Optimum Biodiesel Yield Research Articles

Process Parameter Estimation of Biodiesel Production from Waste Frying Oil (Vegetable and Palm oil) using Homogeneous Catalyst

Biodiesel from waste frying oil is an effective alternative fuel for conventional diesel and can be directly used as fuel in a diesel engine without any modifications to the engine. It has many positives like high biodegradability, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, non-sulfur emissions, non-particulate matter pollutants, low toxicity, and excellent lubricity and is obtained from renewable source like vegetable oils, animal fat, etc. The major objectives of this work were to produce and compare the biodiesel yield from Waste Frying Vegetable Oil (WFVO) and Waste Frying Palm Oil (WFPO) using transesterification process. The physicochemical characterization of the biodiesel, as well as the effects of process variables on biodiesel yield, were evaluated. Also, optimum levels of process conditions for optimum production of biodiesel were determined. The WFVO and WFPO with methanol and catalyst were heated in a hot plate-magnetic stirrer at a temperature of 60°C and operated at 300 rpm. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as catalyst. The one-factor-at-a-time method was used to select the optimum levels of process variable that gives high biodiesel yield. The results showed that the physicochemical characteristics (acid value, free fatty acid, density, kinematic viscosity, pour point and flash point) of the biodiesel obtained from WFVO and WFPO were within the standard value of EN14214 and ASTMD-6751.From the results, the possible optimum conditions of the process variables for transesterification process using KOH catalyst were found to be as follows: reaction time of 90 min, methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1 and the catalyst loading of 1.5 wt%. At these optimum conditions, the optimum yield of biodiesel obtained from transesterification of WFVO and WFPO were found to be 97% and 90%, respectively. Thus, in comparison, the transesterification of WFVO resulted in higher biodiesel yield than WFPO. Conclusively, both WFVO and WFPO has good potential to be used for bio-diesel production.

Jatropha curcas L.: A Non-food Oil Source for Optimized Biodiesel Production

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied based on central composite rotatable design (CCRD) to optimize transesterification reaction parameters for obtaining optimal biodiesel yield from Jatropha curcas oil. Transesterification variables such as: catalyst concentration (CC) (0.16-2%), reaction temperature (RT) (40-65and#176;C), molar ratio of oil and methanol (0.95-11.5), and reaction time (30-140 min) were optimized via RSM involving 24 full factorial CCRD design. The molar ratio of methanol to oil and RT were the most significant (pandlt; 0.5) factors affecting the yield of Jatropha curcas oil methyl esters (JOMEs). A linear relationship was recorded between the observed and predicted values (R2 = 0.766). Using multiple regression analysis, a quadratic polynomial equation was constructed to predict JOMEs yield. The quadratic term of molar ratio showed a significant impact on the JOMEs yield. The interaction terms of molar ratio and CC with reaction time exhibited positive impact on ester yield (pandlt; 0.05). The optimum reaction conditions including CH3OH to oil ratio of 6:1, 1.0 % CC, 60 and#176;C RT and 60 min reaction time offered the highest yield of JOMEs (99.90%). JOMEs were analytically characterized using GLC and FTIR. The fuel properties of produced JOMEs were in accordance to ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards.

Response surface analysis for optimisation of reaction parameters of biodiesel production from alcoholysis of Parinari polyandra seed oil

ABSTRACTAvailability of information on the efficiency of applied conditions to biodiesel synthesis from diverse seed oil can establish optimal biodiesel yield from favourable reaction variables. The effect of reaction parameters; temperature, time and catalyst amount, were varied on biodiesel yield from alcoholysis of Parinari polyandra oil using potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Maximum biodiesel yield of 95.62% was obtained from the experimental results. Analysis of Variance revealed that the reaction variables had significant effects on biodiesel yield. Data analysis predicted an optimal biodiesel yield of 92.75% at reaction conditions of 61.20°C temperature, 60 min, and 1 wt% of catalyst amount. Validation experiments of the optimal conditions gave an average biodiesel yield of 91.72%. The study established optimal conditions of temperature, time, and catalyst amount for biodiesel production from P. polyandra oil. The fuel properties of the biodiesel fell within the standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials D6751.

Optimisation of corncob based heterogeneous acid catalysed biodiesel synthesis using response surface methodology

Biodiesel, which is also known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) can be produced through esterification reaction of vegetable oil or animal fats catalysed by heterogeneous acid catalyst. The objective of this study was to synthesise a corncob derived carbon based heterogeneous acid catalyst functionalised by the arylation of 4-benzenediazonium sulfonate (4-BDS) for biodiesel production by using palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) as feedstock for the esterification reaction. Subsequently, the biodiesel production reaction was optimised by using response surface methodology (RSM). RSM was employed to study the interaction between the primary factors: reaction time (2.5-6.5 h), temperature (60 to 100 °C), oil to methanol molar ratio (1: 13 to 1: 29) and catalyst loading (5 to 11 wt.%) in esterification reaction. The five-level, four factors central composite design (CCD) consisted of 30 experiments was chosen in this investigation. The predicted optimum reaction conditions was 6.48 h reaction time, 89.21 °C reaction temperature, 1 to 21.94 molar ratio of PFAD to methanol and 11 wt.% catalyst loading with 85.94% of predicted biodiesel yield. The actual optimum biodiesel yield of 83.48% was successfully achieved at the corresponding optimum operating conditions which proved the validity of the statistical optimisation model.

Application of response surface methodology for the optimization of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil

ABSTRACTIn the present study, response surface methodology (RSM) involving central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the reaction parameters of biodiesel production from yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seed oil during the single-step transesterification process. A total of 30 experiments were designed and performed to determine under the effects of variables on the biodiesel yield such as methanol to oil molar ratio (2:1–10:1), catalyst concentration (0.2–1.0 wt.% NaOH), reaction temperature (50–70°C), and reaction time (30–90 min). The second order polynomial model was used to predict the biodiesel yield and coefficient of determination (R2) was found to be at 0.9818. The optimum biodiesel yield was calculated as 96.695% from the model with the following reaction conditions: 7.41:1 of methanol to oil molar ratio, 0.63 wt. % NaOH of catalyst concentration, 61.84°C of reaction temperature, and 62.12 min of reaction time. It is seen that the regression model results were in agreement with the experimental data. The results showed that RSM is a suitable statistical technique for optimizing the reaction parameters in the transesterification process in order to maximize the biodiesel yield.

Optimisation of Second-Generation Biodiesel Production from Australian Native Stone Fruit Oil Using Response Surface Method

In this study, the production process of second-generation biodiesel from Australian native stone fruit have been optimised using response surface methodology via an alkali catalysed transesterification process. This process optimisation was performed varying three factors, each at three different levels. Methanol: oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration (wt %) and reaction temperature were the input factors in the optimisation process, while biodiesel yield was the key model output. Both 3D surface plots and 2D contour plots were developed using MINITAB 18 to predict optimum biodiesel yield. Gas chromatography (GC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the resulting biodiesel was also done for biodiesel characterisation. To predict biodiesel yield a quadratic model was created and it showed an R2 of 0.98 indicating the satisfactory performance of the model. Maximum biodiesel yield of 95.8% was obtained at a methanol: oil molar ratio of 6:1, KOH catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt % and a reaction temperature of 55 °C. At these reaction conditions, the predicted biodiesel yield was 95.9%. These results demonstrate reliable prediction of the transesterification process by Response surface methodology (RSM). The results also show that the properties of the synthesised Australian native stone fruit biodiesel satisfactorily meet the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. In addition, the fuel properties of Australian native stone fruit biodiesel were found to be similar to those of conventional diesel fuel. Thus, it can be said that Australian native stone fruit seed oil could be used as a potential second-generation biodiesel source as well as an alternative fuel in diesel engines.

Performance evaluation of a diesel engine using blends of optimized yields of sand apple (Parinari polyandra) oil biodiesel

Sand apple oil seed that has relatively high oil yield is widely cultivated in Africa. Evaluation of the performance of sand apple ethyl ester is a missing link in establishing it as an alternative fuel for use in diesel engines. Performance evaluation of optimized yields of sand apple biodiesel was, therefore, conducted in a diesel engine at various loading rates. Oil was extracted from sand apple seeds via solvent extraction. A Central Composite Design was used to optimize biodiesel yields from sand apple oil transesterification using potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Engine tests were carried out to evaluate the performance of a stationary 5Hp diesel engine starting from 0% to 100% load conditions. The engine was run with diesel and four different blends of diesel/biodiesel. Values for speed, torque, fuel consumption rate and exhaust temperature were determined. The optimum biodiesel yield recorded was 94.6%. The torque, speed, fuel consumption rate and exhaust temperature recorded for best engine performance for all blends were 8.50 Nm, 2950 rpm, 2.925 × 10−6 kg/s, and 300 °C. The evaluated engine parameters showed sand apple biodiesel can be burned in diesel engines using appropriate blending ratio without any modification to the engine.

Production of biodiesel from neem seed oil

Neem oil was extracted from neem seeds by mechanical extraction method. Yield of oil was 21.32%. The physicochemical properties of the extracted oil were studied in detail. The oil corresponds to diesel except acid value (14.21%) and sulphur content. Acid esterification was performed to reduce the acid value which was followed by transesterification to produce biodiesel. The conditions of the transesterification of the oil were optimized and were found to be 20% methanol and 1.0% NaOH at 60 ̊ C for 90 min. The optimum yield of biodiesel was 98 %. Finally, the performance study in a diesel engine was conducted with diesel and biodiesel blends. The brake thermal efficiency for 5% blend of biodiesel was 16.67% for brake power of 0.79 KW.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(3), 211-218, 2018

Ultrasound-assisted synthesis of biodiesel from peanut oil by using response surface methodology

Biodiesel is a non-toxic and renewable fuel produced by a transesterification reaction between alcohol and vegetable oil. The objective of this paper is to optimize the ultrasound-assisted production of biodiesel. The central composite design method was used to optimize the transesterification reaction conditions of biodiesel production from peanut oil. The independent variables investigated in the course of the experiment include the catalyst concentration, the reaction time, and the ultrasonic amplitude. The reaction was done by employing ultrasound under set conditions of atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature. A statistical model predicted the optimum conversion yield of peanut biodiesel to be 100.00% under the following optimum experimental conditions: ultrasonic amplitude equals 69.7%, catalyst concentration equals 0.88% weight percent catalyst, and reaction time of 39.38 s. Also, such conditions led to obtaining the linear equation for predicting the conversion yield of biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production from shea butter: A suitable alternative fuel to premix fuel

This work focused on transesterification of shea butter into biodiesel via double stage acid-alkaline catalysis. It outlined the use of shea butter biodiesel as a substitute for premix fuel for fishing. Upon using 0.8–1.4 wt% KOH catalyst per shea butter weight, a methanol/oil ratio of 4:5 and 2 mL of 95% H2SO4 at 65 °C, the optimum biodiesel yield was 74% wt. FTIR was conducted to ascertain the biodiesel composition. Some of the important properties of the biodiesel (density, kinematic viscosity, flash point, cetane number, iodine value, methyl ester content and high heating value) at different temperatures were investigated and compared with the ASTM and EN standards for biodiesel, and No. 2 diesel. The compared values were similar, indicating that the shea butter biodiesel can be used as an alternative to premix fuel.

Optimization of Process Variables in the Biodiesel Production from <i>Lophira lanceolata</i> Seed Oil

Box-Behnken response surface methodology was employed to optimize the process variables in alkaline-catalysed transesterification of oils from seeds of Lophira lanceolata into biodiesel following initial acid-catalysed esterification. The model equation obtained from regression analysis adequately express the relationship between the biodiesel yield and the process variables with R2 of 96.05%.The optimization result suggested the best combination of the process variables for optimum biodiesel yield of 85.0%, are: reaction temperature (500C); reaction time (120min); amount of methanol (6 cm3/g oil) and catalyst concentration (0.30 mol/dm-3). Validation yield of 83% compares favorably with the predicted value, showing that the model is reliable in describing the transesterification process. Results of GC-MS analysis of the biodiesel revealed it mainly consists of methyl esters of octadecenoic acid (69.5%), palmitic acid (9.4%) and hexacosanoic acid (5.6%). The biodiesel was very fluid with most of it fuel properties in conformity with ASTM standards making it suitable as fuel for diesel engines.

Optimization of biodiesel production from grape seed oil using Taguchi's orthogonal array​

ABSTRACTThe physicochemical properties of biodiesel are very similar to those of petroleum diesel fuel. The main focus of this study is the production of the biodiesel from grape seed oil. This study shows the optimization of the operation parameters, specifically regarding catalyst concentration, the reaction time, the molar ratio (i.e., methanol-to-oil ratio), and the reaction temperature for the production of biodiesel. The effect of operation factors on performance parameters is analyzed using Taguchi’s orthogonal array. The results depict that 96.90% was the optimum biodiesel yield at a molar ratio 6:1 with a catalyst concentration of 1% by weight and a reaction time of 60 min at 60°C and 4.34 cSt was the optimum biodiesel viscosity at a molar ratio of 6:1 with a catalyst concentration of 0.5% by weight and a reaction time of 75 min at 45°C. The most effective parameter was observed to be catalyst concentration, which conferred 76.39%, and 53.74% of the total influence on the biodiesel yield (Y1) and viscosity (Y2), respectively.

Optimization of methyl ester production from Prunus Amygdalus seed oil using response surface methodology and Artificial Neural Networks

Abstract This research work investigated the optimization of biodiesel production from Sweet Almond (Prunus amygdalus) Seed oil (SASO) using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) models through base (NaOH) transesterification. The Central Composite Design (CCD) optimization conditions were temperature (30 °C to 70 °C), catalyst concentration (0.5%w/w to 2.5% w/w), reaction time (45 min–65 min) and oil/methanol molar ratio (1:3 mol/mol to 1:7 mol/mol). The physico-chemical properties of the seed oil and the methyl ester were carried out using standard methods. The fatty acids were determined using GC-MS and characterized using FT-IR techniques. An optimized biodiesel yield of 94.36% from the RSM and 95.45% from the ANN models respectively were obtained at catalyst concentration of 1.5w/w%, reaction time of 65 min, oil/methanol molar ratio of 1:5 mol/mol and temperature of 50 °C. The quality of the RSM model was analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Model statistics of the ANN showed comfortable values of Mean Squared Error (MSE) of 6.005, Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 2.786 and Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) of 1.89306. The RSM and ANN models gave coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9446 and correlation coefficient (R) of 0.96637 respectively.

Wet in situ transesterification of spent coffee grounds with supercritical methanol for the production of biodiesel

This work introduces biodiesel production from wet spent coffee grounds (SCGs) with supercritical methanol without any pre-drying process. Supercritical methanol and subcritical water effectively produced biodiesel via in situ transesterification by inducing more porous SCG and enhancing the efficiency of lipid extraction and conversion. It was also found that space loading was one of the critical factors for biodiesel production. An optimal biodiesel yield of 10.17 wt% of dry SCG mass (86.33 w/w% of esterifiable lipids in SCG) was obtained at reaction conditions of 270 °C, 90 bars, methanol to wet SCG ratio 5:1, space loading 58.4 ml/g and reaction time 20 min. Direct use of wet SCG waste as feedstock for supercritical biodiesel production eliminates the conventional dying process and the need of catalyst and also reduces environmental problems caused by landfill accumulation.

Biodiesel Production from Dry Microalga Biomass by Microwave-Assisted In-Situ Transesterification

Microalga is one of the potential feedstocks in the manufacture of biodiesel because it contains high oil content. In this study, Chlorella sp. was selected because its high oil content about 28-32% of oil (based on its dry weight) and its presence is abundant among other green algae. In situ transesterification was carried out in round neck flask under microwave irradiation. Microwave irradiation can facilitate the in situ transesterification by extracted the lipid of microalga and simultaneous convert to FAME. The purposes of this study are to investigate the effect of acid catalyst concentration, microwave power, reaction time and the addition of co-solvent (n-hexane) on the yield of biodiesel, to get optimum operating conditions and to know the fatty acid compounds of biodiesel from Chlorella sp. The results of oil extraction and biodiesel were analyzed by GC-MS analysis. Based on the experiment, the yield of microalga oil was 11.37%. The optimum yield of biodiesel by in-situ transesterification was 75.68%. It was obtained at the microwave power of 450 watts, the reaction time of 60 minutes, an acid catalyst concentration of 0,2M of H2SO4, and the co-solvent addition of 10 ml.

Optimization of Process Parameters of Alkali based Clay Catalyst for the Production of Biodiesel

Utilization of locally sourced materials promote raw materials Biodiesel was produced by transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) with ethanol in the presence of non-synthetic heterogeneous catalyst (combination of KOH/metaKaolin). The process parameters investigated are catalyst (1-6 g), ethanol (10-25 wt% ethanol/%wt PKO), reaction temperature (30-120 oC) and reaction time, (60-100 min). These parameters were considered for optimization using Response Surface Methodology with Central Composite Design (CCD) for yield of biodiesel produced. The optimum yield of biodiesel of 96.00% was obtained using the optimized numerical values of 17.50% ethanol (by mass of PKO) and 3.50 g catalyst at 75.00 oC for 80.00 min. The viscosity (4.84 mm2/s), specific gravity (0.86), pour point (+5.00 oC), flash point (178.00 oC), and cloud point (+8.00 oC) of the biodiesel obtained at optimum condition compared favorably with ASTM standards. It was inferred from the research that biodiesel with suitable fuel properties can be produced from PKO using non-synthetic KOH impregnated on Kaolin with ethanol extracted from agricultural based raw materials.

Optimization of Reaction Variables in situ Transesterification of Jatropha curcas Oilseed in Biodiesel

Biodiesel was produced from seed oil of Jatropha curcas by in situ acid-catalyzed transesterification with methanol. Optimization of the reaction parameters was carried out using response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design. All the four variables investigated were found to be significant. The empirical model obtained adequately expresses the relationship between the biodiesel yield and the statistically significant reaction variables (R2 = 96.97%). The optimization result predicted an optimal biodiesel yield of 84.07% at a reaction temperature of 48°C; a reaction time of 240 min; when 5 cm3/g a volume of methanol and catalyst concentration of 0.88M. The validation result was in agreement with the predicted biodiesel yield. The fatty acid methyl profile of the biodiesel shows that it predominantly contains methyl esters of octadecenoic acid, octadecadienoic acid and hexadecanoic acid which make up about 87% the biodiesel. The fuel properties of the biodiesel were in agreement with requirements of Worldwide Fuel Charter Committee Biodiesel Guidelines.

Extraction of caustic potash from spent tea for biodiesel Production

Biodiesel is an alternative to non-renewable fossil fuels due to its low gas emission and economical value. This study aims to extract caustic potash (KOH) from spent tea and to optimize the transesterfication process based on parameters such as amount of catalyst, reaction temperature and methanol to oil ratio. The spent tea was first dried at 60°C prior to calcination at 600°C for two hours. Caustic Potash were extracted from the calcined spent tea. The transesterification process was done based on Design of Experiments (DOE) to study the effects of amount of catalyst ranging from 0.5 wt % to 2.5 wt %, reaction temperature from 55°C to 65°C and methanol to oil ratio from 6:1 to 12:1 at a constant agitation rate of 300 rpm for three hours. The calcined spent tea produced was recorded the highest at 54.3 wt % and the extracted catalyst was 2.4 wt %. The optimized biodiesel yield recorded was 56.95% at the optimal conditions of 2.5 wt % amount of catalyst, 65°C reaction temperature and 9:1 methanol to oil ratio.

Biodiesel production by valorizing waste Phoenix dactylifera L. Kernel oil in the presence of synthesized heterogeneous metallic oxide catalyst (Mn@MgO-ZrO2)

The present study intended to produce biodiesel as an efficient fuel from waste Phoenix dactylifera L. kernel oil in the presence of synthesized efficient heterogeneous metallic oxide catalyst (Mn@MgO-ZrO2). The performance of synthesized metallic oxide catalyst was evaluated based on biodiesel yield and the process has been optimized. The optimum biodiesel yield was 96.4%, when process temperature was 90 °C, catalyst loading 3 wt%, methanol to oil ratio 15:1 and reaction duration was 4 h. The product biodiesel was characterized in order to evaluate its quality according to ASTM and EN standards. Thus, characterization of biodiesel revealed that it fulfills the standard ranges defined by ASTM and EN: its acid value was 0.11 mg KOH/g, density 881 kg/m3, viscosity 3.85 mm2/s, flash point 142 °C and suitable low-temperature properties. It can thus be concluded that synthesized heterogeneous catalyst can be used efficiently for biodiesel production from waste Phoenix dactylifera L. kernel oil which satisfied the international standards defined by ASTM and EN.

Production optimization and quality assessment of papaya (Carica papaya) biodiesel with response surface methodology

Optimization of biodiesel production from non-edible papaya seed oil was investigated in this study. Biodiesel production process parameters such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction temperature were optimized by using the Response Surface methodology based on the Box-Behnken experimental design. Optimization of the transesterification process was conducted by varying three factors each at three different levels and this required a total of fifteen runs. A quadratic model was created to predict the biodiesel yield where the R2 value was found to be 0.99 which indicates the satisfactory accuracy of the model. Based on the results, the optimum process parameters for transesterification of the papaya seed oil mixture at an agitation speed of 600 rpm over a period of 60 min were found to be a methanol:oil molar ratio 10:1, KOH catalyst concentration of 1 wt% and reaction temperature of 45 °C. At these reaction conditions, the predicted and experimental biodiesel yield were 96.12% and 96.48% respectively which shows less than 0.5% variation. The biodiesel properties were characterized and the results obtained were found to satisfy both ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. The statistical tool MINITAB 17 was used to draw both 3D surface plots and 2D contour plots to predict the optimum biodiesel yield.