Abstract
Biodiesel from waste frying oil is an effective alternative fuel for conventional diesel and can be directly used as fuel in a diesel engine without any modifications to the engine. It has many positives like high biodegradability, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, non-sulfur emissions, non-particulate matter pollutants, low toxicity, and excellent lubricity and is obtained from renewable source like vegetable oils, animal fat, etc. The major objectives of this work were to produce and compare the biodiesel yield from Waste Frying Vegetable Oil (WFVO) and Waste Frying Palm Oil (WFPO) using transesterification process. The physicochemical characterization of the biodiesel, as well as the effects of process variables on biodiesel yield, were evaluated. Also, optimum levels of process conditions for optimum production of biodiesel were determined. The WFVO and WFPO with methanol and catalyst were heated in a hot plate-magnetic stirrer at a temperature of 60°C and operated at 300 rpm. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as catalyst. The one-factor-at-a-time method was used to select the optimum levels of process variable that gives high biodiesel yield. The results showed that the physicochemical characteristics (acid value, free fatty acid, density, kinematic viscosity, pour point and flash point) of the biodiesel obtained from WFVO and WFPO were within the standard value of EN14214 and ASTMD-6751.From the results, the possible optimum conditions of the process variables for transesterification process using KOH catalyst were found to be as follows: reaction time of 90 min, methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1 and the catalyst loading of 1.5 wt%. At these optimum conditions, the optimum yield of biodiesel obtained from transesterification of WFVO and WFPO were found to be 97% and 90%, respectively. Thus, in comparison, the transesterification of WFVO resulted in higher biodiesel yield than WFPO. Conclusively, both WFVO and WFPO has good potential to be used for bio-diesel production.
Highlights
The demand for energy is increasing every day, due to an increase in population growth, industrialization and price of crude petroleum
Physicochemical characterization of wastes frying oil used in biodiesel production The result of the properties of wastes frying oil analyzed in this study is as presented in Table 2, it was observed that the free fatty acid values of the various samples were more than 2%, which justifies pretreatment of the waste frying oil samples in order to reduce the free fatty acids in the wastes oil [40]
The quantity of heat to fry and quantity of water in the frying oil increases the hydrolysis of triglycerides, it leads to high percentage of Free Fatty Acids (FFAs) in the Waste Frying Vegetable Oil (WFVO) and Waste Frying Palm Oil (WFPO) [41]
Summary
The demand for energy is increasing every day, due to an increase in population growth, industrialization and price of crude petroleum. The renewable energy that can be used to substitute petroleum-derived fuels is biofuel (Biogas and Biodiesel), solar energy, and producer gas, hydrothermal and geothermal [3,4]. Biodiesel has been considered as one of alternative fuel as it is a clean renewable fuel, a carbon monoxide emission reducer, non-toxic, biodegradable, and environmentally friendly fuel [5,6]. Biodiesel has a good fuel properties such as lower emission of carbon dioxide, high flash point, high cetane number, and good lubrication and it has almost the same characteristics with conventional diesel fuel characteristics (physical and chemical characteristics) it can be used without mixing with petroleum-derived diesel [7,8,9]. Biodiesel is obtained from any oil or animal fat by transesterification process. The quality and quantity of biodiesel fuels depend on the types of raw materials
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