Abstract In this work we report the optical properties and upconversion luminescence of Er 3+ ions in lead–niobium–germanate glass (GeO 2 –PbO–Nb 2 O 5 ) suitable for use in optical waveguide devices. The optical properties of Er 3+ ions have been established in terms of absorption and emission spectra and lifetime measurements in the visible and infrared regions. The 1.5 μm emission cross-section has been determined from the line shape of the emission spectrum and the calculated emission probability for the 4 I 13/2 level. Upconversion emissions at 529, 548, and 653 nm have been obtained under infrared excitation at 803 nm in the 4 I 9/2 level and compared with those obtained under one photon excitation. Pumping power measurements were also carried out. The possible excitation mechanisms responsible for this upconversion luminescence are discussed.