Optimal Hydrolysis Conditions Research Articles

Physical, chemical, and technofunctional properties of okara modified by a carbohydrase mixture

A carbohydrase mixture (cellulase, hemicellulase, arabanase, β-glucanase, and xylanase) was used to hydrolyze cell wall polysaccharides present in okara to increase soluble fiber and improve hydration properties. Hydrolysis was carried out at different enzyme concentrations (0.1–1.0%) and reaction temperatures (20–55 °C) using a central composite rotatable design. Temperature range was selected on the basis of enzyme manufacturer's recommendations. Optimal hydrolysis conditions for simultaneous maximization of soluble fiber, water absorption and holding capacity, and swelling capacity were determined, and the physical, chemical, and technofunctional characteristics of modified okara were analyzed. Hydrolysis under optimal conditions (0.8% enzyme, 46 °C, 3 h) increased soluble fiber content by 105%, water absorption and holding capacity by 34%, and swelling capacity by 13%. Modified okara particles were found to be more porous and fragmented than control. Treatment also altered color and chemical composition, leading to a decrease in insoluble fibers combined with an increase in soluble fibers and sugars. Oil absorption and holding capacity was enhanced by 73%, but solids stability in water and protein solubility in water were not affected. Hydrolysis proved to be an effective method for improving okara physicochemical properties for future applications, converting this residue into a potentially value-added ingredient.

Effects of LAT on chemical structure and enzymatic hydrolysis of crop straw

Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of liquid ammonia treatment (LAT) pretreatment on the hydrolysis resistance of biomass and the enzymatic hydrolysis rate of lignocellulosic biomass. Method Four different types of lignocelluloses biomass, namely wheat straw (Triticum aestivum), alfalfa (Lotus corniculatus), sorghum straw (Sorghum bicolor), and their mixture (mass ratio 1∶1∶1), were pretreated by LAT method, and the effect of LAT on their chemical structure changes was studied by using thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Then, the effect of pretreatment temperature and enzymatic hydrolysis time on the enzymatic hydrolysis conversion rates of glucan and xylan in the four raw materials was investigated. Result LAT had a significant effect on the chemical structure of biomass materials. After this pretreatment, the relative content of glucan, xylan, and arabinan in four types of lignocelluloses biomass slightly decreased. The relative content of O and H decreased because some functional groups containing O and H dropped off. The crystallinity decreased slightly, while the surface pore structure significantly increased, and the availability of enzymes in the chemical structure of biomass increased. The optimum pretreatment temperature of wheat straw and mixture was 90 ℃, while that of alfalfa and sorghum straw was 110 ℃. The enzymatic hydrolysis rates of glucan and xylan increased with the increase of enzymatic hydrolysis time. Among the four types of lignocelluloses biomass, the highest enzymatic hydrolysis rate of glucan obtained at the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis condition was wheat straw, followed by the mixture, sorghum straw, and alfalfa. The enzymatic hydrolysis rate of xylan ranging from large to small was sorghum straw, wheat straw, the mixture, and alfalfa. Conclusion LAT can improve the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass, especially that of wheat straw and sorghum straw. [Ch, 8 fig. 2 tab. 24 ref.]

Preparation and purification of an immunoregulatory peptide from Stolephorus chinensis of the East Sea of China

Immunomodulatory peptides derived from marine organisms are potential sources of new immunomodulating drugs. This study aimed to investigate the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of immunoregulatory peptides from Stolephorus chinensis. The relative proliferation rate (RPR) of RAW264.7 macrophages was set as the screening index. The immunoregulatory peptides from S. chinensis was prepared via process optimization, ultrafiltration, ion-exchange chromatography, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HLPC). The amino acid sequence of the immunoregulatory peptide from S. chinensis (IPSC) was identified to be Tyr-Val-Met-Arg-Phe (YVMRF; MW 715.4 Da) using Edman degradation and mass spectrometry. In addition, the macrophages became larger with more pseudopods after IPSC treatment, indictating that IPSC stimulated RAW 264.7 differentiation. IPSC also increased productions of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Our results provide a theoretical basis for preparing immunomodulatory functional food from S. chinensis in future.

Study on optimization of extraction process and resistance to oxidation of Polypeptide from sea cucumber waste liquid

The protease hydrolysis technology is used to extract the polypeptides from the sea cucumber waste liquid. The enzymatic hydrolysis ability of protein in sea cucumber waste liquid by seven proteases shows that the best protease is compound protease by taking the hydrolysis degree as the index. Furthermore, the effects of enzyme dosage, pH, temperature and time of enzymatic hydrolysis on the hydrolysis degree are studied, and Box-Benhnken central composite test and response surface analysis method are used to optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions.. The results show that the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions are: enzyme dosage: 647 U/g; pH: 6.48; temperature: 52.5°C; enzymatic hydrolysis time: 3.44h; protein hydrolysis degree under the best condition: 25.9%. The polypeptides extracted from the sea cucumber waste liquid have high antioxidant activity, and the DPPH· scavenging activity increases with the polypeptide concentration.

Optimization of Hydrolysis Conditions for Production of Gelatin Hydrolysates from Shark Skin Byproduct and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activities

ABSTRACT The effect of Alcalase hydrolysis conditions on antioxidant activities of shark skin gelatin hydrolysate (SSGH) byproduct was studied. Optimal hydrolysis condition for SSGH at 60°C, pH 7.5, and 2.70 AU kg−1 gelatin protein was used for varied hydrolysis times (10–90 min). The IC50 against DPPH radicals of SSGH hydrolyzed for 90 min (SSGH-90) was 27.39 mg ml−1, which is greater than ascorbic acid. SSGH-90 was predominantly composed of 15–20 kDa protein fragments that regulated increases in peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values and suppressed decrease in DHA of a fish oil-in-water emulsion during storage at 30°C for 7 days.

PENENTUAN KONDISI OPTIMUM HIDROLISIS PATI OLEH ASPERGILLUS NIGER DALAM LIMBAH KULIT KENTANG

Determination of optimum condition for starch hydrolysis Aspergillus niger in shell potato waste. Shell Potato waste can be used as a raw material for making bioethanol because it contains carbohydrate ingredients, starch. The process of making bioethanol from starchy materials can be done through the hydrolysis process, then proceed with the fermentation process. The hydrolysis process is carried out to hydrolyze starch into glucose with the help of amylase enzyme produced from the Aspergillus nigerbacterium. This research was carried out at the Chemistry Laboratory of FMIPA Malang State University. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for hydrolysis of starch from potato skin which includes temperature, pH, time and amount of Aspergillus niger used. The glucose level produced from the hydrolysis process is determined using the Somogy-Nelson method. The results showed that the optimum conditions for starch hydrolysis to produce optimum glucose levels were using 1.25 grams of Aspergillus niger (equivalent to 50 mL of culture), at pH 5 and temperature of 300C within 2 hours, with glucose produced as much as 0.0167 g of 100 g of shell potato waste flour.

Steam Explosion Pretreatment of Beechwood. Part 2: Quantification of Cellulase Inhibitors and Their Effect on Avicel Hydrolysis

Biomass pretreatment is a mandatory step for the biochemical conversion of lignocellulose to chemicals. During pretreatment, soluble compounds are released into the prehydrolyzate that inhibit the enzymatic hydrolysis step. In this work, we investigated how the reaction conditions in steam explosion pretreatment of beechwood (severity: 3.0–5.25; temperature: 160–230 °C) influence the resulting amounts of different inhibitors. Furthermore, we quantified the extent of enzyme inhibition during enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel in the presence of the prehydrolyzates. The amounts of phenolics, HMF, acetic acid and formic acid increased with increasing pretreatment severities and maximal quantities of 21.6, 8.3, 43.7 and 10.9 mg/gbeechwood, respectively, were measured at the highest severity. In contrast, the furfural concentration peaked at a temperature of 200 °C and a severity of 4.75. The presence of the prehydrolyzates in enzymatic hydrolysis of Avicel lowered the glucose yields by 5–26%. Mainly, the amount of phenolics and xylose and xylooligomers contributed to the reduced yield. As the maximal amounts of these two inhibitors can be found at different conditions, a wide range of pretreatment severities led to severely inhibiting prehydrolyzates. This study may provide guidelines when choosing optimal pretreatment conditions for whole slurry enzymatic hydrolysis.

Determination of Marked Components - aloin and aloe-emodin - in Aloe vera before and after hydrolysis

This article proposed an optimal hydrolysis condition and a chromatographic method for the analysis of polyphenol glycosides in aloe extract and its hydrolysates, The aglycones assayed were aloin and aloe-emodin, The linearity (r ＞ 0.9997) and validation (＜ 10%) of the calibration curves were excellent. The amounts of aloin were 76.1 ± 5.9 and 77.7 ± 2.8 μmol/g in decoction and hydrolysate, respectively, while those of aloe-emodin were 8.3 ± 0.5 and 8.1 ± 0.3 μmol/g, The contents of aloin and aloe-emodin in aloe showed no significant difference before and after hydrolysis, This may be due to that aloe sold in Chinese medicine retailer was processed and the glycosides have already been transferred to aglycones. In addition, the components may be decomposed during processing. The method developed here can be applied to determine aglycones and their glycosides in aloe for the quality control.

Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions for producing soy protein hydrolysate with maximum lipolysis-stimulating activity

The optimum hydrolysis conditions of 2.5% (w/v) soy protein isolate (SPI) with 1% (w/w of SPI) Flavourzyme® for increasing glycerol release in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were investigated by response surface methodology (RSM). Higher glycerol release indicated higher lipolysis-stimulating activity. The independent variables were hydrolysis time (HT) 19.2-220.8 min, pH 5.32-8.68 and reaction temperature (RT) 33.2-66.8°C. Based on the response surface and contour plots, the optimum hydrolysis of SPI with Flavourzyme® for maximizing the glycerol release in the cells occurred at pH = 7.12, RT = 48.77°C and HT = 124.85 min. The F-value for lack of fit was not significant (p > 0.05), so the second order model was appropriate for describing the response surface. In addition, the model had a satisfactory coefficient of R 2 (= 0.935) and was verified experimentally.

Brewers’ Spent Yeast and Grain Protein Hydrolysates as Second-Generation Feedstuff for Aquaculture Feed

Aquafeeds are formulated to contain all the essential nutrients that fishes need to keep healthy. They are highly dependent on marine ingredients: fish meal and oil. Hence, alternative ingredients which successfully replace these marine ingredients are required to result in sustainable and economical feeds. In this context, brewers’ by-products arise as alternative potential ingredients to fish meal in aquafeed due their availability and nutritional content. However, reducing aquaculture’s dependence on marine resources depends not only on developing alternative ingredients but also on improving their nutritional efficiency. In this context, Life Brewery project (LIFE16ENV/ES/000160) proposes an enzymatical hydrolysis step prior to the stabilization process to improve the digestibility of brewers’ by-products and, therefore, increases the assimilation of nutrients by fishes. Hence, optimum hydrolysis conditions for both brewers’ spent grain and yeast have been defined by comparing different enzymes combination and hydrolysis conditions at laboratory scale. Afterwards, selected enzymes and conditions have been validated at industrial scale. Finally, the digestibility of different experimental diets containing both hydrolysed and non-hydrolysed ingredients from brewers’ waste has been determined with positive results. Obtained results showed that the inclusion of brewers’ spent yeast and spent grain in aquafeeds for gilt-head sea bream show a good protein digestibility and can be considered as suitable ingredients to successfully replace fish meal in aquafeed diets.

Optimization of the Red Tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) Viscera Hydrolysis for Obtaining Iron-Binding Peptides and Evaluation of In Vitro Iron Bioavailability.

Iron deficiencies continue to cause significant health problems in vulnerable populations. A good strategy to combat mineral deficiency includes fortification with iron-binding peptides. This research aims to determine the optimal conditions to hydrolyze red tilapia viscera (RTV) using Alcalase 2.4 L and recovery of iron-binding protein hydrolysate. The result showed that under the optimal hydrolysis condition including pH 10, 60 °C, E/S ratio of 0.306 U/g protein, and substrate concentration of 8 g protein/L, the obtained hydrolysate with 42.5% degree of hydrolysis (RTVH-B), displayed the maximal iron-binding capacity of 67.1 ± 1.9%. Peptide fractionation was performed using ultrafiltration and the <1 kDa fraction (FRTVH-V) expressed the highest iron-binding capacity of 95.8 ± 1.5%. Iron content of RTVH-B and its fraction was assessed, whereas iron uptake was measured indirectly as ferritin synthesis in a Caco-2 cell model and the result showed that bioavailability of bound minerals from protein complexes was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than iron salt in its free form, increased 4.7 times for the Fe2+–RTVH-B complex. This research suggests a potential application of RTVH-B as dietary supplements to improve iron absorption.

Optimization of Oyster (Crassostrea talienwhanensis) Protein Hydrolysates Using Response Surface Methodology.

Oyster (Crassostrea talienwhanensis) protein was hydrolyzed by trypsin to produce peptides with different response values, and response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the hydrolysis conditions. The highest degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the oyster peptide (OP) was obtained at an enzyme concentration of 1593.2 U/g, a pH of 8.2, a hydrolysis temperature of 40.1 °C, a hydrolysis time of 6.0 h, and a water/material ratio of 8.2. The greatest hydroxyl-radical-scavenging activity of OP was obtained at an enzyme concentration of 1546.3 U/g, a pH of 9.0, a hydrolysis temperature of 50.2 °C, a hydrolysis time of 5.1 h, and a water/material ratio of 5.6. The largest branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) content of OP was obtained at an enzyme concentration of 1323.8 U/g, a pH of 8.3, a hydrolysis temperature of 41.7 °C, a hydrolysis time of 6.7 h, and a water/material ratio of 4.8. The three experimental values were significantly in agreement with the predicted values within the 95% confidence interval. Furthermore, ultrafiltration and chromatographic methods were used to purify the OP, and 13 peptides that were rich in Lys, Arg, His, and Thr were identified by LC-MS/MS. The results of this study offer different optimum hydrolysis conditions to produce target peptides from oyster protein by using RSM, and this study provide a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of oyster protein.

Optimization of the Enzymatic Hydrolysis Assisted by Ultra-high Pressure Processing of Alaska Pollock Frame for Improving Flavour

ABSTRACT In order to improve the flavor of aquatic enzymatic hydrolysate, this study determined the effect of ultra-high pressure processing (UHP) coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis on the flavor of Alaska pollock frame (APF) hydrolysates. The optimal conditions for UHP enzymatic hydrolysis were as follows: pressure time was 60 min, pH value was 7.5, and pressure was 150 MPa. The content of soluble peptide, total-free amino acid, and delicious amino acid (DAA) content of atmospheric pressure and UHP hydrolysates were 11.37 vs 16.70 mg/mL, 5 528 vs 6 234 mg/100 g, and 2145 vs 2411 mg/100 g, respectively. The major compounds in the enzymatic hydrolysates of UHP included seven types of ketones (18.31%), 8 types of aldehydes (6.35%), 3 types of alcohols (2.61%), one type of ester (0.38%), and one type of furan (7.89%). The results of electronic tongue (e-tongue) demonstrated good agreement with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. In conclusion, UHP enzymatic hydrolysis can be a potential tool to improve the flavor compounds of hydrolysates.

Microwave-assisted Acid-catalyzed Hydrolysis of Hemicelluloses in Rice Husk into Xylose

The development of an environmentally benign process for the hydrolysis of hemicelluloses into xylose could be one of the key technologies for making full use of biomass in the future. This paper studies dilute acid hydrolysis of hemicelluloses in rice husk (RH) into xylose using microwave radiation. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflection spectroscopy was employed to quantitatively analyze xylose. The influences of hydrolysis parameters such as temperature, time, acid concentration, and ratio of RH to sulfuric acid on the yield of xylose in acid hydrolysis of RH were also investigated. The optimum hydrolysis conditions of hemicelluloses in RH to xylose are as follows: 4 wt% of H2SO4 concentration, 150 °C hydrolysis temperature, 25 min reaction time, and 1:7 ratio of RH (g) to H2SO4 (mL). Under optimum hydrolysis conditions, a yield of 32.96% xylose is obtained.

Production of fish seasoning powder from snakehead meat (Channa striata) by applying Alcalase and Flavourzyme enzyme mixture

Fish hydrolysate was produced from snakehead meat by applying an enzyme mixture consisting of Alcalase and Flavourzyme with a ratio of 1:3; hydrolysis temperature 55oC; pH 6.5 - 6.9. The results showed that the ratio of enzyme mixture to fish meat of 0.2% and hydrolysis time of 26 h were the optimal hydrolysis conditions. Fish hydrolysate had highest peptide content (26.4 g/L) and nitrogen amino acid content (10.6 g/L), and lowest nitrogen ammonia content (0.257 g/L). Sensory score, protein content, recovery yield and moisture content of fish seasoning powder were 18.9; 17.1%; 42.5% and 4.88%, respectively by mixing radish solution and fish hydrolysate at the ratio of radish solution to fish hydrolysate of 25%:40% and drying at 60oC for 72 h. The product still remained good sensory quality. The moisture content and total aerobic bacteria of product were at acceptable level after 4 weeks stored at ambient temperature.

Enhanced Bioethanol Fermentation by Sonication Using Three Yeasts Species and Kariba Weed (Salvinia molesta) as Biomass Collected from Lake Victoria, Uganda.

Kariba weed (Salvinia molesta) was used as biomass feedstock for ethanol production by separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Monosaccharides from Kariba weed hydrolysate were produced using thermal acid hydrolysis, sonication, and enzymatic saccharification. The optimal conditions for thermal acid hydrolysis of 12% (w/v) Kariba weed slurry were evaluated as 200mM HNO3 at 121°C for 60min yielding 10.2g/L monosaccharides. Sonication for 45min before enzymatic saccharification yielded more monosaccharides to 18.7g/L. Enzymatic saccharification with 16U/mL Cellic CTec2 produced 35.4g/L monosaccharides. Fermentation was performed using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Kluyveromyces marxianus, or Pichia stipitis with sonicated Kariba weed hydrolysate. The control fermentations were carried out using Kariba weed hydrolysate without sonication. The improvement of ethanol production from sonicated Kariba weed hydrolysate using P. stipitis produced 15.9g/L ethanol with ethanol yield coefficient YEtOH = 0.45, K. marxianus produced 14.7g/L ethanol with YEtOH = 0.41. S. cerevisiae produced the lowest yield of 13.2g/L ethanol with YEtOH = 0.37 as it utilized only glucose not xylose. Sonication of Kariba weed was essential in the ethanol production to enhance the productivity of monosaccharides. P. stipitis was determined as the best yeast species using hydrolysates with the mixture of glucose and xylose to produce ethanol.

Development of a Specific and Sensitive HPAEC-PAD Method for Quantification of Vi Polysaccharide Applicable to other Polysaccharides Containing Amino Uronic Acids.

Typhoid fever is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Vaccines based on the Vi capsular polysaccharide are licensed or in development against typhoid fever. Vi content is a critical quality attribute for vaccines release, to monitor their stability and to ensure appropriate immune response. Vi polysaccharide is a homopolymer of α-1,4-N-acetylgalactosaminouronic acid, O-acetylated at the C-3 position, resistant to the commonly used acid hydrolysis for sugar chain depolymerization before monomer quantification. We previously developed a quantification method based on strong alkaline hydrolysis followed by High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography-Pulsed Amperometric Detection analysis, but with low sensitivity and use for quantification of an unknown product coming from polysaccharide depolymerization. Here we describe the development of a method for Vi polysaccharide quantification based on acid hydrolysis with concomitant use of trifluoroacetic and hydrochloric acids. A Design of Experiment approach was used for the identification of the optimal hydrolysis conditions. The method is 100-fold more sensitive than the previous one, and specifically, resulting in the formation of a known product, confirmed to be the Vi monomer both de-O- and de-N-acetylated by mono- and bidimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Accuracy and precision were determined, and chromatographic conditions were improved to result in reduced time of analysis. This method will facilitate characterization of Vi-based vaccines. Furthermore, a similar approach has the potential to be extended to other polysaccharides containing 2-amino uronic acids, as already verified here for Shigella sonnei O-antigen, Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 12F, and Staphylococcus aureus types 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides.

Optimization of cellulose hydrolysis in the presence of biomass‐derived sulfonated catalyst in microwave reactor using response surface methodology

The optimization of cellulose hydrolysis in a microwave reactor (MWR) in the presence of bamboo-derived sulfonated catalyst was studied through a response surface methodology (RSM). Three-factor and three-level Box-Behnken design was employed to study the effects of hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis time, and catalyst to substrate ratio on total converted cellulose and glucose yield. Quadratic models were proposed for both responses. The respective analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the proposed quadratic models could be used to navigate the design space. The optimum hydrolysis conditions were found to be hydrolysis temperature of 175 °C, hydrolysis time of 74 min, and catalyst to substrate ratio of 1.25 g/g. Under these conditions, the total amount of converted cellulose and glucose yield was 79.4% and 61.1%, respectively. Validation of the models indicated that the predicted values were in a good agreement with the experimental results.

Copper-chelating peptide from salmon by-product proteolysate

Abstract The aims of this study included evaluation of copper-binding capacity (CBC) and amino acid composition of salmon by-product proteolysate and its peptide fractions, optimization of hydrolysis condition, and identification of copper-binding peptides from the proteolysate. The result was that under the ideal hydrolysis (Neutrase, temperature of 45 °C, pH 7, enzyme:substrate (E:S) proportion of 72.24 U/g protein and hydrolysis time of 8.02 h), the proteolysate had the indispensable amino acid content at approximately 38.7% and also displayed the maximal CBC of 15163.6 µg Cu2+/g protein. Besides, four peptide fractions of 10–30 kDa, 3–10 kDa, 1–3 kDa, and &lt;1 kDa were recovered using ultrafiltration, among which the &lt;1 kDa fraction had the highest CBC of 10852.00 ± 895.06 µgCu2+/g protein. A copper-binding peptide, Phe-Ile-Asp-Asp-Asp-Ala-Phe-Ile-Arg (1110 Da), was identified from this fraction using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). As a whole, the proteolysate/peptides could be used for copper enhancement that could shield human body from copper inadequacy disorders.

Optimising enzymatic conditions of monkfish (Lophius vomerinus) heads hydrolysis towards potential waste biomass valorisation

Enzymatic protein hydrolysis of fish processing by-products offers an alternative option to valorise this raw material. Monkfish heads originating from fish processors presents such an opportunity, as the heads constitute a significant portion of the total fish (approximately 30%) and are currently processed into relatively low-value fish meal or even discarded. In this study, the reaction conditions for enzymatic protein hydrolysis of monkfish heads were optimised by varying the reaction pH and temperature using the Alcalase proteolytic enzyme. A mixed 2-factor, 3-level factorial design was employed to determine significant factors and interactions and was followed by response surface optimisation to determine optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions, which were shown to occur at 62 °C and a pH of 8.2. In addition, proximate analysis of the raw material and functional property characterisation of both the aqueous fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) phase and the insoluble sediments were performed to maximise the possibility of total raw material utilisation. Both the FPH and sediment displayed functional and bioactive properties, including emulsion stabilisation, fat absorption and antioxidant activity; only the FPH displayed foaming capacity, while the sediment displayed a reasonable emulsion activity index. In addition, high levels of essential amino acids (EAA) were found in the sediment (49.5% of the total amino acids), and all EAA were present (except tryptophan, which was not analysed for), which confirmed the high quality of the protein contained in the sediment. Overall, this work successfully optimised hydrolysis conditions for the Alcalase/monkfish system and confirmed the potential of enzymatic protein hydrolysis as an upgrading strategy to better utilise monkfish processing by-products.