Abstract
Iron deficiencies continue to cause significant health problems in vulnerable populations. A good strategy to combat mineral deficiency includes fortification with iron-binding peptides. This research aims to determine the optimal conditions to hydrolyze red tilapia viscera (RTV) using Alcalase 2.4 L and recovery of iron-binding protein hydrolysate. The result showed that under the optimal hydrolysis condition including pH 10, 60 °C, E/S ratio of 0.306 U/g protein, and substrate concentration of 8 g protein/L, the obtained hydrolysate with 42.5% degree of hydrolysis (RTVH-B), displayed the maximal iron-binding capacity of 67.1 ± 1.9%. Peptide fractionation was performed using ultrafiltration and the <1 kDa fraction (FRTVH-V) expressed the highest iron-binding capacity of 95.8 ± 1.5%. Iron content of RTVH-B and its fraction was assessed, whereas iron uptake was measured indirectly as ferritin synthesis in a Caco-2 cell model and the result showed that bioavailability of bound minerals from protein complexes was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than iron salt in its free form, increased 4.7 times for the Fe2+–RTVH-B complex. This research suggests a potential application of RTVH-B as dietary supplements to improve iron absorption.
Highlights
The by-products of the fish industry represent between 50% and 70% of the weight of the animal, of which generally only 30% is used, while the remaining 70% is wasted [1]
We evaluated the ability of red tilapia viscera hydrolysates (RTVH) to bind iron
The results showed that S, enzyme substrate ratio (E/S), and pH have significant effect on the efficiency of the RTV hydrolysis reaction with Alcalase 2.4 L, with E/S and pH being the most influential factors
Summary
The by-products of the fish industry represent between 50% and 70% of the weight of the animal, of which generally only 30% is used, while the remaining 70% is wasted [1]. This situation makes it necessary to search for profitable and environmentally friendly methods to make use of this type of waste. The development of specific hydrolysates or peptides with functional and bioactive properties is one of the alternatives for the use of these by-products, since these peptides have a great potential as value-added ingredients for the pharmaceutical or food industry, since they are considered safe, nutritionally healthy, low cost, and with therapeutic benefits [2].
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