Opposite Meanings Research Articles

Hemeranopia and Nyctanopia

To the Editor. —The terms used for night- and day-blindness cause much confusion. Classically, hemeralopia designated night-blindness and nyctalopia day-blindness, which is etymologically incorrect. Therefore, some now use these terms with opposite meanings. This is confusing because the meaning of al, coming from alaos—blind—is not generally known to doctors, not many of whom know Greek (or even Latin) nowadays. I therefore suggest that it be replaced by the a privativum —an before a vowel—which is known to every doctor and appears in such ophthalmological terms as hemianopia, protanopia, anophalmia, etc. Hemeranopia for day-blindness and nyctanopia for night-blindness will be universally understood.

Comment on Polynesian Sibling Terms

EKB connect the last two with the endings /-na/ and /-ne/..., old Polynesian markers of the relation 'near to the speaker' and 'distant from the speaker' respectively, which we believe may be translated as our dimension parity, i.e., 'parallel sex' and 'cross sex' respectively (p. 1614). The particles naa and nei are, in fact, reconstructible at least as early as Proto Nuclear Polynesian (Pawley 1966:44)-but with the opposite meanings: naa near person spoken to, nei near speaker. These semantic values make the transference to the sex

Treatment of Impotency and Anorgasmia by Psychotherapy Aided by Hypnosis

Abstract Neocortical thought processes, such as concern with performance in the male, or concern with pleasing the partner in the female, extinguish sexual responsivity, because neocortical thought processes inhibit paleocortical and hypothalamic activity on which sexual responsiveness depends. The psychotherapy of the resulting impotency in the male and anorgasmia in the female is effective when it succeeds in isolating and freeing the pleasurable feelings of sexual activity, by inhibiting the neocortical concerns and interfering goal-directed thought processes. In this respect the hypnotic treatment of impotency and anorgasmia uses the opposite means from the hypnotic treatment and control of pain, but for the same psychophysiologic reason: Activation of neocortical thought processes, fantasy and imagery, visual or auditory, is capable of extinguishing pain, because it inhibits the subcorticalthalamic pain receptors in the same way as neocortical thought processes inhibit paleocortical-hypothalamic sexual perceptions and responses.

Editorial: Peer review and all that. Three little words.

There are only a few nouns in the English language that have two directly opposite meanings. Such a one is peer. As if that were not remarkable enough, the word also has a third meaning as a verb that has no etymological relationship to the other two meanings. The first definition is Peer : one of superior rank or position, a nobleman, a holder of one of the five degrees of British nobility: Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, or Baron. Its second meaning is more humble: Peer : one of the same rank, an equal, a comrade. Will the peer review process of the Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSRO) bring together a group of comrades, reviewing records and clinical procedures out of mutual interest and concern for the welfare of the patient, as equals? If so, this new legislation will survive and might even go down in history as a triumph for self-regulation

Propranolol

Comments1 January 1974PropranololHANUS J. GROSZ, M.D., F.A.C.P.HANUS J. GROSZ, M.D., F.A.C.P.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-80-1-118_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: In his critical review article on the current status of the therapeutic applications of propranolol (1), Morrelli observes that, in addition to the three officially approved indications, clinical trials have reported the potential use of propranolol for at least 34 other disorders, among them narcotic withdrawal symptoms. The reference is an incorrect and misleading interpretation of my paper "Narcotic withdrawal symptoms in heroin users treated with propranolol" (2).The error may have been caused by the title, which is admittedly ambiguous and can suggest two dimetrically opposite meanings: one, that the symptoms weretreatedwith propranolol or,...

Low cycle fatigue hold time behavior of cast rené 80

Strain-time programs involving continuous cycling, equal hold times in tension and compression, tensile strain hold periods, and compressive strain hold periods are compared for cast Rene 80 at 1600°F. It was found that the predictive equations for high-temperature fatigue give good agreement with experiments in which the hold times are equal. Contrary to expectation, however, tensile strain hold experiments gave longer liver than predicted, wile compressive strain hold period experiments were shorter than the predictions. Concurrently, the hysteresis loops from these two sets of experiments exhibited pronounced and opposite mean stresses, the tensile strain hold tests showing a compressive mean stress shift. These shifts were explainable in terms of the times spent in tensile and compressive loading, and could account qualitatively for the observed life behavior.

Marbe's Law, Stimulus Expectancy, and Response Competition

The hypothesis was that word-association response latency is an increasing linear function of overt response competition (measured by conditional response uncertainty) and of stimulus unexpectedness (measured by negative log stimulus probability). Both relationships were monotonic-increasing, as predicted, but neither was linear. Rather, response speed (reciprocal latency) decreased linearly with overt response competition and with stimulus unexpectedness. A more general, more precise form of Marbe's law is proposed, and a neurophysiologically oriented model of word-association behavior is sketched. It has been amply demonstrated that word-association response latency depends on response-word frequency. Thumb and Marbe (1901) were the first to report a decrease in latency with increasing response frequency, a result verified since by Wreschner (1907), Menzerath (1908), Cason and Cason (1925), and Schlosberg and Heineman (1950). This relationship is sometimes referred to as the Thumb-Marbe law, or simply as Marbe's law. Baker and Eliott (1948) found shorter latencies for the same stimulus-response pairs when subjects were instructed to restrict their responses to opposite meanings than when no such restriction was imposed. This suggests that latency increases with response competition. Moreover, it seems intuitively plausible that a high-probability response occurs with less competition from other 'response tendencies' than does a low-probability one-which may account for Marbe's law. More generally, a stimulus word that evokes a large number of equiprobable responses provides evidence of more response competition than one with a single response that occurs with probability 1. This in turn suggests that conditional response uncertainty may reflect wordassociation response competition. If P(Ri[Sj) is the probability that response i will be given when stimulus j is presented, and rj is the number of distinct responses with nonzero probability, then the con

The Srole Items and Acquiescence

Twelve years ago Lenski and Leggett found that race and class factors produced a strong agreeing tendency to one of the Srole anomie items. Many subsequent applications of the Srole items have failed to take into account the implications of their findings. Most of the research on the subject of acquiescence has been done on the F scale by psychologists who have explained it as a personality characteristic. The technique of comparing scale items to the same items in obverse form has been the principal research technique. The same technique is used here in a sociological perspective. One-half of a sample of poor Southern Negroes was given the Srole items and the other half was given the same items in an obverse form. Analysis shows a strong tendency to agree with both forms despite the fact that they had opposite meanings. The implications of this for the use of the Srole items and similar scales are examined.

COLLECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF WORDS FOR DESCRIPTION OF FOOD TEXTURE: I: Collection of Words.

Using a controlled association test, Japanese expressions describing texture were collected in response to 97 food stimulus words. Results were compared with those obtained by Szczesniak in the United States. Frequencies of response were well balanced for some but not for all words with opposite meanings. There were many onomatopoeic words. The median frequency of mention per subject per food was about 3.5 texture words. This became about 7 when words which were mentioned only once were omitted. In the descending order of frequency, the most important words were: hard, soft, juicy, chewy, greasy, viscous, slippery, creamy, crisp (kori-kori), crunchy (kari-kari), and brittle.

Становлення і розвиток системи комерційної освіти в Україні

Комерційна освіта в Україні виникла у XIX ст. завдяки ініціативі громадськості, підприємців і передових вчених як освіта молоді для служби в приватних та державних торгово-промислових закладах. У роботі проаналізована діяльність комерційних освітніх закладів України кінця XIX – початку XX століття.

Connotative meaning of sentence subjects as a function of verb and object meaning under different grammatical transformations

Forty-three S s rated CVC sentence subjects, on good-bad and active-passive semantic differential scales. The sentences had good or bad predicate verbs and good or bad object nouns and were presented as active, passive, question, or negative sentences. It was found that for active and passive sentences, the subject CVCs were rated as good when the verb and object had the same evaluative meaning and as bad when they had opposite evaluative meanings. Similar results obtained with the question transformation, though to a lesser degree. The negative transformation reversed the evaluation of the subject CVCs for all verb-object combinations except for bad verbs with bad objects. Subject CVCs were rated as less active in the negative transformation than in the other three transformations, which did not significantly differ among each other. The results were discussed in terms of congruity theory and transformational theory.

CROSS‐CULTURAL TESTING: AN ASPECT OF THE RESISTANCE REACTION

This paper is based on a classroom experience that showed the need of teaching American culture before attempting to teach American literature meaningfully to foreigners. The students in this learning situation were the Middle‐Eastern employees of an American organization in the school year 1966–1967. The teachers found out the students interpreted literature in terms of their own native culture. Many times, a behavioral pattern had opposite meanings in American and Middle Eastern cultures. Consequently, a course in American culture was taught. In objective quizzes, whenever the questions on American behavioral patterns came directly from the book and were of a general nature, the students did well. But when the questions related to everyday‐life situations, the students unconsciously answered according to their own native behavioral patterns. Such answers revealed intense, vehement resistance to the target culture, due to prejudice and mistrust of the foreign behavioral codes. The students’ work careers depended on their school records. The answers to quiz questions were reliable. Gradually, the students responses showed less resistance to the target, cultural patterns of behavior.

The Role of the Amygdaloid Nucleus in Animal Behaviour

This chapter discusses the role of the amygdaloid nucleus in animal behavior. The amygdaloid complex, which plays an integratory and regulatory role in important functions of the organism, such as food intake, defense, and sexual behavior, can be divided into two parts with different or even opposite physiological meanings. The dorsomedial division is involved in defensive mechanisms. Its stimulation, producing various symptoms of fear and defense may serve as negative reinforcement (punishment) for the training of defensive conditioned reflexes both classical and avoidance. The basolateral part plays an inhibitory role. Its stimulation inhibits performance of the instrumental alimentary reactions, as well as food intake, and its destruction produces hyperphagia and disinhibition of conditioned alimentary reactions. This suggests that it plays the role of an alimentary inhibitory center duplicating the one in the ventromedial hypothalamus. However, stimulation of the basolateral part also inhibits fear symptoms and instrumental intertrial reactions connected with the generalized fear state. Stimulation of the dorsomedial part has properties of negative reinforcement. There is also a great deal of evidence suggesting that stimulation of the basolateral part is positively reinforcing. It is possible that the pleasant emotional state produced by basolateral stimulation may interfere with both feeding and defensive behavior and this may account for lack of the respective reactions.

The Pillars of Medicine, Or, Saved by Webster

To the Editor:— In your editorial A Pillar of Medicine ( 195 :1145, 1966) I was amazed to find the phrase manuscripts which... laws of physiology. I had thought that to flaunt and to flout had opposite meanings. I was even more astounded to find in the latest Webster's Third International that flout is given as a synonym of flaunt. This is indeed the world of Alice in Wonderland in which we live, when words can be made to have any meaning that we choose to give them. Do you, Sirs, condemn or condone this tendency? This called to mind the obituary notice of the Canadian physician W. S. Stansbury that appeared in Vox Sanguinis a few years ago, But above all he was loyal to the causes he eschewed....

Sur les propriétés mécaniques et thermiques des écoulements turbulents au voisinage des parois chauffées

Some interesting information can be obtained on mechanical and thermal flow properties by studying the structure of turbulent flows near walls with the aid of Mac Laurin expansions starting from a point at the wall. The validity of the Navier equations for the usual turbulent flow cases has been established beyond doubt. All the relationships at the wall show that there is a single average solution with which the special case of flow between two planes can be investigated. The dynamic solution for a fluid of constant physical properties is independent of the thermal solution. The latter can be broken down into elementary solutions and the dissipation and transfer terms thus separated. Turbulent flow between heated and cooled flat plates with opposite mean fluxes. The following assumptions were made for the calculations : validity of the Navier equations, negligible thermal effect of dissipation, mean flow independent of z, zero velocity at the wall. The indefinite equations of motion (system 1) and the boundary conditions (system I') are expressed non-dimensionally by relating velocity to u*, length to u/u*, time to u/u*2 and temperature to φ0φCpu*. The functions u+, v+, w+ and 0+ are expanded as a Mac Laurin series starting from y+ = 0. The instantaneous coefficients for the expansions (system II) are found by eliminating pressure and then identifying each term, whereupon the mean value of these coefficients call be found (system III). An additional assumption has to be made regarding the correlation between the velocity components u and w at two points in order to be able to proceed with the calculation. If this correlation is assumed to be so small as to be negligible, the mean coefficients assume a simplified form (system III'). A certain number of mean coefficients can then be calculated, as follow: a1 = 0 a2 = 1/R* a3 = 0 a4 ≈ 0 a5 ≠ 0 a6 = 0 c1 = 0 c2 = 0 c3 = 0 c4 = 0 c5 ≠ 0 c6 = 0 d1 = P d2 = 0 d3 = 0 d4 ≠ 0 d5 ≠ 0 .... Velocity and temperature profiles can then be defined in clear terms (system IV). The thermal and dynamic profiles dffer even at very high Reynolds numbers and a Prandtl number equal to 1. Diffusivity study. Expressions for the turbulence factors generally termed 'turbulent viscosity' (μt), 'turbulent conductivity' (λt) and 'turbulent Prandtl number' (μtCp/λt) can be obtained from the above coefficients. The equivalence of these factors near the walls shows that y + 4 increases for μt, y + 3 for λt and y + Pt (system V). An experimental verification can be attempted from the conventional velocity profile formulations and Sleicher and Corcaran's experimental data. Its results show fairly satisfactory agreement, but measurement accuracy is too poor to allow any reliable conclusions to be drawn. The suggested theoretical data could only be verified satisfactorily if direct measurement of the correlations near the walls were possible.

Matthew V.18 and the Validity of the Law

The interpretation of the closing words of Matt. v. 18 has been bedevilled by doctrinal preconceptions and the misapprehension of a characteristically Semitic mode of expression. The attitude towards the Law expressed by Jesus in Matt. v. 17–20 is one of unqualified acceptance and approval. The Law is to be observed in every detail and there is no suggestion that there is any limit in time to its observance. The Law is eternal, and its most minute prescription retains its validity (v. 18), i.e. so long as the created world endures, to the end of time. The difficulty that confronts the exegete is to reconcile the closing, clause γένται with this unambiguous statement regarding the duration of the Law. If the sense of were similar in the two instances it would be natural to treat as a variant term for , in which case γενέθαι would be the antithesis of , and the two clauses would have opposite meanings. Again, to suggest, as is commonly done, that the last clause of v. 18 is to be understood—like the similar expressions in Matt. xxiv. 34 // Mark xiii. 30 // Luke xxi. 32—as referring to the parousia or to those works of Jesus which are unconnected with the observance of the Law is to rob the categorical assertion of its absolute character and to involve the speaker in self-contradiction. The two clauses introduced by cannot be treated as co-ordinate or synonymous.

The A of Separation

The Latin preposition ad, signifying 'direction towards,' came into Spanish in the form of a, retaining most of the meanings originally expressed by ad, and acquiring some new ones. Among the most curious of these is that expressed by a in such constructions as comprar el libro a Juan, 'to buy the book from John,' or implorar auxilio a Inglaterra, 'to ask for help from England.' In such cases the meaning of a is clearly 'from,' signifying a concept entirely opposite from that ordinarily expressed by a. While most of the grammarians and lexicographers believe that the Latin ab remained in Spanish only as an inseparable prefix, such as in abrazar (ab plus bracchiare) or abatir (ab plus battuere), a few, such as Richter,' Lanchetas,2 and the Diccionario de autoridades3 indicate that perhaps the influence of ab is retained, a view which would seem superficially justifiable when considering the current use of a for the concept of separation. On studying this highly popular and overworked Spanish preposition, we were struck by the fact that the majority of the authorities have either omitted or overlooked the meaning of separation entirely. In his twenty-nine page treatment of the preposition a, for example, Cuervo4 only hints at the meaning of separation by indicating it may be the outgrowth of the dative case, and quotes such an example as quitar, defraudar el credito a alguno. The Diccionario de la Academia6 and the Diccionario hist6rico6 do not mention the concept of separation at all in discussing a. For the Cantar de mio Cid, Men6ndez Pidal7 simply states at the conclusion of his treatment of the preposition that, in such cases as espedirse a, the preposition es signo del dativo. For the sixteenth century, Keniston8 lists a number of verbs of separation and deprivation which use the a for what he calls the 'dative of interest,' among which are cortar, comprar, defender, encubrir, hurtar, oir, pedir, quitar, rogar, and tomar. Standard Modern Spanish, as well as French and Italian, all use this preposition with certain verbs of separation and deprivation to signify 'from.' Thus conveying two diametrically opposite meanings, 'to' and 'from,' this preposition presents a situation similar to that discussed by Nyrop,9 who cites such words as French devers, 'towards' or 'from,' or English consultant, to cap, and to smell, all of which convey opposite concepts, depending upon the context of the sentence for the exact meaning. The a of separation undoubtedly arose with the Latin verb petere which would require a double accusative as in mercedem Deo peto, 'I pray to God for mercy, I pray mercy from God.' In Latin either the dative or ablative case could be employed when separation was to be expressed, but with the breakdown of the Latin case system, the oblique case and various prepositions assumed the functions of the other cases. Consequently, when two accusatives were to be expressed, the personal one was converted into the dative of person, the Latin dative case being rendered in Spanish by the accusative (oblique) case plus ad (giving a). Having begun with the verb pedir, the a of separation spread to its compound espedir in Old Spanish, despedir in Modern Spanish, and as time passed it became used, possibly by analogy, with numerous verbs indicating separation and deprivation. A period of fluctuation is seen in the Cid, where both a and de were employed

A BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF VARICOSE VEINS

This article is being presented primarily for the benefit of the general practitioner in an attempt to clarify any confusion that may exist concerning the tests used in the examination of patients who have varicose veins. Any one who has perused the recent literature concerning varicose veins will verify the statement that the varied labeling of the classic Trendelenburg test is confusing and frequently contradictory. In one of the most widely read surgical publications, articles of two well known writers in this field appeared a year apart in which were stated absolutely opposite meanings of a Trendelenburg. The simple test has been expanded to include such modifications as double positive, negative and nil. Add to this, as examples, Perthes' test, the tight bandage test, the comparative tourniquet tests and the Schwartz test. Is confusion not to be expected from such a situation? The practicing physician desires only to