Opposite Meanings Research Articles

SEMANTIC PROSODY AND PREFERENCE OF “HEALTHY” AND “UNHEALTHY” COLLOCATIONS IN COVID-19 CORPUS

This study is conducted in order to know the collocations of ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’ as well as to explore the lexical meaning of those collocations. Corpus-based approach is employed in this study since the sole source of the data is the corpus data. Qualitative research method is used in order to find the hypotheses from the corpus data which is taken from Sketch Engine. The results demonstrate that the collocations of two node words are dissimilar in the categorization. ‘healthy’ node word indicates that three major semantic preferences are associated with it - human, animal, disease. On the contrary, the semantic preferences of ‘unhealthy’ node word are diverse. Thus, the classification is based on the meaning of the collocations. The collocations with negative meaning occur more frequently than those with positive meaning. It is due to the fact that they use the prefixes –in and –un which create the opposite meaning of the original word. Therefore, the negative semantic prosody is more frequently found the two node words – ‘healthy’ and ‘unhealthy’.

ASPECT AND AKTIONSART OF SECONDARY ASPECTUAL VERBS IN SERBIAN

The aim of the paper is to investigate aspectual value of secondary aspectual verb phrase in Serbian in terms of both grammatical and lexical aspect (Aktionsart). The present analysis focuses on two secondary aspectualizers krenuti and stati, which when used as lexical verbs have the opposite meanings related to motion in space, but when they appear as phase construction heads both verbs modify the opening segment of the aspectual event. The central idea of the proposal is that event types in general largely depend on temporal structures which need to be contextualized before they are formally identifiable. In other words, contrary to traditional approaches which define lexical aspect as inherent to verb meaning, we claim that each verb form (or any lexical and/or grammatical form for that matter) has an underlying meaning through which it entertains systematic relations with other forms in a language (Hirtle 1982:40). We start form aspectual and Aktionsart features of krenuti and stati as verb lexemes, then move onto the level of syntax to identify the co-compositional aspect of the overall phase construction via event structure and event segmentation mechanisms. Finally, the present paper aims to examine different uses of the two secondary aspectual verbs, along with the different types of events they can denote in order to bring to light the potential meanings which give rise to the various contextual senses of the aspectual construction. The reported results of the analysis were checked on the Corpus of Contemporary Serbian Language (SrpKor 2013).
 Key words: aspectual constructions, Aktionsart, aspectual event, temporal structure, secondary aspectualizer, event segmentation, event co-composition

Opposite implicit meaning of a legislative text (mefhūmu-l-muhālefe) in the Shafi’i school of law

This paper attempts to elaborate on the Shafi’i school of law scholars’ theoretical interpretation of the acceptance of the opposite implicit meaning (mefhūmu-l- muhālefe) method in the ijtihad and the consequences of such interpretation on the derivation of legal regulations in that school. At the beginning of the paper, we briefly explain the discipline of linguistics in uṣūlu-l-fikh, the acceptance of implicit meaning (mefhūm) in the process of ijtihad, the linguistic and terminological definition of the concept of mefhūmu-l- muhālefe in the Shafi'i school of law, the disagreement between Hanafi and Shafi’i on this issue, and the conditions for the use of the opposite meaning method (mefhūmu-l- muhālefe) by the Shafi’i. The use of opposite meaning (mefhūmu-l- muhālefe) and its significance in the Shafi'i school of law are explained naming suitable examples. At the end of the paper, we clarify the value of the mefhūmu-l- muhālefe indication and the legal power of the indication in the ijtihad. Keywords: the Qur'an Honorable, hadith, legislative text, implicit meaning (mefhūm), opposite implicit meaning (mefhūmu-l- muhālefe), legal reasoning (ijtihad).

May as a Figure of Resistance in the Merchant’s Tale

As a popular genre of medieval English literature, fabliau is a short, bawdy, and humorous story of the adultery of a young wife who is married to an old husband. In the Canterbury Tales, Geoffrey Chaucer includes the Merchant’s Tale as a fabliau in which May, the young wife of January, is engaged in an extramarital affair. May’s representation as adulterous and lecherous seems to reinforce the antifeminist claims of the genre; however, at the same time her active participation into the action of the fabliau empowers her to subvert and re-define her subordinate position as a woman. Although May is subject to the forces of the dominant ideology of the patriarchy completely, she creates oppositional meanings and pleasure by using resources of the dominant power. Indeed, she employs the tactics and guileful ruses of the weak to follow her illicit sexual adventure and gain partial freedom of her body and space. By examining May’s resistance to dominant structures in the context of John Fiske’s popular culture theory, this article analyses May as a figure of resistance who evades her subjection and transforms it to her advantage by making use of, what Fiske calls, the tactics, artful stratagems, and tricks of the weak.

Prophetischer oder marxistischer Sozialismus?

German philosopher and sociologist Max Scheler (1874–1928) puts forward the concept of “prophetic Christian socialism” as a means of political and ideological opposition to Marxism. The concept expresses his religious-philosophical views, developed in earlier works, primarily in the main work “Formalism in Ethics and Material Ethics of Values”. Scheler compares his own views on socialism, understanding of history, the possibility of foreseeing historical processes with the views of these realities of K. Marx. Scheler's criticism of Marx's teachings is interspersed with the recognition of its partial correctness.

Identifying drivers of liking and characterizing the ideal product thanks to Free-Comment

Consumers’ hedonic appreciation is important for the commercial success of a product. To formulate appreciated products, sensory and hedonic data of some existing products are often linked to each other. Because existing products represent only a limited sensory space of investigation, asking consumers to characterize their ideal product can provide relevant additional information to understand their preferences. First, the paper investigates whether sensory drivers of liking can be derived from linking Free-Comment (FC) and hedonic data. Second, Ideal-Free-Comment (IFC) is introduced. IFC instructs consumers to describe actual products and then their ideal product thanks to FC. IFC paired with liking scoring was used in a home-use test with 483 consumers each evaluating from 1 to 14 (5.71 on average) cooked hams from a list of 30 hams representative of the French market. Based on a mixed linear model, relevant drivers of liking were identified from FC data. The panel’s average ideal product was consistent with the drivers of liking. Since descriptors with opposite meanings characterized individual ideal products, a consumer segmentation based on their ideal product was performed and resulted in two segments. The two segments’ ideal products mainly differed regarding their flavor. Drivers of liking and the ideal product of the smaller segment (≈ 15% of the consumers) were not well consistent suggesting this was a noise segment. Drivers of liking based on FC data and IFC are complementary tools to understand consumers’ hedonic appreciation without the use of a pre-established list of descriptors.

영상도식을 통한 현대중국어 ‘進’, ‘出’류 방향보어의 의미 확장 연구

This study investigated the correlation between language and body by examining the semantic extension of directive complements in the Modern Chinese Language, including 进 and 出, through corpus analysis, and analyzing the mechanism based on the image schema and conceptual metaphor theory of cognitive linguistics. The results are as follows: First, the basic meaning of directive complements of 进 and 出 is the direction that a human subject takes: moving in or out of a space. The extended semantics, however, show the movement of not only humans but also animals, objects, and abstract objects. Such aspects are the same as the sequence of the semantic extension suggested by Heine et al (1991: 48-49) that it transitions from the categories closest to human experience to abstract. Second, the semantic extension of 进 and 出 has a deep correlation with our experiences and cognitive systems. This is the result of our repeated experience of moving in and out of a space in our daily life, having created patterns in our cognition and given the same meaning to other objects that have similarities. Third, although 进 and 出 have the opposite basic meaning, their extended meanings are asymmetrical. While 进 carries the meaning of a result (sunken) and a result (understanding and acceptance), 出 has no such meaning but more diverse patterns of results, quantity, and degree: hidden (隐) → appear (显) and nothing (无) → existence (有). This is because the movement of 出, wherein an object is exposed out of a space in terms of the resultant movement, is more cognitively significant.

Reinterpretation of the Legend of Lake Toba into the Batak Opera Janji Putri Ikan

The creation of the Janji Putri Ikan Batak Opera is an effort to design the Art of Batak Opera which is based on the Batak folklore of the legend of Lake Toba. The design effort is the result of the re-interpretation of the legend of Lake Toba folklore through the transfer approach. The results of the transfer of the vehicle were initially manifested in a new drama play entitled Janji Putri Ikan. The drama play of the Janji Putri Ikan was designed by retaining the plot as found in the folklore of the legend of Lake Toba but changing it from a folklore format to a drama play format with a formulation or play style adapted for the purposes of designing the Batak Opera. The designer of the play is done by making changes to the structural aspects of folklore which are interpreted deconstructively in the meaning of the structure. The placement of the opposite meaning of the structure ultimately has an impact on significant changes in the characterization aspect, the dramatic aspect and also the story setting aspect as contained in the structure of the legend of Lake Toba folklore. Thus, the design of the Janji Putri Ikan Batak Opera is more than just an adaptation work but is a complete application of the concept of transfer from the regional literary genre (folklore) to the creation of the Batak Opera. This means that the final embodiment of this creation is the Batak Opera performance with the play Janji Putri Ikan. This work is supported by 15 players consisting of actors, dancers, and musicians, which will be performed at the local or national level. The product of this research is a work of theater art, as an appreciation material for students and the community. This work is made in Brechtian form in a realist concept.

“We Foreigners Lived In Our Foreign Bubble”: Understanding Colorblind Ideology In Expatriate Narratives1

Racial colorblindness—the desire to not “see color”—or avoiding any use of the term “race” itself, has been an antiracist imperative in post‐WWII Sweden in order to leave behind the prior era of eugenics and racial thinking. Through a multi‐sited linguistic ethnographic study, this article examines how 46 returning Swedish expatriate women talk about race and whiteness in race‐related experiences and interactions, using colorblind language. By analyzing the implicit contextual associations and dissociations made between race, language, subjectivity, and nation, a system of ideas and cognitive structures mapping perceptions and constructions of the world is exposed; of national belonging, racialized bodies, racial hierarchies, and perceptions of the West itself. In their migrant narratives, however, the categories used could be ascribed opposite meanings, depending on subjectivity and context. In this logic, language and nationality becomes “visible” or “hidden” depending on time and place, while “visible whiteness” can be associated with either an undesirable sense of difference or a set of unspoken privileges.

EXTRACTS OF CINNAMON (Cinnamomum cassia) AND MINT (Mentha arvensis) FOR THE FUNGI CONTROL OF Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Studies regarding vegetal extracts and essential oils from native plants have demonstrated efficiency in controlling phytopathogens of fungitoxic action, hampering the development of phytopathogenic fungi. This study aims to determine the fungicide effect of vegetal extracts during the mycelial growth of the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. The experiment was conducted in the phytosanitary laboratory of the UEMS in the unit of Cassilândia-MS, Brazil. A completely randomized design was used with a factorial scheme 4 x 5, comprising leaves, bark, and branches of cinnamon and mint leaves in the concentrations of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10, and 20%, with six repetitions per treatment. The evaluations were made 24, 48, and 96 hours after the transplant, obtaining the diametrically opposite means with a caliper to determine the measures. The results indicate a higher inhibitory efficiency against fungi development using extracts of mint leaves and cinnamon leaves and branches.

Ibsen, Power and the Self: Postsocialist Chinese Experimentations in Stage Performance and Film

Ibsen, Power and the Self: Postsocialist Chinese Experimentations in Stage Performance and Film

The Problem of the Development of Dialogical Qualities of Cognitive Activity of Senior Pupils in the Educational Process

The purpose of article is: to describe the effectiveness of the proposed system of formative influences on the development of dialogical qualities of Cognitive Activity of senior pupils, which was determined on the basis of comparison of initial and final sections made by the method of semantic analysis of pupils’ solutions of literary creative problems. The following theoretical methods of the research were used to solve the tasks formulated in the article: a categorical method, structural and functional methods, the methods of the analysis, systematization, modeling, generalization. Also in our research we used empirical methods, such as the experiment of the effectiveness of group forms of the pupils’ activity at the lessons. The results of the research. We showed that the analysis of the problem situation is carried out only at the superficial level of the development of dialogical qualities of Cognitive Activity of senior pupils. Pupils analyze only the content of the proposed task, do not try to focus their own attention and the attention of other schoolchildren on the problems of this creative task. Therefore, the statements of pupils are purely superficial, and based on them it is impossible to draw conclusions about the problem and on this basis to identify the ways to solve the problem creatively. According to this, it is impossible to speak about the tolerant attitude to the opinions of partners of communication in the process of such a discussion, because the superficial nature of suggestions does not provide great opportunities for productive communication of senior pupils in order to solve different problems creatively. According to the middle level of the development of dialogical qualities of Cognitive Activity of senior pupils in the educational process pupils explain and try to justify their own views according to proposed to them creative tasks, while actively cooperating with partners of communication, tried to be tolerant to other opinions and according to the proposed means of solving different problems. Senior pupils, analyzing their own statements and comparing them with the judgments of partners of communication, do not bring the process of solving a creative problem to a logical conclusion. When we tell about a high level of the development of dialogical qualities of Cognitive Activity of senior pupils in the educational process pupils clearly justify their positions, analyzing their own points of view and statements, comparing them with the opinions of partners of communication. At the same time, schoolchildren show tolerance towards other pupils, even completely opposite statements and means of solving creative tasks by the last ones. Pupils actively defended their positions, logically explaining and justifying them. Schoolchildren do not object to cooperation with partners of communication in the process of solving problematic creative tasks within small micro-groups and the whole class. Conclusions. It was proved that as the means of purposeful influence on the thinking abilities of pupils we considered solving cognitive tasks collected by schoolchildren into a special system. We define thinking as the highest degree of Cognitive Activity of the person. We believe that the mental development of the child can not be analyzed separately from the mental development as a whole, from the interests of the child, his/her feelings, from personal traits and qualities. Mental development is a complex phenomenon, which is characterized by a set of features and due to a number of reasons: the content of knowledge acquired by the child, methods of influencing the personality. Until now, there is no unambiguous definition of «mental development». We believe that «mental development» is a complex dynamic system of quantitative and qualitative changes that occur in human mental activity in the connection with age and enrichment of life experience of pupils (in accordance with the socio-historical conditions in which schoolchildren live and according to individual characteristics of pupils’ thinking).

A stylistic analysis of Henry Fielding\u2019s Tom Jones: a socio-pragmatic view

The purpose of this study is three fold; first, it attempts to show to what extent Fielding’s writings unfold the basic characteristics of the eighteenth century lines of thinking, foremost of which is the importance of context for the determination of meaning. Second, it attempts to show Fielding’s philosophy of human nature which, according to him, is a mixture of man’s selfishness, greediness, honesty and charity, all of which are characteristics of the ‘characters’ nature. Third, the present study sheds some light on Fielding’s technique in writing. The importance of introducing ironic techniques is to stimulate the reader’s mental imagination to understand opposite meanings and in consequence adopt a proper evaluation of the character’s behaviour. Fielding discusses through irony some important concepts such as chastity, reason and gentility, yet no direct clue is given to the readers to give a precise interpretation about them. It is also through irony that the interpretation of these concepts are hindered by perplexing assumptions as connotations of meaning make it difficult for the readers to give any judgment or adopt any evaluation. The study shows that Fielding’s technique in ‘Tom Jones’ is incorporated within a third omniscience narrative, which gives the narrator the chance to preside over his creation and commenting on certain attitudes and actions. It concludes that the mark of shame bestowed by earlier critics on Fielding as intrusive narrator is eliminated on the grounds that his presence within the text is directed for teaching purposes.

The teachings of Alexei Chernyakov about the soul and mind: reflections and comments

Chernyakov in his famous monograph reveals the concept of the soul through the opposite — the concept of the mind. But the point is not only in the explication of the concept through the opposite meaning. Following the logic of Chernyakov, the soul and mind at a certain stage fall into a kind of dynamic unity as the highest participation in the divine gaze. Being, according to Aristotle, a common feeling, the soul is through continuous “flipping” of private feelings, and so that in the formula: “I feel and understand what I feel,” the second term is exfoliated, i.e. the terminological limitation has been removed. As a result, the pure movement “feel the feeling of feeling” is released as a continuity of sensual evidence. The soul lives in the gaps of the mind and sees its infinity in them. Chernyakov draws attention to the fact that any distinction is simultaneously and latently the moment of binding distinctions. But the moments of discrimination / binding in soul and mind are given in different ways. Awakening (discriminating), the soul simultaneously connects the different so as to survey the all-encompassing expanse of itself and all that exists in the unity of self-movement. The soul, like the mind, is a form without matter, but in a different way from the mind. The soul also moves towards the object, but does not deviate from it to meet with itself, as the mind does, but passes through the object at the moment when it is already (still) decomposed or is in a de-objectified form. An object, being the energy of the mind, is "weathered" in relation to the soul, leaving a kind of living sensory imprint, the soul revives when it connects sensory imprints of objects, meeting itself in them. Chernyakov, referring to Aristotle, believes that the general feeling really contains in some way all the objects of the senses (but without matter). We explain to ourselves that these objects are in a de-objectified form. Unimpeded by overcoming (opening) the gap of the mind, the soul “sees” (binds) a multitude of sensory forms, in each of which a free gaze as such is released. This is not a gaze fixed on something unchanging. And it is also not a perception, which, as part of a speculative form, adds a new “perceive something” to “I perceive something”. Now the act: “I perceive something” is opened and partially discarded, leaving only an independent, continuous dynamic attachment in the remainder: “perceives” + “perceives” + “perceives”, etc.

Концепт андрогина сквозь призму философии жизни А. Шопенгауэра и Ф. Ницше

The article gives coverage to the deep meanings of the concept of androgyne which are polar to each other through the prism of the philosophy of life of A. Schopenhauer and F. Nietzsche. One of these meanings, which correlates with the philosophy of Schopenhauer, is a human’s denial of his dependence on his desires and incompleteness in androgyne as a symbol of indivisible integrity. Another meaning appears as a Nietzschean overman, representing the achievement of the extreme fullness of life in the androgyne, which pours out beyond time, becoming imperishable. It is concluded that these seemingly opposite meanings complement each other and form a continuum represented by a heterogeneous understanding of the concept of androgyne in the outlook of history of philosophy, which allows one to comprehend the many-sidedness of various views on the phenomenon of androgyne in all their completeness and consistency. In this approach, the philosophy of life, despite the absence of the distinguished concept of androgyne in it, acts as a connecting link between different understandings of androgyny, which allows one to overcome contradictions and carry out their synthesis, which opens up a completely new understanding of the ideal of androgyne for a man from the perspective of striving to overcome his nature. The parallels between the concept of androgyne and Schopenhauer’s ideals are drawn for the first time in this article.

THE CONCEPT OF PHRASEOLOGICAL ANTONYMS AND DETERMINATION METHODS IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE

The opposite meaning relation found in words is naturally also encountered in idiom units formed by the combination of words. Like antonyms, phraseological antonyms also add more value to the described situations and actions and provide a lively and colorful transfer of style and emotion. Although there are different opinions, including narrow and broad approaches, to identify phraseological antonyms, the most basic criterion is the contradiction between the meanings in the study of antonyms. Despite being partly appropriate in composition, the most distinctive groups of antonyms are language units that have elements creating opposition in terms of meaning. Idioms can create both a complete contrast between themselves and a weak or partial contrast. It is more appropriate to accept the same structural order and lexical harmony as additional features. Although researches on phraseological antonyms in Russian linguistics began in the 1960s, no research on the subject matter has been found in our country’s linguistics Therefore, in our study, it is aimed to mention and exemplify the concept of phraseological antonyms and determination methods based on Russian materials. Semantic, morphological and descriptive research methods were used in our study. In the first part of this article, information is given about the historical development of phraseological antonyms research. In the second part, the concept of phraseological antonyms is explained and the determination methods of such idioms are mentioned. Keywords: phraseological antonyms, Russian language, phraseological enantiosemy, phraseology, antonyms

Comparison Of Pragmatic Value Of Antithesis In Fiction Texts

This article outlines the pragmatic features of antithesis in literary texts and is analyzed using examples from English and Uzbek fiction. It can be said that pragmatics is the semantics of language in action and the totality of conditions that accompany the use of a language sign. Antithesis is a stylistic device that is created by presenting opposite meaning words. Its provision is mostly seen in literary texts and the texts of fictions are of high importance to investigate thoroughly

РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦІЯ КОНЦЕПТУ WAR В АНГЛОМОВНІЙ ЛІНГВОКУЛЬТУРІ

The features of verbalization and structuring of the concept war on the material of the artistic discourse in English language culture are revealed in the article. It is found out how the conceptualization has led to its development. At the beginning of the 20th century, international relations have dramatically changed in the world. There is a risk that people of different worldviews may interpret certain military notions (in particular the linguocultural concept WAR) otherwise. The solution of this complex problem of ambiguity must be sought in the etymology of the linguocultural concept WAR and its lexical field. The concept of WAR is vividly expressed in the English-language picture of the world, and its expression has a deep national and cultural specificity. Subject-image, conceptual and value components can be distinguished in the structure of this concept. The semantic field of the WAR concept consists of the kernel (the "State of Armed Conflict" microfield) and the semantic periphery objectified by the "Situation of Antagonism" and "Art of War" microfields. The main lexical verbalizers of the WAR concept were also identified. These include the war token itself, as well as the corresponding synonymous tokens and lexical associations. A new understanding of the concept of WAR is observed within the English-language artistic and journalistic discourses, which is realized in the system of conceptual metaphors. The concept war in the artistic discourse of participants is a multidimensional mental formation, very complex, encompassing radically opposite meanings. It is clear that the sense of the concept includes components that are associated with death, agitation, pain, horror, depression and more. At the same time the structure of the concept includes extremely positive meanings that can be verbalized in such words as life, love, honesty, help, heroism. For each war, it carries something personal, but always war is when the heart aches.

العقل والوحي والآخر الديني من منظور إسلامي

This research examines the recurrent metaphors in intercultural dialogue, in order to verify their contribution to a constructive dialogue. Terms such as pluralism, integration and difference may end up conveying opposite meanings to what they are intended, so that the will of not excluding the “different” might lead to the exclusion of the difference itself, or the attempt to avoid a clash between stereotypes might end in a dialogue between them, which is even more dangerous. The first section will discuss the concept of dialogue and the role of difference in modern times. The second section will be devoted to the concepts of revelation and reason in Islamic tradition. The third section will investigate the “religious other” from an Islamic perspective. The fourth section will discuss difference as a natural right. In the fifth and last section conclusions will be drawn on the self and the other, based on the considerations of the previous sections.

LEXICO-PHRASEOL LEXICO-PHRASEOLOGICAL CON OGICAL CONTAMINATION IN MODERN TION IN MODERN FRENCH

Background. In the introductory part there is information about the methods of making antonyms in French, the phenomenon of lexical antonym in French phraseology, the semantics of antonymous phrases in French. Methods. In the methods section, there is a type of antonyms in French that are used instead of prefixes and reflect the fact that they reflect semantic features. Moreover, the specific features of lexical antonyms are qualitatively contrasted based on the level of character; the same situation is applied to the semantic meanings represented by lexico-phraseological units, the opposite meaning between two phraseological units, that is, the occurrence of the phenomenon of phraseological antonyms. Results. The result section also states that there is a phenomenon of lexical antonyms in phraseology, in which this phenomenon does not occur between two opposite phraseological units, but between two words with opposite meanings in the same phraseological unit. It is also said that in French phraseological units there are many antonymic components, and in the process of their analysis there are different cases. Discussion. In the discussion value, if the specific features of lexical antonyms are qualitatively contrasted based on the level of the character, then the development of phraseological antonyms is analyzed on the basis of identifying the contrasting characters.