Opposite Meanings Research Articles

Liminality and Communitas in Literary Representations of Aboriginal and Asian Encounters

ABSTRACTThe dynamic relationship between Aboriginal groups and ethnic immigrants in Australia remains theoretically unconstructed as it largely falls outside the binaries of race and ethnicity. Historically, Aboriginal people have developed longstanding contacts with Asian groups, traversing national, cultural, sexual and legislative boundaries. Although indigeneity and diaspora embody disparate and even opposite meanings, there are synergies between diasporic identities and Aboriginal people who suffer from dislocation due to the enduring impact of colonisation and migration. The postcolonial adaptation of liminality or threshold may provide an apt framework for theorising the literary representation of a convergence of border-crossing and diasporic experiences of Aboriginal and Asian Australians in the marginal, interstitial and in-between spaces. Due to a shared predicament and a sense of comradeship, Aboriginal–Asian encounters forge communitas, which does not suggest inherent subversiveness or unproblematic co-option. This paper considers Ubby’s Underdogs (2011, 2013) by Brenton E. McKenna and A Most Peculiar Act (2014) by Marie Munkara to explore Aboriginal–Asian relations under the White Australia policy. Through the recurrent theme of Japanese and imaginary Chinese invasions, these novels complicate the crossings in the porous and precarious borderlands, remap the intersecting power relations and reroute Aboriginal characters back to the centre.

Enantiosemy: Unity or Struggle of Opposites?

The phenomenon of enantiosemy is due to the semantic evolution of the word has resulted in the formation of an opposite meaning to the main meaning of the same. Are key elements of this process, the dualism of human thinking, the asymmetry of the linguistic sign, the meaning diffuse the root of the etymon and the inversion of the relation subject-object, among others. Sometimes, as a result of the diachronic variation of the nuclear meaning the word lose in a certain period of time its original meaning which recur with time in some phrases or syntactical constructions which form the word.The lexical-semantic variants of a word count with nuclear common semes. Are opposed to them generally non-nuclear semes. The meaning of the enantiosemic word only you can reveal it from the context. The opposite meanings present a case of polysemy and form a single whole. The concepts that these words are complemented to designate objects, processes or phenomena, simultaneous or consecutive inextricably linked to each other.In the present work, we analyze cases of nominative, grammatical and conversive enantiosemy of some nouns, pronouns, adverbs and verbs. The study was carried out on the basis of lexicographical, literary and journalistic examples.

When the Unlikely Becomes Likely: Qualifying Language Does Not Influence Later Truth Judgments

Judgments and decisions are frequently made under uncertainty. People often express and interpret this uncertainty with epistemic qualifiers (e.g., likely, improbable). We investigate the extent to which qualifiers influence truth judgments over time. In four studies, participants studied qualified statements, and two days later they rated the truth of previously qualified statements along with new statements. Previously qualified statements were rated as more likely true than new statements, even when the qualifiers had distinctly opposite meanings (i.e., certain versus impossible; Study 1) and when all qualifiers cast doubt on the veracity of the statements (e.g., improbable, impossible; Studies 2–4). Three additional studies suggested that this effect was not dependent on memory for the qualifiers. Consistent with a fluency interpretation, prior exposure made the statements easier to read, driving truth judgments, and overriding the influence of qualifying information. Implications for improving communication using qualifiers are discussed.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГЕНДЕРНОГО ФАКТОРА НА СУПРАСЕГМЕНТНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА В ПОБУДИТЕЛЬНЫХ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯХ (РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНО-ФОНЕТИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ НЕМЕЦКОГО ЯЗЫКА)

The article is devoted to the consideration of the gender factor role in imperative sentences. Gender is viewed from the standpoint of socio-cultural relations. The author starts from the position of gender linguistics on the existence of different gender communication strategies. The aim of the paper is to identify the presence of gender differences at the suprasegmental level using an experimental-phonetic study. The investigation of the role of suprasegmental means, in particular, without the participation of lexical and grammatical tools, has conditioned the topicality of the research. The novelty is in the fact that no such experimental studies have been carried out by the material of the German language. Particular attention is paid to suprasegmental means, which have opposite meanings in realizations by men and women.

What does „financial” mean in accounting?

Accounting is closely related to language, which is manifested in the fact that to describe phenomena and events, in addition to numbers, it uses natural language, as well as that it is sometimes referred to as the „business language”. The purpose of this article is to identify and explain the meanings of the adjective „financial” in accounting. To achieve this goal, the method of qualitative analysis was adopted, including the collection and coding of documents, the development of language corpora (Polish and English), descrip- tive and comparative analysis, interpretation and explanation. The author adopts a semiotic perspective, in which the semantic (sense and meaning) and syntactic (logic and cohesion) aspects were analysed. As a result of the conducted research, it was determined that the adjective „financial” has numerous mean- ings in accounting, depending on the context, namely: it may refer to „finance” (1), or „financing” (2), or „financial statement” (3), or it may denote categories having the opposite meaning to „non-financial” (4), „managerial” (5), „asset” (6), „material” (7), „intangible” (8), „operating” (9) or „investing” (10).

Kohesi Leksikal dalam Acara Berasan Masyarakat Sindang Kelingi Musi Rawas

Generally, the purpose of this study was to lexical cohesion in the Berasan ceremonial community Sindang Kelingi Musi Rawas. Specifically, this study was to determine the use of lexical cohesion Berasan ceremonial in Sindang Kelingi society at Musi Rawas. The method of this study was qualitative method. The data of this study was Berasan ceremonial which were found out in Berasan ceremonial in Sindang Kelingi society at Musi Rawas. Data source in this study was Berasan ceremonial in Sindang Kelingi Society at Musi Rawas. It can be conluded that there were five lexical aspects of Berasan ceremonial. The five lexical aspects are, 1. repetition ie repetition of discourse, phrase and clause, 2. synonym ie similarities of discourse element, 3. collocation ie statements of specific-general pattern, 4. hiponymy ie statements of top-down pattern, and 5. antonymy ie lingual element which has opposite meaning. 
 Keywords: lexical cohesion, discourse, Berasan ceremonial.

MAKNA AMAR MA’RUF NAHI MUNKAR MENURUT MUHAMMAD ASAD DALAM KITAB THE MESSAGE OF THE QUR’AN

This study purpose to understand Amar Ma'ruf Nahi Munkar according to Muhammad Asad in the book The Message of The Quran. In many Islamic literature, the study of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar has been widely practiced, both among theology, civic organizations, religious politics and literary books of commentary. One of the books that also discusses this study is The Message of The Quran, a book of translations and tafsir, written by Muhammad Asad. It is. This work is in the form of translation and interpretation. The explanations in it are in the form of footnotes and comments on translated verses as well as certain attachments related to particular themes. The compilation of this book is based on the orderliness of the letter as adopted by the majority of scholars and based on the reading of Hafs bin Sulaiman al-Asadi. At each beginning of the letter discussed, the letter periodization is first explained, the general explanation of the contents of the letter content. That Asad always interpret the word amar ma'ruf with something right. While nahi munkar with the opposite meaning something is wrong. Asad revealed to do something must be in accordance with the syariah that contained the Qur'an and sunnah. Because, to reach the best community or people is always to do something in accordance with the law or syariah that prevail in Islam.

AVALIAÇÃO DA ROTULAGEM DE SUPLEMENTOS ENERGÉTICOS EM BRASÍLIA

RESUMO Introdução: A legislação brasileira dispõe de regulamentação para a comercialização de suplementos para atletas. Nesse contexto, um dos suplementos muito utilizados para atletas são os energéticos ricos em carboidratos, os quais são excelentes fontes de energia para o exercício. Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação da rotulagem de suplementos energéticos à base de carboidratos comercializados em Brasília, Distrito Federal, de acordo com a legislação vigente. Métodos: Foram avaliados rótulos de produtos comercializados em farmácias e lojas de suplementos nutricionais na região do Plano Piloto de Brasília. As informações avaliadas nos rótulos foram uso pretendido do produto, composição específica, presença de frase obrigatória e ausência de imagens e expressões proibidas de acordo com a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada número 18/2010 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA). Resultados: Foram catalogados 60 produtos nacionais e importados. Verificou-se que 75% da amostra apresentaram algum item em desacordo com a resolução. A presença da frase obrigatória em negrito e em destaque foi o item com maior percentual de inadequação (73,3%). Além disso, houve casos de a declaração obrigatória estar redigida com significado oposto. Todos os suplementos atenderam à legislação no que se refere ao teor mínimo de carboidratos relativo ao valor energético total do produto e à quantidade mínima de carboidratos na porção do produto. Conclusões: Considerando-se que 75% dos suplementos à base de carboidratos apresentaram inadequação de rotulagem e que a inadequação mais frequente foi a ausência ou redação incorreta da frase obrigatória nos rótulos dos suplementos, conclui-se que esse tipo de irregularidade atende aos interesses da indústria e não necessariamente aos interesses do consumidor. A presença da declaração obrigatória no produto é um requisito facilmente fiscalizável, portanto, destaca-se a necessidade de fiscalização na comercialização dos suplementos energéticos. Nível de Evidência III; Análises econômicas e de decisão - Desenvolvimento de modelo econômico ou de decisão.

مصطلح الطباق بين مركزية المعنى والتعدد الدلالي

This research aims at studying the term (Antonym) through aspects of difference and agreement of rhetoric scholars regarding the linguistic and idiomatic meaning which is rich in matching, difference and opposite meanings. We shall read it again to shed the light on its effect on reading texts and dialogues within the multi conceptualization of the same term. The difficulty of this study shall be indicated by the multi meanings of the term (Antonym) at the time of old linguists resulting from branching, dividing and the formal view. They had terms like (antonym, application, equality, opposite and matching). They are all forms one term. Modern scholars made new branches related to the functional aspect which pass over the formal appearance. So, it has now positive and negative aspect, symbolic and apparent opposite, etc. The term (Antonym) has an equivalent in the western culture which is known as dual opposites. Researchers dealt with it in accordance with the new rhetoric system. This entailed variety, difference in term to make the meaning clear and accurate, indicating the terms derived from one source, showing their minute differences in order to collect all meanings one term and unifying all branches in one source in away indicating other rhetoric terms to make it fundamental under the unity of meaning.

Research on the Semantics Overlap and Syntactic Integration of the Structure ‘ba/bei…geiVp’ in Modern Chinese

This paper investigates the form “ba/bei…gei VP” in contemporary Chinese language, which is endowed with many particularities. Firstly, this paper analyzes the overlap principle of the internal semantics of the form “ba/bei … gei VP” from the perspectives of semantic overlap and syntactic integration. The semantics of this form includes two categories of semantic overlap, “semantic overlap of similar meanings” and “semantic overlap of opposite meanings”. This form is also strengthened pragmatically due to the semantic overlap. on this question and idea. Second, this paper discusses from the syntactic point of view the type and characteristics of the VP in this form, and the characteristics of the negation form and other derived forms of it. Finally, the paper then goes on to investigate the syntactic generation of “ba/bei…gei VP” from the perspectives of semantics and generative syntax. It is believed that “ba/bei…gei VP” is derived from “NP gei VP” and “gei NP VP” through semantic and syntactic evolution. Since “gei” in sentences plays the role of introducing implicit arguments, when an argument is added, “ba” and “bei” are thus needed to mark and introduce the new argument. The form is in turn further extended and the “ba/bei … gei VP” form therefore takes the shape.

ANALISIS DESKRIPTIF TEORI PEMEROLEHAN BAHASA KEDUA

The Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is quite difference with the Second Language Learning (SLL). Krashen said that SLA refers to linguistic competence and focuse on linguistic forms which are naturally internalized into the learner. Instead the SLL has an opposite meaning, it is a nurture learning and a result of formal learning situation. The context of SLA is natural while the SLL is formally programmed. Usually people learn language for the sake of achievement motivation, inspite of acquiring language as a communication motivation. SLL focuse on mastering the rules of language while SLA trying to master the skill of communication. This study aims to describe the theories of second language acquisition developed by psychologists as well as linguists such as B.F. Skinner, Noam Chomsky and Stephen D Krashen. These three will give us such wide insight about an empirical concrete aspect as well as an abstract intuitive aspect of second language acquisition.

추측확인법과 확인추측법의 의미와 기원

The grammatical sum does not form a coherent semantic identity. In the arrangement of the prefinal ending, the following elements add the grammatical and semantic meanings to the preceding elements. In conclusion, the arrangement of the prefinal ending of the estimation－confirmation is composed of the functions of estimation and confirmation and adds the semantic qualities of the information to the assumed element, and the confirmation－estimation undermines grammatical structure by less emphasizing the significance of confirmation. The ‘－리어－’ of the estimationconfirmation and the ‘－어리－’ of the confirmation－estimation have different syntactic structures, leading to different semantic qualities in terms of [±Confirmation]. This is accompanied by a change in the semantic elements of the estimation according to the meaning of the confirmation that precedes to or follows after the ‘－리－’, which is realized in the same form. Specifically, the form of estimation－confirmation carries the semantic element of simple assumption, while functioning to deliver the information. Therefore, the meaning unit of confirmation is not clearly distinguished. On the other hand, confirmation－estimation takes a form of rhetorical questionand therefore conveys the opposite meaning. It strengthens the role of confirmation, by placing the semantic element of the confirmation after the prefinal ending. The sentence of the confirmation－estimation often takes a form of “interrogative －려” (or “interrogative －리어－”) in front of the final ending. On the other hand, confirmation－estimation is associated with ‘－아－ + －리 － + －아 (＜ 가)’. The grammatical arrangement and placement determines different semantic roles.BR If ‘－리－’ is realized in the form of estimation, it can be used to express the semantic differences determined byaccording to the order of arrangement. However, as a result, this research shows that ‘－리₁－’, which is settled in the form of estimation－confirmation, and ‘－리₂－’, is realized in a form of the confirmation－estimation, and the both are originally different grammatical elements. In a historical sense, there is no precedent to ‘－리₁－’ coming before the prefinal endings of ‘－거/어－아－’, except for ‘－리₂－’. ‘★’ and ‘★’ in Sǒktok kugyǒl during the Koryǒ period, which reveals the historical trajectory of the grammar functions corresponding to ‘ － 리₁－’ and ‘－ 리₂－’ of the 15th century Korea, respectively. For example, ‘★’ functions as the prefinal ending and ‘★’ functions as the interrogative ending in combination with interrogative auxiliary element.BR In the 15th century, ‘－리₁－’ and ‘－리₂－’ show different grammatical categorization, as the ‘－리－’ element was originally a combination of two or more morphemes, not a single morpheme, deriving from other grammatical elements. The element was drawn from a combination of a gerund ending and a copula, but ‘리₁－’ and ‘－리₂－’ were differentiated by which prefinal ending the element is being combined with. The two forms derived from the grammaticalization process of the interrogative endings and formed new grammar categories. Although they contain different semantic compositions, their properties indicates that they share the semantic function of the estimation.

Tools for Symbol Development – Safety Symbol Response Taxonomy and Graphic Compatibility Verification

Symbols and graphics are often used in place of or in combination with word messages in product information. This paper discusses two development tools in the context of safety symbols and warnings. The first tool is a detailed Safety Symbol Response Taxonomy that allows richer analysis of open-ended comprehension testing responses than that provided by the “correct/wrong/wrong with opposite meaning” coding used when determining if a symbol meets ISO 9186-1 criteria of acceptability. This is useful in targeting improvements as well as selecting between variants that otherwise appear to have similar results. The second tool is a method for verifying safety symbols or graphics supplementing warning text are compatible with their associated word messages, including guidance for categorizing open-ended responses. Practical considerations for symbol development and examples are provided.

A Study on the Opposite Meaning of the Expansion of the Meaning about the pronunciation letters of ‘分’ and ‘分’ character

A Study on the Opposite Meaning of the Expansion of the Meaning about the pronunciation letters of ‘分’ and ‘分’ character

Elective Affinities: The Harvard School at Pisa at the End of the Eighties

Elective Affinities:The Harvard School at Pisa at the End of the Eighties Sergio Casali The first book I read on Vergil was G. B. Conte's Virgilio (1984). In 1988 I was about to face the entrance examination to the Scuola Normale of Pisa, and Conte was one of the examiners; afterwards, he was my tutor both at the Normale and at the University of Pisa. What impressed me most and had a profound influence on my reading of the Aeneid were his pages on the "polycentrism that fractures the epic norm into a series of relative truths, all with their special values and points of view," to borrow words from Putnam's very positive review of Conte's book (Putnam 1987: 790). "The coexistence of the worlds of Aeneas, Dido, Turnus, Mezentius, and Juturna springs from the fact that Vergil allows each of them an autonomous, personal raison d'être which the historico-epic norm had always denied" (Conte 1986: 157 = 1984: 71). [End Page 55] Conte's pages on the polycentrism of the Aeneid were soon followed by those of Oliver Lyne on Vergil's Further Voices (1987), a book that encountered much skepticism in Italy (see especially Traina 1990), but that I found exciting and revelatory: "Further voices intrude other materials and opinions, and these may be disturbing, even shocking. Further voices add to, comment upon, question, and occasionally subvert the implications of the epic voice" (1987: 2). (I also had the opportunity of meeting Lyne during my stay at Oxford as an exchange student in 1992, and we stayed in touch until his untimely death.) The notion that through little details or through intertextuality Vergil may subvert the Augustanism of his text cohered for me with the lessons I was learning from another professor at the University of Pisa, Francesco Orlando. Orlando had developed a Freudian theory of literature where literature is seen as a form of the socially instituzionalized "return of the repressed" (see Orlando 1973 and 1982). Orlando's model of literature as a compromise-formation—that is, a semiotic manifestation that makes room, simultaneously, for two opposite meanings, which stand in an irreconcilable relationship to one another—seemed to me to adapt particularly well to what Don Fowler termed "two-voices Anglo-American Harvard and Balliol pessimism" (1989: 235). Conversations with my friend Alessandro Schiesaro, who knew Orlando's theory much better than I, helped me to verify the appropriateness of referring Orlando's ideas to the Aeneid (Schiesaro 2003: 42–43; 2008). The professor of Latin philology at the Scuola Normale was Antonio La Penna (though he did not tutor the pupils of the school). He represents a typical Italian way of reading the Aeneid as "the poem of the vanquished." In this respect, his formulations about the "inexcusability of history" (1966: lxxxiv) may recall typical Harvard-School positions; but for La Penna Vergil never manifests any covert revolt against the Augustan order, in which he has absolute faith (2005: 320). To me this seemed, and seems, way too bland an approach. When I moved more decidedly from the study of Ovid to that of Vergil (under the guidance of Alessandro Barchiesi), it was with this background that I finally encountered the Harvard-School tradition of R. A. Brooks, Adam Parry, Wendell Clausen, Michael Putnam, and Richard Thomas. Considering the early influences I have sketched above (and that of Ovid himself is to be added), it is no surprise that I found in them kindred spirits and models to imitate. Putnam and Thomas I had [End Page 56] the luck of knowing personally; both their published works and their conversation have had the greatest influence on me. Sergio Casali University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Copyright © 2017 The Classical Association of the Atlantic States, Inc.

СТРАНЫ БАЛТИИ: КАНУН 25-ЛЕТИЯ НЕЗАВИСИМОСТИ

In the international field, the Baltic states currently elicit basic associations with an anti-Russian irritant, which generally reflects rather foreign than national interests of these countries. However, slogans declaring their independence at the end of 90ies included the goal of giving them maximum political and economic freedom, and were not accomplished. Moreover, they got the polar opposite meaning. As a result, the foreign policy of the Baltic states is subordinated to NATO’s strategic direction. Economic development depends on the Nordic countries. The behavior of the Baltic states in the region has one-vector appearance. The development of their economies is increasingly lopsided. All of the above is aimed at their artificial fencing off Russia. The brunt of that stereotype development implementation falls on the population, whose socio-economic status demonstrates a strong downtrend. In general, a comparison between the Baltic states’ position within the USSR and its current condition tells against their strategy development and their leaders.&nbsp

FALSE MORALITY IN THE COLLECTIONS OF APHORISMS

The main subject of this article is characteristic features of morality and false morality representation in the modern Russian collections of aphorisms of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The problem is to conduct cognitive and communicative analysis of such aphorisms. Relevance of our research is conditioned by the fact that in these collections under the heading “morality” one can come across the aphorisms having explicit or implicit opposite meaning, especially taking into account the fact that the problem hasn’t been identified by the linguists, so the linguistic analysis hasn’t been carried out so far. The purpose of this article is identification of such phenomena and enabling the effective study of them, which has not only theoretical but also practical importance. The authors express major concern about the fact that publishing of some recent collections of aphorisms have stopped including headings devoted to morality into them. Due to this exclusion, first of all, a modern reader has considerable difficulties understanding whether morality is necessary in general, whether it has to be a part of his consciousness and shape him as a person, including his social and communicative skills; secondly, in attempt to create proper comprehension of morality, its criteria, properties, and not to confuse it with the false understanding of morality or even immorality in the behavior and speech communication that can happen in the current situation quite easily. The result of the research is the conclusion that morality as the measure of the good and evil mustn’t have dual or indistinct interpretation, must be presented in collections of aphorisms and, as a result, in minds of readers as a synonym of the concept “conscience not causing harm”.

Семантична опозиція горі – долі в говірках південно-західного наріччя української мови

While the lexemes горі and долі express opposite meanings, they mostly retain the identity of a semantic entity. The article analyses more than 300 micro-contexts of the function of these lexemes from dialectological sources. The semantics and grammar of lexemes are studied in the light of the functioning and action of the words in “live” contexts where they act as adverbs and prepositions. This article reviews lexicographical interpretation of words. The semantic structure of lexemes in the South-Western dialects of Ukrainian language is modelled.The analysed units represent the semantics and features typical of the South-Western dialects of the Ukrainian language. The sources of research are dialect dictionaries and texts (from 19th c. until now), regional linguistic atlases, records of the dialectal speech made by the author and other researchers. The dialectal data are provided in comparative tables of the lexemes’ semantics.

Implementation of Bipolar Adjective Pairs in Analysis of Urban Acoustic Environments

Four different acoustic environments with different loudness levels and spectral distributions were recorded and reproduced to two groups of listeners - control group and experimental group. The questionnaire used in this research relies on the semantic differential method implemented by defining adjective pairs of opposite meaning where each pair describes a sound characteristic for a particular acoustic environment. In analyzing the results, psychological research methodology was used in order to determine statistically significant bipolar adjectives that can appropriately evaluate some given acoustic environment and thus serve as a starting point for a questionnaire and methodology standardization in soundscape research.

Book review: Lesley Jeffries, Opposition in Discourse: The Construction of Oppositional Meaning

Book review: Lesley Jeffries, <i>Opposition in Discourse: The Construction of Oppositional Meaning</i>