Opposite Meanings Research Articles

The study of the opposite meaning of "Alexander in front of Gog and Magog dam" in two versions of the dispersed and Topkapi Falnama

The study of the opposite meaning of "Alexander in front of Gog and Magog dam" in two versions of the dispersed and Topkapi Falnama

Semantic Content of the Tokens Risk, Risky and High Risk in Modern Russian

The presence of certain stable cultural and national representations, some “mental pictures” similar to ours or different from them, is especially pronounced in the classroom when learning a foreign language. Without direct contact with native speakers, the source of knowledge about their mentality, national character and cultural scenarios of behavior is the studied foreign language. Risk is considered the basic concept of the universal picture of the world. It is analyzed as one of the main components of a person's ideas about the world, about the laws of its existence and survival in it. There is no person who would not risk it. Making any decision is already a risk. The cognitive risk perception scheme is based on the unity of opposite meanings: potential opportunity (threat) — its realization (danger); the need for action — inaction (and the hope of a fluke); positive development (chance, success) — negative development (failure). In the report, we consider the semantic transformations of the risk token and its 3 derivatives in modern Russian.

CREATIVITY OF LANGUAGE, LEXICAL RELATIONS, AND CULTURAL VALUES: SUNDANESE HILARIOUS PUNS IN BRILIO.NET

Purpose of the study: The objective is to be studied is the use of Sundanese language with the opposite meaning, cause-effect, comparison, and extension of meaning. The use of the Sundanese language contains cultural values of humility, advice/invitations, and friendliness. Cultural values ​​become the personality of the Sundanese brand adapted to the development of technology to make the speech products of the author also discuss local and global values.
 Methodology: This study seeks to analyze language creativity with local Sundanese nuances that follow global progress. This research used a descriptive qualitative method. The data source from 100 Sundanese hilarious puns found in brilio.net. The descriptive method was used in several stages, namely data collection, data analysis, and data presentation.
 Main Findings: This research shows that Sundanese hilarious puns found in brilio.net use language creativity which contains 35% expansion of meaning (polysemy), opposite meaning (20%), cause-effect (25%), and comparison (20%). The dominant cultural values are friendliness by 52.5% others are humility (20%) and advice (27.5%). They reflect the habits of Sundanese people who like to joke and empower technological advances so that the creativity of the language produced further reflects today's digital development.
 Applications of this study: This research is used as a tool or model in understanding and interpreting language creativity in terms of contrastive meaning, cause-effect, comparison, the extension of meaning and values, i.e.: humility, advice, and friendliness in Sundanese hilarious puns.
 Novelty/Originality of this study: Sundanese hilarious puns show that language creativity not only empowers the play of words, but also the cultural values that become the tradition of Sundanese people, namely the traditions of Sundanese who like to joke (ngabodor). Cultural and lexical relationships are combined and produce funny speech following the development of typical Sundanese technology. Sundanese culture and language will persist if Sundanese people always use and maintain them, one of which is by creating hilarious Sundanese puns that follows technological advances, such as those found in Sundanese hilarious puns in brilio.net.

Permissibility of Death Penalty as a Hermeneutic Dilemma

The notion of moral fairness of application of capital punishment is stretched between two poles of opposite interpretative meanings. On the one hand, there is an imperative related to maintaining the social order and good that justifies in some specific cases killing an individual for the good of the community; on the other hand, there is the message of the Gospel about holiness of each human life. In this regard, at the attempt to investigate the fairness of death penalty, a certain hermeneutic tension related to the overlapping of rights and obligations both with regard to the criminal and society that needs to be protected against him or her. The starting point of this article is an outlook on death penalty with due regard of a ‘hermeneutic charge’ contained both in the duty to protect common good and each individual’s life. Next, the ‘genuine paradox’ was analysed that emerges in a situation where the right to live and the right to protect overlap. All the considerations are concluded with a question whether the recent abolitionist interpretation of the Catechism of the Catholic Church should be classified as the continuity hermeneutic or rather the discontinuity hermeneutic.

System relations between word-building types of verbs with the meaning of negative consequences of action

The article is devoted to the description of the system relations between word-building types corresponding to the aktionsart with the meaning of negative consequences of action. This is a group of prefixal and confixal verbs where the negative effects of an action are caused by excessive intensity or duration of action. The study of aktionsart with the meaning of negative consequences of action is of great interest first of all for they express the complex of aspectual meanings and it is essential to identify what creates such a complex semantics. Secondly, the semantics of negative consequences itself should be specified. Multiplicity of the mentioned aktionsarts confirms that semantics of negative consequences of action is relevant for the Russian language and for the whole Russian linguistic worldview. It is noteworthy to determine possible system relations arising between the verbs of the mentioned aktionsarts. The purpose of the article is to identify possible system relations arising between verbs of the specified manners of action. While the study methods of observation, description, functional and semantic analysis, component analysis were used. As a material for the study, examples from works by Russian writers selected from the Russian National Corpus (S.A. Alexievich. V.P. Astafyev, V.V. Bykov. F.M. Dostoyevsky, A.I. Kuprin, O.A. Slavnikova, V.I. Shukshin) were used. The conducted research elicited possible relations of word-building synonymy between different word-building types when identical word-building meanings are expressed by derivatives with different affixes and with a common derivative base. This type of word-formative synonymy is revealed in the framework of total aktionsart (with prefixes iz- and vy-) and excessive-multiple aktionsart (with confixes iz-...-sya and vy-...-sya). Amid the various word-formative types with the same prefix the relationships of enantiosemy (verbs with the prefixes ob-, za-, na-) were revealed as well. Opposite meanings of increase and diminution of action intensity arise in case the prefix is combined with different groups of motivating verbs. The reasons of this phenomenon are established.

HUMOR AND VIOLATION OF SOCIAL NORMS IN STUDENTS

In researches of Russian and foreign scientists it is noted that humor as a cultural phenomenon is capable to symbolically break social norms without consequences and restrictions, to raise and discuss a wide spectrum of social problems without fear of punishment for it. By regulating the relationship between people, humor helps to relieve tension and enjoy the game, operating with opposite meanings, breaking stereotypes. The study attempted to explore the relationship between different styles of humor and the tendency of students to break social norms and rules. The study was attended by 309 students: 249 girls, 60 boys. Differences in the use of different humor styles by students as well as their propensity to deviate were identified. Affiliated and self-sustaining humor is used by students who do not show any desire to deny social norms and values, patterns of behavior. The desire to violate norms, to come into conflict with generally accepted norms of behavior arises among students who prefer aggressive humor. Girls with a tendency to ignore and violate norms and rules have a tendency to use self-deprecating humor and to seek other people's favour to the detriment of themselves.

Персональная идентичность художника как условие и результат творчества в искусстве

The author outlines that the essence of the problem of personal identity is formulated in the form of a dilemma: the personality must be identical to itself, because it retains the inconsistency of all experiences, actions, plans throughout the life of the individual; the personality must not be identical to itself on the basis of its inclusion in the context of changing being, which inevitably implies its internal self-change. It is noted that this dilemma involves the use of the term “identity” in two contexts: in the context of comparison (the opposite meaning of “identical” is expressed in the following terms: “other”, “another”, “alien”, “unequal”, “reverse”) and in the context of development, temporality (the term “identity” becomes the opposite meaning of “changed”, “impermanent”, “developing”). Research methods: analysis of literature on the topic studied; comparison, descriptive method. The artist's creative identity as a dialectical process of changing the dominant forms, styles, and images is reviewed in the article. The artistic and ontological problem of self-identity of artistic personality is presented through the dialogue between “One” and “Other”. The artistic reality of a work of art allows the artist to know the essence of his identity in the context of intersubjectivity. It is concluded that the paradigm that allows us to detect intersubjective conditionality of identity is the relational ontology, which represents relationships as a fundamental form of being. It is emphasized that personal identity is discursively mediated by a person's self-understanding, so hermeneutics primarily becomes the methodological space in which this research is carried out. Hermeneutics proves that self-knowledge and self-understanding of a person is an interpretive process that forms an important part of the subject's ontology. According to this methodology, personal identity is mediated by its own interpretive activity as a narrative philosophy, as a person's story about himself, and as the formation of a life story. The author is impressed by the productive idea of E.G. Trubina's research on the reflection of the individual as a creative process of self-construction in relation to the modified personal identity of the artist.

Концертность и симфонизм в Скерцо из Девятой симфонии Густава Малера

The article is devoted to the analysis of features of the concerto genre in the Scherzo from Gustav Mahler’s Ninth Symphony and the interaction of traits of the concerto and symphonic genres within the framework of Mahler’s conception of the orchestra, – the reliance on solo and chamber-like combinations of instruments (“ensembles-in-the-orchestra”). The orchestra in the Scherzo (along with harmonic and timbral differentiation) provides a most crucial means of opposition between the landler and the waltz. The first is characterized by soloists, who represent the “protagonists,” as well as the ensembles-in-the-orchestra. The constant changes of their instrumentation manifest a scenic quality of the action and help overcome the static qualities of the numerous repetitions of the melody. The waltz, which may be interpreted as an ecstatic emotional state, depicts a peculiar generalized view of the world. This creates a sense of reliance on the group sound of the string instruments and the tutti. However, the ensemblesin- the-orchestra, appearing in concisely determined places, continue to play highly important functions: at the beginning of the first episode of the waltz they highlight the textural and timbral contrast in the manner of a concerto, while at the end of the waltz episodes they are endowed with a dramaturgical function: they interrupt the “madness” of the waltz. The solution of the conflict becomes unexpected. It seems that the landler gains the upper hand: fragments of familiar intonations are presented by a large number of soloists. But in reality, the richly orchestrated dance, the well-balanced ensembles and the proud-sounding melody are replaced by mere emptiness. Having profoundly transformed the landler and the waltz in a symphonic manner within the process of development, and relying on concerto-like qualities as a perfect method of exposing the depicted inner struggle (stemming from the Latin, rather than the Italian verb concertare), Mahler reaches an extreme stage of juxtaposition, leading to the self-destruction of both elements. Keywords: Gustav Mahler, orchestration, Mahler’s Ninth Symphony, concerto qualities, symphonic traits, Scherzo.

“Bütün Ümidimiz Cömert Bir Uyanış”: On Dokuzuncu Yüzyılda Batı Anadolu’da Osmanlı Hıristiyanlarının Evanjelizasyonu

This article examines the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions’ activities in the 1870s and 80s at the Manisa and Smyrna/İzmir stations in an attempt to evangelize Greeks and Armenians living in the region. The main body of sources used in this study are the letters of the missionary Rev. Marcellus Bowen (1874-1880) sent from Manisa to the headquarters of the ABCFM in Boston, and the letters of Rev. George Constantine (1880-1889) sent from İzmir to the same destination. These first-person narratives provide us with extremely rich material, due to the fact that they comment on phenomena and events directly and immediately. This article investigates a variety of themes, such as the efforts of the American missionaries to adapt their missionary work to Smyrna’s multicultural and multinational society; the missionaries’ decisions and arguments regarding which language to use in their preachings or at religious services for the Greeks and Armenians of the region; the means of persecution or opposition employed by the Greek Orthodox high-ranked clergy in Smyrna/İzmir against the Protestant missionaries; and the conditions under which foreigners could sell religious books or open / build schools and churches in the Ottoman lands, and which intermediaries the missionaries appealed to when they were challenged by the Ottoman authorities.

DEYİMLERE GÖRE BOŞNAKÇA VE TÜRKÇE HAYVAN ALGISI

Idioms and proverbs are taken an important place in teaching of Turkish to foreigners from B1 level. Proverbs and idioms play a big role in the conceptual skill gain that require abstract thinking. Idioms are the most concrete indicator of a nation's thinking system, emotions and perspective on the world. The meanings attributed to idioms also show how societies make sense of the world. In the study firstly, animal perception in Bosnian and Turkish idioms was tried to be determined. Especially in the idioms where the animal name is mentioned, many similarities have been found. Some animals have similar characteristics, while others have opposite meanings. In Bosnian, horses, donkeys or bulls have negative meanings. Although the donkey has a negative meaning in Turkish, there is no negative meaning attributed to the horse. This shows the importance of horse in Turkish society. Animals such as rat, turkey, rooster, parrot, panther and snail are included in Bosnian idioms and not in Turkish idioms dictionary. In the study firstly, the dictionary of Bosnian idioms was searched, idioms with the name of animals were identified, and then these animal names were searched in the Turkish idioms dictionary. This study is thought to be useful in teaching Turkish to Bosnians. In this study which is a qualitative research, document analysis was used. The data used in the study were obtained from the Bosnian idioms dictionary which was prepared by Sakir Bayhan and Turkish idioms dictionary which was prepared by Omer Asim Aksoy.

From Thinking to Raging: Reflexes of Indo-European *Men- Polysemy in Homer

This paper aims at investigating the semantic value of the verb μαίνομαι “to rage, to be furious” in Homeric Greek, in order to clarify the striking semantic relationship between the common ‘irrational’ meaning of the verb and the original ‘rational’ meaning of the Indo-European root *men- “to think”, to which the verb traces back. The corresponding words for μαίνομαι in other Indo-European languages (e.g. OInd. mányatē; Av. mainyeite; OIr. (do)moiniur; OCS mъnjo; Lit. miniu) can be translated as “to think”, thus showing an opposite meaning. From a textual analysis of all the occurrences of μαίνομαι in the Iliad and the Odyssey, the study aims at finding semantic traces of the original meaning “to think” belonging to the Indo-European root *men-, in order to account for the apparently impossible semantic relationship between the verb and the original root. Textual data show a significant polysemy of μαίνομαι, which refers to particular psychosomatic dynamics and which can be explained by taking into account the Homeric ‘body-mind’ association and the role of the heart as the crucial organ which supervises all the vital functions, including the psychic and the cognitive ones.

Sound images of percussion instruments: modernity and retrospections

Sound images of percussion instruments: modernity and retrospections

Identifying Intentional Ambiguity

Identifying Intentional Ambiguity
 
 It is widely acknowledged that certain genres in ancient Near Eastern literature including the Hebrew Bible are characterized by intense ambiguity. In particular, divination, Wisdom literature and erotic poetry thrive on a special type of ambiguity—“double-edged words”—in which a
 single graphic or phonetic sequence is employed to convey a message and its precise opposite, at one and the same time.
 However, it is often difficult to demonstrate that a specific case of “double-edged wording” is in fact intentional rather than a product of an eager reader’s over-interpretation. The proposed paper offers three criteria for identifying intentionality in the formulation of ambiguous texts, based on examples from Biblical and other ancient Near Eastern divinatory, Wisdom and poetic texts: (1) Ungrammaticality: Sometimes an author is forced to use an ungrammatical form in order to preserve two opposite meanings. This happens when smoothing the grammar would have been achieved only at the price of losing the ambiguity; (2) Multiple representation: At times the same exact ambiguity is evidenced in identical contexts, but in different words and by means of different sentence-structures (occasionally even in different languages, e.g., Hebrew and Aramaic); when it can be demonstrated that coincidence is highly unlikely, the argument for intentional crafting is strong; (3) Straussian “Art of Writing”: When the author addresses an issue that was demonstrably contentious (from the author’s perspective), potentially-subversive formulations are particularly suspect.
 The intersection of two or three of these criteria in a single text strongly suggests intentionality

Binary Opposition 'Man-Machinery' in R. Bradbury Science Fiction Works: A Cognitive Linguistic Approach

This paper focuses on cognitive-linguistic features of the binary opposition “man-machinery” in the science fiction works by R. Bradbury. The article aims to determine the means of the verbal representation of “man-machinery” and build frame models of its components in Bradbury’s science fiction writings. The study contributes to the stylistic and linguo-poetic analysis of binary oppositions in fiction texts, idiostylistics and genre theory. The study relies upon linguistic, stylistic, and discursive analyses as well as cognitive linguistic analysis to ensure the reliability and validity of the obtained results. Furthermore, four-stage algorithm methodology used in this research allowed the author to define a general literary context of the analyzed works, select the research material, analyze the identified means of binary opposition “man-machinery,” and model frames of its components. The obtained results reveal that the linguistic embodiment of the components of the binary opposition “man-machinery” is based on the use of the lexical – direct and figurative, stylistic, and discursive means of nomination. The study reconstructs the concepts – the constituents of the mega concepts MAN and MACHINERY and on the basis of anthropocentric perception compares their conceptual domains, namely as physical, psychological, mental, and social phenomena. The research reveals conceptual binary opposition MAN-MACHINERY as a tool for constructing a science fiction model of the world in Bradbury’s texts within three parameters: space-time coordinates, cause and effect relationships, and valorative indicators. The introduced methodology of binary opposition analysis is perspective within the scope of science fiction, fiction texts and films.

When 'Literally' Literally Means 'Figuratively': One America News Network v. Rachel Maddow

In 2020 the court determined that Rachel Maddow's statement that right-wing media outlet One America News Network was paid Russian propaganda was not defamatory. The court reasoned that, in context, literally did not mean literally. Rather, it was just a hyperbolic expression. Allowing the word literally to have these opposite and contradictory meanings is problematic because it is the word used to delineate when something is to be taken literally. This treatment could have long-reaching ramifications in areas of law beyond just defamation.

The evolution of conceptual modeling of “magic” and “medical” metaphors in Ancient Greek rhetorical and philosophical discourse

Using the theory of conceptual metaphor as a theoretical framework, this paper explores the metaphorical use of the magical and / or medical concepts in Gorgias, Empedocles, Plato, Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Pseudo-Longinus. It examines how a deep level of the cognitive image of magic and medicine echoes ‘frames’ that constitute the target domain of rhetoric in the Ancient Greek language. This study focuses on Gorgias’ speech “Encomium of Helen” as both the one of the earliest and most representative in the use of such conceptual metaphors within Ancient Greek rhetorical and philosophical discourses. Judging by the text of Gorgias and other works of Ancient Greek literature, the slots of the source domain of the metaphor intersect with the etymological bases of the magic lexicon (“power”; “sound suggestion” and “formation of visual images”), and are supplemented by new ones (“unnatural influence”, “efficiency”; “carelessness of target audience”, “change of emotional and cognitive state”). This Gorgias model of rhetorical influence found its fruitful application in Plato and rhetoricians of the Hellenistic-Roman period, though with diametrically opposite axiological meanings: negative in Plato and positive in Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Pseudo-Longinus. Indeed, in Hellenistic rhetorical theory, negatively marked slots of the metaphorical frame disappeared (probably because of the influence of the then-current views in medicine), as well as concepts with ambivalent treatment, such as φάρμακον. Finally, it seems that among the above-mentioned authors the only one who has paid attention to the methodological similarity between rhetoric and medicine, given the medical terms and metaphors used by Gorgias, was Plato.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EMOTIONAL-VOLITIONAL DYSFUNCTION AND FEATURES OF AGGRESSION OR HOSTILITY IN MENS WITH DIFFERENT FORMS OF SUBSTANCE ADDICTIONS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

The aim: The research aim was to study features of emotional-volitional sphere and its association in mens with different forms of Substance Addictions. Materials and methods: We examined 146 patients with alcohol and drug addictions using Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Zverkov-Eidmann`s questionnaire and Buss-Durkee questionnaire. Results: The study showed an increase in the overall level of alexithymia, a moderate level of aggressiveness and a sufficient level of volitional self-regulation without a significant difference between the groups. The indirect correlation of "persistence" with the "general level of alexithymia", "difficulty identifying feelings" and "physical aggression" in group 1 and at the same time the indirect correlation between "self-control" and "verbal aggression" and "volitional self-regulation" with "difficulty describing feelings" can be explained by the opposite meaning of these concepts and phenomena themselves.However, it is interesting that the indicators "physical aggression" and "difficulty describing feelings" in group 2 were significantly lower, but at the same time correlated with "general level of alexithymia" and "irritability", respectively. On other hand in group 1 the indicator "suspiciousness" is directly related to the "general level of alexithymia", but its level is significantly lower in comparison with group 2. Conclusions: The phenomenon of alexithymia is not only recorded in the clinical picture of patients with various forms of addiction, but can also induce the development of manifestations of aggressiveness and hostility in them. Correction of alexithymia is necessary to understand the emotional state of these patients and choose the right approach to their treatment and rehabilitation.

SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FIRST CITIES FROM A DECONSTRUCTION PERSPECTIVE

Introduction: Deconstruction is looking for any meaning, semantics and concepts and then shows how all of them seem to lead to chaos, and are always on the border of meaning duality. Purpose of the study: The study is aimed to investigate urban identity from a deconstruction perspective. Since two important bases of deconstruction are text and meaning and their relationships, we chose the first cities on a symbolic level as a text and tried to analyze their meanings. Methods: The study used a deductive content analysis in three steps including preparation, organization and final report or conclusion. In the first step, we argued deconstruction philosophy based on Derrida’s views accordingly. Then we determined some common semantic features of the first cities. Finally, we presented some conclusions based on a semantic interpretation of the first cities’ identity. Results: It seems that all cities as texts tend to provoke a special imaginary meaning, while simultaneously promoting and emphasizing the opposite meaning of what they want to show.

Unconventional Opposition in Discourse: From the Perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics

Writers construct two entities or events as opposites in specific context by using language resources realizing semantic opposition, such as antonyms, parallel structure and conjunction for adversity. The construction of such temporary opposites (unconventional opposition) facilitates the presentation of writer’s stance and strengthens the interaction between the writer and readers. From Systemic Functional Linguistics, this study analyzes the ideational, interpersonal and textual meaning of unconventional opposition in discourse. It is found that the insertion of the opposite participants and process types in the current field contributes to demonstrate the ideational meaning of the discourse topic more fully, thus facilitating readers’ understanding; in the respect of interpersonal meaning, the opposite meaning triggered by negation can exclude the readers’ possible expectations while that triggered by attitudinal resources helps to negotiate appraisal meanings with readers, that is, affect, judgment of social behavior or appreciation of product; in the sense of textual meaning, unconventional opposition assigns a reader-friendly text structure, information flow and cohesion mechanism.

LEXICO-SEMANTIC AND STYLISTIC MEANS OF THE BINARY OPPOSITIONS’ VERBALIZATION (in Ray Bradbury’s texts)

Introduction. The study focuses on the analysis of lexico-semantic and stylistic means of oppositions’ verbalization in Ray Bradbury’s texts.Purpose. The aim of this paper is to examine the basic views of scholars on the linguistic means of expressing oppositions and illustrate them with examples from Ray Bradbury’s novel“Fahrenheit 451”.Methods. The paper applied the methods of stylistic analysis, semantic and contextual analysis.Results. Systemic relation in language representing oppositions of different kinds have been studied by many scholars in different genres of texts but fiction. In Ray Bradbury’s science fiction novel “Fahrenheit 451” opposition relations are created with the help of such lexical means as synonymy, antonymy on the levels of separate words, lexical and semantic groups and lexical and thematic fields. The study of lexico-semantic and stylistic means of opposiitons’verbalization approved that among the dominant means there are antithesis, metaphor and metonymy as stylistic means to represent the conceptual opposition “HUMAN BEING – TECHNOLOGY” which is one of the crucial in creating the unique idiostyle of the writer.Conclusions. Oppositions on the lexico-semantic level are verbalized through the synonymic and antonymic relations of the separate words, lexical and semantic groups, lexical and thematic fields. The stylistic means manifesting the oppositions in the Ray Bradbury’s woks are antithesis to show the contrast; metaphor and metonymy to create opposition on the basis of common characteristics. The further research will be aimed at the in-depth analysis of the verbalization means of the conceptual opposition “HUMAN BEING – TECHNOLOGY” in Ray Bradbury’s works for classifying the peculiarities of the writer’s idiostyle.