Optimal Weight Gain Research Articles

Effect of almond hulls on the growth performance, body composition, digestive tract weight, and liver antioxidant capacity of broilers

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of graded inclusion of almond hulls on growth performance, body composition, digestive tract weight, and liver antioxidant capacity of broilers. A total of 420 one-day-old Cobb male chicks was randomly allocated to 5 experimental treatments with 6 replicates of 14 birds each for 19 d of age. The five dietary treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal control diet and 4 almond hull treatments containing 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% of almond hulls with 97.5, 95, 92.5, and 90% of the control diet, respectively. Feeding almond hulls at 10% reduced broiler body weight gain ( P ≤ 0.048) and increased feed conversion ratio ( FCR ; P < 0.01) at 0 to 7 and 0 to 14 d compared to the control group. Inclusion of almond hulls showed a quadratic effect ( P = 0.044) on body weight gain and linear effect ( P = 0.045) on FCR during 0 to 19 d of age. The numerically highest body weight gain was achieved when broilers were fed the diet containing 5% of almond hulls at 19 d of age. As the almond hull inclusion level increased, a linear ( P = 0.035) effect was observed on the relative whole intestine weight, whereas a quadratic ( P = 0.086) trend was observed on the relative gizzard weight at 19 d of age. Inclusion of almond hulls showed a quadratic ( P ≤ 0.011) effect on broiler body fat weight and fat percentage. Broilers fed the diet containing almond hulls at 5% had a lower body fat weight ( P = 0.011) and fat percentage ( P < 0.01) compared to the control group. Inclusion of almond hulls also showed a quadratic ( P = 0.075) trend on broiler body mineral content. Hepatic superoxidative dismutase linearly ( P < 0.01) increased as the level of almond hulls in the diet increased. In summary, inclusion of almond hull showed a beneficial effect on intestinal development and liver antioxidant capacity. Moreover, broilers fed the diet containing 5% almond hull showed an optimum body weight gain with lower body fat weight and fat percentage, whereas inclusion of up to 7.5% of almond hulls did not show any negative effects on growth performance.

Opportunities for Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Before 24 Weeks of Gestation

BackgroundGestational diabetes (GDM), increasingly prevalent worldwide, is related to growing pregnancy complications and long-term metabolic risks for the woman and the descendants. The aim of this study is to determine the optimal BMI ranges specific for age group and optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) at 24 weeks specific for different pre-BMI (pre-pregnancy body mass index) groups to avoid or reduce the incidence of GDM.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 3104 pregnant women was conducted in Song Jiang district, Shanghai, China. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with the purpose of determining the OR (odds ratio) of risk factors of GDM including GWG of 24 weeks, pre-BMI, advanced age, and first-degree relatives with DM. Optimal ranges of GWG or pre-BMI are defined as the interval corresponding to lowest or relative lower incidence of GDM.ResultsORs of pre-BMI, maternal age, GWG at 24 weeks, and first-degree relatives with DM were 1.250, 1.096, 1.142, and 2,098 separately. It is suggested for lowering the incidence of GDM that, to the utmost extent, 12 kg, 9 kg, and 8 kg for GWG at 24 weeks should be the ideal boundary for those pregnant women whose BMI was 15–21 kg/m2, 21–23 kg/m2, and 23–25 kg/m2 respectively. Pre-BMI ≤22 kg/m2 would be recommended for an expectant mother whose age is no more than 28 years old. Similarly, women whose age was above 28 years old would be advised to control their BMI below 20 kg/m2.ConclusionOptimal GWG during pregnancy varies largely by diverse pre-BMI, and likewise, optimal pre-BMI varies a lot by different age group. Public health awareness should be promoted on the importance of having healthy pre-BMI, and achieving optimal weight gain during pregnancy to avoid or reduce the incidence of GDM, especially for those with first-degree relatives with DM.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN KELOR PADA IBU MENYUSUI EKSKLUSIF TERHADAP KENAIKAN BERAT BAYI 0 – 5 BULAN

Latar Belakang : Kebutuhan gizi ibu menyusui meningkat dibandingkan dengan tidak menyusui dan masa keha ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF MORINGA LEAVES EXTRACT ON EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING MOTHER ON INFANT WEIGHT INCREASE IN 0 - 5 MONTHS Background: The nutritional needs of breastfeeding mothers are increased compared to non-breastfeeding and during pregnancy. Efforts to achieve optimal infant nutrition until they reach six months of age can only be done through improving maternal nutrition. This illustrates that the food consumed by breastfeeding mothers greatly affects the production of breast milk. Moringa leaves are a food ingredient that has a lactogenic effect because they contain phytosterols. National exclusive breastfeeding coverage has only reached 65.16%, while exclusive breastfeeding coverage in Lampung province is 67.01% (Indonesian Ministry of Health 2018). Even though it has exceeded the national coverage, it is still low compared to the target target of 80%. Meanwhile, in Bandar Lampung City, in 2018, exclusive breastfeeding coverage was 44.5%. PWS KIA, Kebun Ginger Health Center, Bandar Lampung City, showed that from January to July 2019 there were 12,72% babies under 6 months did not get optimal weight gain. Purpose : To determine the effect of Moringa leaf extract on exclusive breastfeeding mothers on weight gain of infants 0-5 months at the Kebon Jahe Community Health Center in Bandar Lampung in 2020 Method: Quantitative research with a two group pretest-posttest design research method. The population was exclusively breastfeeding mothers, a sample of 32 mothers was divided into two groups. 16 breastfeeding mothers were given Moringa leaf extract and 16 breastfeeding mothers were given placebo, using purposive sampling technique. Data analysis was performed using statistical tests using independent t test and paired T test. Results: The average body weight in the group given Moringa leaves increased from 5012 grams to 5765.25 grams, while the group given katuk leaf extract increased from 4962 grams to 6040.62 grams. The results of the independent T test obtained a p-value of 0.556 (p value> 0.05), this means that statistically there is no difference in the two groups. Pairwise difference test results obtained p-value 0.000 (pvalue 0,05) hal ini bermakna bahwa secara statistik tidak ada perbedaan pada kedua kelompok. Hasil uji beda berpasangan diperoleh hasil pvalue 0,000 (pvalue 0,05) hal ini bermakna bahwa secara statistik tidak ada perbedaan pada kedua kelompok. Hasil uji beda berpasangan diperoleh hasil pvalue 0,000 (pvalue < 0,05) Kesimpulan : tidak ada perbedaan pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun kelor dan daun katuk (placebo) terhadap kenaikan berat badan bayi. Ada perbedaan berat badan sebelum dan sesudah pemberian ekstrak daun kelor dan placebo. Daun kelor memiliki efektifitas yang sama dalam meningkatkan berat badan bayi.

EFFECT OF DIETARY COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION ON SERUM COPPER LEVEL AND PERFORMANCE OF FEMALE WEST AFRICAN DWARF (Fouta djallon) GOATS

The effects of dietary copper supplementation on serum copper level and performance were studied in a 174-day feeding experiment involving 16 female West African dwarf goats level and using depletion - repletion approach, The results obtained showed a significantly lower (P&lt;0.05) but traces of serum copper after depletion combined with pre depletion (1.70 to 1.90 Ug/dl serum) and after 42 days of dietary repletion (1.28 to 2.50 Ug/dl serum). The best responses in terms of growth rate (0.114 kg/day) highest dry matter intake (1.43 Ugg feed DM) were induced by 240.68 Ug Cug DM of feed. The goats managed maintenance requirement for copper was 5.033 UgCuw0.75. while the dietary copper supplementation requirement was 240.68 Ug They had free access to salt licks and water. Cu/g DM of feed for optimum weight gain, growth rate and dry matter intake.

Birthweight and Patterns of Postnatal Weight Gain in Very and Extremely Preterm Babies: A 12 Year, Whole Population Study

Background: Intrauterine and postnatal weight are widely regarded as biomarkers of fetal and neonatal wellbeing, but optimal weight gain following preterm birth is unknown. We describe changes over time in birthweight and postnatal weight gain in very and extremely preterm babies, in relation to major morbidity and healthy survival. Methods: We used whole population data from the UK National Neonatal Research Database for infants below 32 weeks gestation admitted to neonatal units in England and Wales over 2008-2019. We employed non-linear Gaussian process to estimate trends, and Bayesian multilevel regression to estimate unadjusted and adjusted coefficients. We evaluated birthweight; weight change birth to 14 days (ΔW14); weight at 36 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA); associated z-scores; and longitudinal weights for babies surviving to 36 weeks PMA with and without major morbidities. Findings: The cohort comprised 90,817 infants. Over the 12-year period mean (95% Compatibility Interval) differences adjusted for antenatal, postnatal and demographic variables were birthweight: 0g (-7, 7); birthweight z-score: -0∙01 (-0∙05, 0∙03); ΔW14: 39g (26, 51); ΔW14 z-score: 0∙14 (0∙08, 0∙19); weight 36 weeks PMA: 105g (81, 128); weight 36 weeks PMA z-score: 0∙27 (0∙21, 0∙33). Greater weight at 36 weeks PMA was robust to adjustment for enteral nutritional intake. In babies surviving without major morbidity, weight velocity in all gestational age groups stabilised at around 34 weeks PMA at 16-25 g/day along parallel centile lines. Interpretation: The birthweight of extremely and very preterm babies has remained stable over 12 years. Early postnatal weight loss decreased, subsequent weight gain increased but weight at 36 weeks PMA is consistently below birth centile. In babies without major morbidity, weight velocity follows a consistent trajectory offering opportunity to construct novel preterm growth curves despite lack of knowledge of optimal postnatal weight gain. Funding Information: UK Medical Research Council. Declaration of Interests: NM reports grants outside the submitted work from the Medical Research Council, National Institute of Health Research, March of Dimes, British Heart Foundation, HCA international, Health Data Research UK, Shire Pharmaceuticals, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, Prolacta Life Sciences, and Westminster Children’s Research Fund; NM is a member of the Nestle Scientific Advisory Board and accepts no personal remuneration for this role. NM reports travel and accommodation reimbursements from Chiesi, Nestle and Shire. CG reports grants from the National Institute for Health Research and Canadian Institute for Health Research in support of randomised controlled trials of nutritional interventions in preterm neonates. All other authors report no declarations of interest. Ethics Approval Statement: The Health Research Authority, and Health and Care Research, Wales, approved the study (ID 273001). All neonatal units agreed to the inclusion of their data in the study.

Digestible threonine requirement in diets for tambatinga (♀Colossoma macropomum x ♂Piaractus brachypomus) fingerlings

ABSTRACT Cross breeding of native fish species is a technique to produce hybrids that can express higher weight gain and feed efficiency compared to the parental species. The digestible threonine requirement in diets for tambatinga fingerlings (Colossoma macropomum ♀ x Piaractus brachypomus ♂) was determined in this study. For this, 700 fingerlings with an average initial weight of 2.39 ±0.02 g and average final weight of 35.96 ±2.03 g were distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of six treatments (0.600, 0.800, 1.000, 1.200, 1.400, and 1.600% digestible threonine) and five replicates per treatment, with 20 fish per experimental unit. Diets were formulated by the “diet dilution” technique using the ideal protein concept. Performance, feed efficiency, body depositions of protein, ash and fat, and nitrogen retention efficiency of the fish were evaluated. The digestible threonine levels that optimized weight gain, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio were 1.40, 1.27 and 1.10%, respectively. Body deposition of fat was reduced in a quadratic manner (p&lt;0.01), and the body depositions of protein and ash, together with the efficiency of nitrogen retention, were optimized by the digestible threonine level of 1.20; 1.33, and 0.82%, respectively. The recommended digestible threonine level in the diet for tambatinga fingerlings is 1.20 to 1.40% (0.40 and 0.47% Mcal DE-1) to obtain higher body deposition of protein and weight gain, respectively.

Effects of varying levels of dietary protein on the performance of rabbits

Sixteen Newzealand White rabbits aged 9.5 = 0.5 weeks weighing 0.72-0.99kg were used to evaluate the experimental rations which allowed for good weight gain. They were divided into 4 groups and allotted four different diets for the treatment groups with 10, 13, 16 and 20% CP. Feed intake (FI) for the treatment groups were 58.52, 61.46, 57.35, and 61.06g while average daily gain (ADG) were 4.22, 4.35, 5.32 and 6.02g for the groups. There were significant increase (P&lt;0.01) in the digestibility of CP, EE and NFE within the treatment groups. Diets containing 16-20% CP may provide adequate nutrients for optimum weight gain of Newzealand rabbits.

وزن گیری دوران بارداری زنان مراجعه کننده به مراکز بهداشتی درمانی تهران در سال 1395

Background and Objective: Inappropriate gestational weight gain (GWG) may increase risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. To prevent these risks, determining optimal weight gain is a priority in prenatal care. The objective of this study was to determine the GWG of women referring to health centers for their prenatal care visits in Tehran in 2016. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Tehran, Iran. The study population included all pregnant women receiving prenatal care visits from April 2016 to March 2017 in 12 health centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti and Iran Universities of Medical Sciences. The sampling method was census and a total of 232 people were surveyed. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 23 using statistics of frequency, mean and standard deviation. To investigate the relationship between variables, correlation method was used by using Pearson's correlation coefficient at a significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean (SD) of age of women was 28.6 (5.4) with a range of 18 to 40 years. According to the pre-pregnancy body mass index, among 220 pregnant women, 6 (2.7%) were underweight, 112 (50.9%) were normal, 78 (35.4%) were overweight, and 24 (11%) people were obese. The mean (SD) of GWG was 11.7 (4.3) kilograms and among 177 pregnant women, 76 (42.9%) had GWG within, 55 (31.1%) had GWG below and 46 (26) had GWG above guidelines. Conclusion: The prevalence of GWG above guidelines was higher in overweight and obese women than underweight and normal women in this study. Therefore, achieving the appropriate weight before pregnancy and close monitoring of weight gain during pregnancy is recommended.

PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF MALE MA DUCKS GIVEN BAY LEAF SOLUTION IN DRINKING WATER

Bay leaves contain flavonoid active compounds including quercetine and fluoretine having antioxidative and antimicrobial properties. Bay leaves can be given as feed additive to improve body metabolism in animals. This study was aimed at assessing the effects of the inclusion of bay leaf solution in drinking water on the performance and carcass quality of male MA ducks. Seventy-two male one-day-old MA ducks were allocated into battery cages (50 cm length, 50 cm width, 78 cm height). The ducks were fed commercial rations containing 21-23% CP and 2820-2920 Kcal/kg ME and given drinking water containing bay leaf solution (LDS). A completely randomized design with 3 treatments and 6 replicates of 4 ducks each was used. Treatments consisted of drinking water containing no LDS (R0), drinking water containing 4% LDS (R1), and drinking water containing 8% LDS (R2). Measurements were taken on production performance and percentages of carcass parts. Results showed that th einclusion of LDS in drinking water gave significant effects (P&lt;0.05) on body weight gain but not (P&gt;0.05) on all carcass composition parameters. It was concluded that the inclusion of LDS in drinking water up to 8% resulted in a mean body weight gain of 194.88±10.88 g/head/day but did not affect the percentages of carcass and its parts including breast, wing, and thigh. It was recommended that LDS be included by up to 8% in drinking water of male MA ducks for optimal body weight gain.

Performance and digestibility by Uda rams fed concentrate diets containing graded levels of camel's foot pod meal (CFPM)

The study was conducted to investigate the performance of Uda rams fed concentrate diets containing graded levels of Camel's foot pod meal (CFPM). Sixteen (16) entire male Uda rams with an average initial weight of 30+0.0kg were allotted into four (4) dietary treatments in a Complete Randomized Design. Four (4) experimental concentrate diets were compounded with CFPM replacing soya bean meal at 0, 20, 40 and 60% levels of inclusion representing diets 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The concentrate diets were offered to the animals at 1.50% of their body weight and concentrate feeding was adjusted on weekly body weight basis while rice straws were served ad libitum as basal diet. At the end of the 12 weeks feeding trial, a digestibility trial was conducted which lasted 21 days using three animals from each treatment. Parameters measured were dry matter intake, live weight changes, feed to gain ratio and nutrients digestibility. Results showed that the organic matter content of the diet containing 40% CFPM was highest compared to other diets. There was no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) in dry matter intake and live weight changes among the treatments. The dry matter intake was higher in treatment 2 (993.02g) than in treatment 1 (932.32g) likewise the live weight changes was higher in treatment 4 (36.25kg) than treatment 1 (34.00kg). The feed to gain ratio ranged from 17.62 in treatment 4 to 25.42 in treatment 2. Nutrients digestibility increased with increasing level of CFPM in the diets. The DM, CP and ash digestibility were higher (p&gt;0.05) in treatment 4 compared to the control treatment while the ADL was also higher (p&lt;0.05) in treatment 4 than the control treatment. The optimum weight gain (36.25kg) and efficient utilization (17.92) was achieved at 60% inclusion level of CFMP. Therefore, Piliostigma reticulatum pods can serve as a potential fodder feed resource for ruminant fattening programme.

Midwives' and obstetricians' perspectives about pregnancy related weight management in Ethiopia: A qualitative study.

Midwives and obstetricians are key maternity care providers; they are the most trusted source of information regarding nutrition and gestational weight gain. However, their views, practices and perceived barriers to managing pregnancy related weight gain have not been studied in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to explore midwives' and obstetricians' observations and perspectives about gestational weight gain and postpartum weight management in Ethiopia. We conducted face-to-face interviews with 11 midwives and 10 obstetricians, from January 2019 to March 2019. All interview data were transcribed verbatim. We analysed the data using thematic analysis with an inductive approach. We identified three themes and associated subthemes. Midwives and obstetricians had limited knowledge of the optimal gestational weight gain. Almost all participants were unaware of the presence of the Institute of Medicine recommendations for optimal weight gain in pregnancy. According to the study participants, women in Ethiopia do not want to gain weight during pregnancy, but do want to gain weight after the birth. Counselling about gestational weight gain and postpartum weight management was not routinely provided for pregnant women. This is mostly because gestational weight gain counselling was not considered to be a priority by maternity care providers in Ethiopia. The limited knowledge of and low attention to pregnancy related weight management by midwives and obstetricians in this setting needs appropriate intervention. Adapting a guideline for pregnancy weight management and integrating it into antenatal care is essential.

Exposure to heavy metals modifies optimal gestational weight gain: A large nationally representative cohort of the Japan Environment and Children’s Study

Clinical guidelines including those set by the US Institute of Medicine, have based optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) on maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), but have not considered the role of environmental toxicants such as heavy metals that can disrupt these processes. This study designed to determine optimal GWG ranges in women grouped according to BMI, and to assess whether blood concentrations of heavy metals alter the relationships between GWG and outcomes. A total of 103,060 participants in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study recruited between 2011 and 2014 were followed until their children reached 3 years of age. Outcomes included 1 min Apgar score <7, caesarean delivery, childhood obesity, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, low birth weight, large for gestational age, macrosomia, operative vaginal delivery, postpartum weight retention, preterm birth and small for gestational age. The optimal GWG ranges were determined using multivariate logistic regression models. Stratified analyses were performed to determine optimal GWG ranges according to quartiles of heavy metals. Optimal GWGs for underweight, normal weight and overweight women were found to be 10.0 to <14.0 kg, 6.0 to <12.0 kg and 4.0 to <8.0 kg, respectively. However, the benefits of optimal GWG were attenuated in women exposed to high concentrations of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Despite being within optimal GWG, underweight women with Hg > 5.21 ng/g and overweight women with Hg 3.67–5.21 ng/g, Pb > 7.31 ng/g and Cd > 0.66 ng/g had null effects. Heavy metals can modify the associations between GWG and outcomes, particularly for underweight and overweight women. Because of the complex interactions of environmental toxicants with pre-pregnancy BMI, GWG and adverse outcomes, GWG guidelines should be interpreted cautiously. Environmental toxicants may influence the determination of a clinical guideline.

Are the Institute of Medicine guidelines for optimal gestational weight gain in twin pregnancies applicable to Japanese women?

To investigate whether the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines for optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) in twin pregnancies are applicable to Japanese women. This was a retrospective study involving women who delivered full-term twins at our tertiary center diagnosed with a normal prepregnancy body mass index. The women were divided into two groups, according to the optimal GWG recommended by the IOM (16.8-24.5 kg): the adequate GWG (AGWG) group with GWG meeting the guidelines and the low GWG (LGWG) group with GWG below the guidelines. Next, the women were divided into two groups according to birthweight: a group with both twins born appropriate for gestational age (AGA group) and a group with one or both twins born small for gestational age (SGA group). Their GWG as well as their pregnancy outcomes were compared. A total of 265 women were included. The AGWG group had a significantly higher proportion of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy than the LGWG group. There was no significant difference in the proportion of women with both twins born AGA or the rate of admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Meanwhile, the median GWG in the AGA group was 13.6 kg, which was significantly higher than 12.0 kg in the SGA group. And even the median GWG in the AGA group was below the lower limit of the IOM guidelines. The optimal GWG for Japanese women with twin pregnancies may be below the IOM guidelines.

Copper hydroxychloride is more efficacious than copper sulfate in improving broiler chicken's growth performance, both at nutritional and growth-promoting levels

This study was designed to compare the effects of nutritional and growth-promoting levels of copper hydroxychloride (CH) with copper sulfate (CuSO4) on growth, carcass characteristics, tibia traits and mineral concentration in broilers fed a conventional wheat-soybean meal–based diet. Day-old Ross 308 male chicks (n = 864) were randomly assigned into 8 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 18 chicks per treatment. The dietary treatments included a basal diet containing no supplemental copper (Cu) serving as the negative control (NC); basal diet supplemented with 15 or 200 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4; basal diet supplemented with either 15, 50, 100, 150, or 200 mg/kg Cu from CH. Diets were fed over the starter (day 1–14) and grower (day 14–35) phases. Birds in the NC group gained the same body weight and had similar feed conversion ratio (FCR) to birds receiving 15 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4, but birds receiving 15 mg/kg Cu as CH had a lower FCR than the NC birds (day 0–35; P < 0.05). Birds fed 200 mg/kg Cu as CH gained more weight (77 g/bird) and had a lower FCR (3.2 point) compared with those fed 200 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4 (P < 0.01). Based on broken-line regression models, the optimum inclusion level of Cu as CH in the diet for optimal body weight gain and FCR were estimated to be 109.5 and 72.3 mg/kg, respectively (P < 0.001). Carcass characteristics were not affected by dietary Cu sources or levels (P > 0.05). The highest and lowest tibia ash content were observed in birds fed diet with 150 mg/kg Cu as CH and 200 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4, respectively (P < 0.05). Supplementation with 200 mg/kg Cu as CH resulted in higher duodenal mucosa Cu content compared with the diet containing 200 mg/kg Cu as CuSO4 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, supplementation of Cu from CH was more efficacious than CuSO4 in promoting growth performance, both at nutritional and pharmacological levels.

Dietary microbial muramidase improves feed efficiency, energy and nutrient availability and welfare of broilers fed commercial type diets containing exogenous enzymes

ABSTRACT 1. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of graded levels of the microbially derived feed lysozyme, muramidase (MUR) on feed intake (FI), weight gain (WG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), European Performance Index (EPI), dietary N-corrected apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn), footpad dermatitis score (FPD) and other welfare variables, when fed to broilers from 0 to 42d age. 2. A four-phase dietary programme and four experimental pelleted diets were used; a control diet (following breeder recommendations without MUR supplementation), and three diets based on the control diet supplemented with 25,000, 35,000 and 45,000 LSU (F)/kg of MUR, respectively. In addition, all experimental diets contained exogenous xylanase, phytase and a coccidiostat. Each diet was fed to birds in 24 pens (20 male Ross 308 chicks in each pen) following randomisation. Dietary AMEn was determined at 21 d of age, and FPD was evaluated at the end of the study. Data were analysed by ANOVA, using orthogonal polynomials for assessing linear and quadratic responses to MUR activity. 3. The inclusion of MUR did not change FI (P > 0.05), but increased WG in a linear manner (P < 0.05) and reduced FCR in a quadratic manner, with optimum WG and FCR observed in birds fed approximately 35 000 LSU (F)/kg. In accordance with the improvement in FCR, 35 000 LSU (F)/kg MUR supplementation produced the highest EPI (P < 0.05). FPD score was linearly decreased with increased addition of MUR (P < 0.05). Dietary AMEn responded in a quadratic fashion to the MUR inclusion, as the highest values were obtained with the highest inclusion rate (P < 0.05). 4. In conclusion, the results showed that inclusion of MUR improved feed efficiency and the foot health of birds.

Demographic and social-cognitive factors associated with gestational weight gain in an Australian pregnancy cohort

AimTo identify and describe the demographic and social-cognitive factors associated with excessive gestational weight gain using the Weight-Related Behaviours Questionnaire, within an Australian pregnancy cohort. BackgroundSupporting women to achieve optimal weight gain in pregnancy is complex. Social-cognitive factors are recognised antecedents to, and mediators of, weight related behaviour change. Less is known about their role during pregnancy. Methods159 women enrolled in a pregnancy cohort study completed the Weight-Related Behaviours Questionnaire (WRBQ) at approximately 19 weeks gestation, and total gestational weight gain was later measured at 36 weeks. Summary scores were reported descriptively. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test demographic (maternal age, pre pregnancy body mass index, parity, smoking status, marital status, education) and social-cognitive factors (weight locus of control, self- efficacy, attitudes towards weight gain, body image, feelings about motherhood, career orientation) as predictors of excessive gestational weight gain. FindingsMaternal age was the sole demographic factor predictive of excessive gestational weight gain. Older participants (34-41 yrs) were less likely to gain excessive weight when compare to younger participants (18–24 yrs): Odds Ratio 0.20, 95% Confidence Interval 0.05, 0.82. Body image (measured as personal satisfaction and perception of own weight) was the sole social-cognitive factor associated with excessive gestational weight gain. For every one unit improvement in body image score, there was a 33% decreased odds of excessive gestational weight gain (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.53, 0.85). ConclusionThis study suggests that younger maternal age and lower perceived body image are predictive of excessive gestational weight gain.

Management of prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum obesity from the FIGO Pregnancy and Non‐Communicable Diseases Committee: A FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) guideline

Management of prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum obesity from the FIGO Pregnancy and Non‐Communicable Diseases Committee: A FIGO (International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) guideline

Adolphe Quetelet’s Premonition Two Centuries after: Besides Its Implications in Physiology (Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes), Its Paramount Importance in Human Pregnancy

Adolphe Quételet (1796-1874) proposed in 1835 the “Quételet index”, which was re-discovered in 1972 by Keys et al. under the acronym “Body Mass index”, BMI. The author makes an historical overview of the evolution of this BMI and its interest in medical science and anthropometry. Nowadays this BMI appears to be involved in a mathematical linear law concerning the gestational weight gain in human pregnancies. Getting rid of the current fuzzy recommendations concerning the optimal weight gain for each woman in pregnancy, this may have paramount consequences for the future. When confirmed, Quételet’s proposal will appear as a further Copernician revolution in human anthropometry.

Gimdyvių antropometriniai rodikliai ir jų ryšys su nėštumo bei gimdymo komplikacijomis

Tyrimo tikslas. Įvertinti gimdyvių antropometrinius rodiklius, jų pokyčius ir ryšį su nėštumo ir gimdymo komplikacijomis. Metodai. 429 gimdyvės užpildė anoniminę anketą. Vertinti antropometriniai rodikliai, su nėštumu ir gimdymu susijusios būklės, naujagimio svoris. Gimdyvės suskirstytos į keturias grupes pagal KMI ir į tris grupes pagal kūno masės prieaugį. Tirtas nėštumo ir gimdymo komplikacijų dažnis grupėse. Rezultatai apdoroti naudojantis „Microsoft Excel“ bei „SPSS“ programomis. Rezultatai. Vidutinis gimdyvių amžius – 31,8 metų (pirmą kartą gimdžiusių – 30 metų), ūgis – 168 cm, svoris – 67,4 kg, KMI – 23,9 k/m2. 61,3 proc. gimdyvių turėjo ≥1 nėštumo arba gimdymo komplikaciją. Statistiškai reikšmingai daugiau komplikacijų buvo antsvorio turinčių ir nutukusių gimdyvių grupėje nei per mažo arba normalaus KMI grupėse, taip pat per daug kūno masės priaugusių gimdyvių grupėje lyginant su rekomenduojamos kūno masės prieaugio grupe. Išvados. Nustatytos gimdyvių KMI didėjimo tendencijos. Per didelis KMI bei per mažas arba per didelis kūno masės prieaugis nėštumo laikotarpiu turi įtakos su nėštumu, gimdymu ir naujagimiu susijusių komplikacijų dažnio didėjimui

Optimal Gestational Weight Gain for Tibetans Based on Prepregnancy Body Mass Index

We aimed to estimate the optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) in Tibetan women and to evaluate the appropriateness of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) GWG recommendations for Tibetan women. We analyzed data from 1474 Tibetan women from a cross-sectional study conducted in 2019. According to the three different body mass index (BMI) classification criteria (WHO BMI categories, WHO Asian BMI categories, Chinese BMI categories), we estimated the association of GWG with pregnancy outcomes (neonate birthweight and mode of delivery) using a polynomial regression model, and the optimal GWG in each BMI group was calculated. The risk of adverse outcomes showed a U-shaped curve with increasing GWG. The optimal GWG of Tibetan women based on the WHO BMI categories was 17.2 kg (range, 13.3 to 20.9 kg) for underweight, 9.3 kg (5.8 to 12.9 kg) for normal weight, and 5.2 kg (1.3 to 9.1 kg) for overweight. Underweight Tibetan mothers may gain more gestational weight than recommend by the IOM guidelines. However, normal weight Tibetan mothers are likely to benefit from gaining less weight than that recommended by the IOM. The GWG recommendations based on the IOM guidelines might not be appropriate for Tibetan women, and ethnicity-specific recommendations for GWG should be properly addressed.