patches by integrating flood risk and land use predictions: A case study of Min Delta Urban Agglomerations in China

The increasing occurrence of floods due to global climate change is a challenge to the growth of urban resilience. However, few studies have investigated strategies to avoid flood risks during long-term and comprehensive land use and development. To address this issue, this study proposes a method that integrates flood risk and land use predictions to identify critical conflict patches that impact urban resilience. Further strategies for differential development based on the attributes of these critical conflict patches were formulated. Taking the Min Delta Urban Agglomeration (MDUA) in China as a case study, critical conflict patches for expanded urban resilience were identified based on a multi-source data set, a random forest (RF) algorithm, and a patch-generating land use simulation model (PLUS) combined with cellular automata (CA). These patches were categorized into three levels of risk prediction—low, medium, and high risk—based on flood risk attributes. These risk forecast levels were further divided into seven categories. The best land use approach was determined by assessing the quantity, spatial distribution, and risk-based priority ranking of these conflict patches. The results demonstrated that most conflicting patches were located in bare land within built-up areas, urban-rural intersection zones, and remote suburban areas with high traffic accessibility. The identified conflicting patches were applied to three different land use patterns: intra-city renewal, urban edge expansion, and the creation of derived cities. The total number of conflicting patches for land use decisions in the MDUA was 122 (170.82 km2) in 2025 and 685 (1205.81 km2) in 2035. Approximately 108 km2 of urban land was added for resilience expansion following optimization. In all development scenarios, the optimized land use pattern facilitated resilient growth of urban development while maintaining the stability of the flood disaster environment. Based on our methodology and case study, we proposed a decision-making framework to assist cities or potential urban regions to avoid water-related problems and related issues. This approach could also contribute to decisions involving different geographical areas for resilient land use.