Opposite Meanings Research Articles

The individual and the city: Two models of interaction

Two conditionally opposite types of human interaction with society are considered: extroverted and introverted. The process of extroverted interaction is aimed at direct contact with the urban community, and introverted – at the imaginary reality, the artistic image of what is happening. The first type is supported by the majority cultural practice and the rules of the system, while the second type is associated with a minimal presence in the system and a playful interpretation of the context. The key elements of architectural interpretation of the interaction under consideration are the house and the city – simultaneously as real objects and as metaphors of opposite meanings. Architecture in its essential manifestation is embodied as a city in the extroverted project, and as a house in the introverted one.

Discussion on Comparative Research and Teaching of the Adverbs Shizhong(始终),Zaowan (早晚),Chizao (迟早) for Vietnamese Students

Adverb“始终（shizhong）、早晚（zaowan）、迟早（chizao）” in Chinese and Vietnamese are equivalent compound words composed of two monosyllabic morphemes, and these two morphemes have opposite meanings. This article analyzes and compares three adverbs from two semantic and grammatical perspectives, conducts comparative analysis, and thereby finds the similarities and differences between these three words in Chinese and Vietnamese. At the same time, finding the causes and proposing teaching methods to solve the problem of Vietnamese students often misusing these words when learning Chinese in Vietnam. We have found very few studies on teaching and comparing adverbs in these two languages, so this article hopes to help Vietnamese students understand more deeply the characteristics of this group of words, as well as avoid misusing this group of words.

PERANCANGAN UI/UX PADA APLIKASI WISATA LOMBOK MENGGUNAKAN METODE USER CENTERED DESIGN

This study investigates the application of User-Centered Design (UCD) principles in the design UI/UX for the mobile tourism application, 'Wisata Lombok.' The research aims to demonstrate how UCD can significantly improve user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) in context-specific applications. The methodology employed a multi-phase approach, including user research, persona development, iterative design. Data was collected through interviews with local and tourists, online surveys with Lombok residents, and on-site observations. This information guided the creation of user personas and informed the application's feature set and design decisions. Key findings reveal that incorporating local cultural elements into the UI design enhanced user engagement. The implementation of features like maps and cultural event calendars. Usability testing was carried out using an online questionnaire using the UEQ method. The UEQ contains 26 questions which structured in the form of a semantic differential, where each word consists of two terms expressing opposite meanings. The form was distributed to 35 respondents. All of the 35 respondents, 16 identified as male and 19 as female. The age distribution indicates that 29 respondents are within the 18-35 years old range, while 6 respondents are within the 35-56 years old. The UEQ result shows that the perspicuity and efficiency scale has the highest values, 2.29 and 1.96, falling within the “Excellent” range, indicating that the respondents didn't find any difficulties in operating the user interface. The attractiveness, dependability, and novelty scale fall within the “above average” value, indicating that the user interface was based on respondent needs. The stimulation scale has the least value 0.44 which fall within “bad” value , which means that the respondents was bored cause the user interface only has a few features.

CHILDREN'S UNDERSTANDING OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY THROUGH VISUAL SEMIOTICS IN THE MUSIC VIDEO OPPOSITES WORD POWER BY PINKFONG YOUTUBE CHANNEL

The lack of English language skills and understanding in Indonesian primary school children is caused by many factors such as, limited teachers, unfamiliarity, unsupportive environment, and various other things. This is a challenge for individuals to learn English and teachers as teachers. In addition to the seriousness of children in learning English, the accuracy of the teacher in choosing the learning methods given to children must also be appropriate. In the current era of digitalization, learning methods through YouTube videos can have an impact on children's knowledge and understanding of English if implemented properly. In this case, learning English can be obtained by listening to videos that apply visual semiotics in it. The application of visual semiotics can be applied in teaching English to children from a video. The form of application can be like in the music video [Opposites Word Power | PINKFONG Songs for Children]. In this music video, explaining the opposite meanings of eight English vocabularies visualized in the form of icons and symbols. This research is descriptive research using a qualitative approach. The data collection conducted by the researchers used random sampling technique with ten public elementary school children aged 8, 9, and 10 years old as respondents. The data collection activities are carried out by asking questions related to knowledge and understanding of vocabulary in the music video to each children after the researchers show the YouTube music video [Opposites Word Power | PINKFONG Songs for Children]. The result of this study is to explain the extent of understanding of English vocabulary by children through visual semiotics displayed in the video. The results show that the icons and symbols displayed in the video mostly help the children understand the meaning of the English vocabulary displayed. This research also proves that visual semiotics is a sign whose meaning is universal so that it can be used as a learning method used by educators in teaching English in public elementary schools in Indonesia.

Analysis of duplicate words in the short story of “Love You Forever” authored by Chanthy Duensavanh

In a study, the researchers have focused on two-syllable duplicate words of the short story “Love You Forever” authored by Chanthy Duensavanh. The objective of the research is to study the structures and compliment characteristics of two-syllable duplicate words used in the story. The methodology of the research is qualitative, and the results have been reported through analysis and interpretation. Remarkably, two-syllable duplicate words used by the writer, Chanthy Duensavanh, have an appropriate meaning for various situations. The researchers have found that, for two-syllable duplicate words, a total of 55 words with 3 different construction types:16 words of a noun-type structure (equal to 29.09%). In this type, 3 various constructions were evident: the noun and noun model type, the noun and verb model type, and the noun and adjective model type. 26 words (equal to 47.27%) were constructed as verb-type structures. The verb type includes 2 model types: verb and verb model type and verb and adjective model type. Researchers have also found 13 words (equal to 23.63%) of adjective type, which includes 3 model types: adjective and noun, adjective and verb, and adjective and adjective. The structures of duplicate words of the verb type occurred more other types. Regarding the compliment characteristics, the two-syllable duplicate words in the short story “Love You Forever” had three different characteristics: those with the same meaning (a total of 29 words, or 52.72%); those with a similar or opposite meaning (a total of 26 words, or 45.45%); and those with an opposite meaning (only 1 word, or 1.81%). Duplicate words with a similar meaning were used more when compared to other compliment types.

Философия языка А.М. Деборина

The article is devoted to one of the little-known episodes of the scientific life of the famous Soviet philosopher Academician Abram Deborin. The author will analyze his works on linguistics. In the mid 1930s. Abram Deborin enthusiastically set about creating his own linguistic and philosophical concept of the origin of language and thinking on the basis of Nikolai Marr’s “New theory of language”. He developed and supplemented this doctrine, building a complete philosophy of language. Marr’s doctrine correlated with the Marxist-Leninist worldview of Abram Deborin, and also corresponded to his adherence to the doctrine of Hegel. The focus of the article is the book The New Doctrine of Language and Dialectical Materialism (1935), as well as his other works that deal with questions of linguistics. Developing the ideas of Marr, the Soviet philosopher strengthened his Marxist argument and resolved some of the contradictions of Marrism. He left aside the insignificant linguistic aspects of Marrism, which had nothing to do with philosophical problems. Abram Deborin became the first author of works on linguistics written from the standpoint of the “New theory of language”, and he was the only one to remain so. After the famous discussion on linguistics in 1950, when Joseph Stalin came out with the work Marxism and Problems of Linguistics, in which Marrism was crushed, Abram Deborin was forced to repent of his mistakes, demonstrating his rejection of the “New theory of language”. However, the scientist did not abandon the important idea of Nikolai Marr about the transition from synthetic thinking in primitive society to analytical thinking in class society. This idea was developed in his works at the junction of philosophy and linguistics, written after 1950. In this period particularly developed in his philosophy of language was the idea of the coincidence of opposite meanings in one word expressing some concept of the human protolanguage.

The Unity and Struggle of Opposites in Concepts of the Right of Nations to Self-Determination Developed by V.I. Lenin and V. Wilson

The paper deals with the conflict between the concepts of self-determination stated by V.I. Lenin and V. Wilson, which determined the formation of a new world order from the beginning of the 20th century until the end of the Second World War, which is based on the political and legal idea of self-determination.In 1914, Vladimir Lenin put forward the concept of self-determination in the article «On the right of nations to self-determination», which was dedicated to the confrontation between the «oppressive» and «oppressed» nation with the right to secede the latter and «form a national state». This concept was taken up by American President Woodrow Wilson. He used it as a basis for the «Fourteen Points» when addressing the US Congress in 1917 as a political formula and legal justification for the US entry into the First World War, the fragmentation of Europe into nation states and the increase in political influence.The author concludes that the principle of self-determination, developed by Lenin and further developed by Wilson, was based on various ideological premises and initially had a diametrically opposite meaning. Whereas in Lenin’s work the emphasis was on the creation of a sovereign state up to the point of secession and/or annexation to another state, but under the protection of international law, then for Wilson self-determination was almost identical to «government of the people» or «government by consent», with the possibility of exerting political influence on a self-determined nation and justifying military conflicts with the participation of the United States in Latin America.Exploring the conceptual component of ideas, foreign policy documents of Soviet and American diplomacy, the author, based on an analysis of the world order that emerged after the First World War and the rapid process of national liberation movements and decolonization, concludes about the stunning influence of the Leninist formula on the emergence of new states in Europe, Asia, and others regions of the world, as well as for the return of the national outskirts of the former Russian Empire lost as a result of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty.

The problem of implementing the principle of semantic rationality in theological research

The article attempts to comprehend the possibility and necessity of implementing the “Principle of Semantic Rationality” in the course of conducting theological research. First, the problem of interpretation of religious terms is raised, formulated in the process of centuries-old theological research, transformed over time, sometimes acquiring opposite (contradictory) meanings. Attention is drawn to the specifics of working with terms that have existential meanings, characterized by some blurring of terminological boundaries, differences in their understanding (interpretation) not only in everyday and religious meanings, but also within the same religion, which causes significant disagreements leading to the emergence of different directions and schools As one example of the ambiguity of interpretation, examples of terminological contradictions in the definition of the concepts of soul (nafs) and spirit (ruh) in the Islamic theological tradition are given. The work provides a brief overview of three groups of encyclopedic and explanatory dictionaries recommended to help the theologian. The first group includes publications covering directly Islamic topics, the second group contains information concerning other religions, and the third group includes religious studies publications that are non-confessional in nature. In conclusion, it is noted that despite the presence of a significant number of authoritative encyclopedic publications, questions of multivariate interpretation of religious terms remain, which, on the one hand, complicates the research process, and on the other hand, stimulates reflection on their deep meanings.

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LEARNING WORDS WITH OPPOSITE MEANINGS IN ELEMENTARY MOTHER TONGUE CLASSES

This article explores the theoretical foundations of teaching words with opposite meanings in primary mother tongue education, emphasizing cognitive knowledge, the creation of a cognitive-linguistic environment, and ensuring mutual understanding within a language-speaking community. It reveals the peculiarities of words with opposite meanings and promotes various methods to develop creative thinking in primary school students. The psychological and pedagogical conditions necessary for students' acquisition of antonyms and the development of their speech skills are thoroughly analyzed. Additionally, the article highlights the implementation of mother tongue education, considering children’s perceptual processes, cognitive testing activities, and psychological states.

The Changing Meanings of Political Terms and Their Reflection in Dictionaries

When observing media texts, one cannot help but notice that some political terms are used with a meaning widely different from that offered by mainstream middle-size dictionaries, which generally stick to the initial, sometimes etymological senses. Corpora analysis confirms the shift in senses and divergence of use. The aim of this paper is to analyse the meaning and use of two terms ubiquitous in the public sphere: fascist/fascism and liberal/liberalism, their original meanings, and subsequent changes in meaning and use. Though the limited space available for defining terms in a general explanatory dictionary makes it extremely difficult to reflect all ideological tinges and meanings, where a frequently used political term seems to have developed stable, different, even opposite meanings, this should be reflected by introducing ideological polysemy in dictionary definitions.

Sözü Güzelleştiren Sanatlardan Mukabele Sanatının İncelenmesi: Kur’ân-ı Kerim Örneği

Mukabele is one of the figures of speech that beautify the meaning, which is also mentioned as equivalent in the science of bedi'. The source of beauty in the metaphor, which is defined as bringing two or more meanings together and then mentioning the opposite or related meanings of each one respectively, is the syntax harmony between the opposing or compatible meanings. Although it is an independent art of painting, it is seen that it is not discussed under a separate title in rhetoric books. In this study, the definition of mukabele, its classification, and the difference between it and tıbâk/contrast will be discussed and evaluations will be made by giving some examples from the verses of the Holy Quran and the poems of important poets of Turkish literature. We will examine the art of mukabele in terms of the arrangement of words, in the form of compound mukabela and non-composed mukabele, and division based on numbers (two with two, three with three, four with four, five with five, six with six). Our aim is to contribute to a clearer understanding of the nature of response. Key Words: Mukabele, eloquence, tibâki, bedî, agreement.

Negation mitigates rather than inverts the neural representations of adjectives.

Combinatoric linguistic operations underpin human language processes, but how meaning is composed and refined in the mind of the reader is not well understood. We address this puzzle by exploiting the ubiquitous function of negation. We track the online effects of negation ("not") and intensifiers ("really") on the representation of scalar adjectives (e.g., "good") in parametrically designed behavioral and neurophysiological (MEG) experiments. The behavioral data show that participants first interpret negated adjectives as affirmative and later modify their interpretation towards, but never exactly as, the opposite meaning. Decoding analyses of neural activity further reveal significant above chance decoding accuracy for negated adjectives within 600 ms from adjective onset, suggesting that negation does not invert the representation of adjectives (i.e., "not bad" represented as "good"); furthermore, decoding accuracy for negated adjectives is found to be significantly lower than that for affirmative adjectives. Overall, these results suggest that negation mitigates rather than inverts the neural representations of adjectives. This putative suppression mechanism of negation is supported by increased synchronization of beta-band neural activity in sensorimotor areas. The analysis of negation provides a steppingstone to understand how the human brain represents changes of meaning over time.

The Concept of "Kalam" in Imam Sibawaih's View on "Al-Kitab": Arabic Linguistic Studies

A word cannot be said to be a speech when it does not fulfill the standard criteria in the structure that exists in speech. This is of particular concern to an Arabic linguistic figure named Imam Sibawaih who has a special explanation of the standards in assessing an utterance as kalam. This opinion can be seen from his work entitled "Al-Kitab", one of the Arabic grammatical books that became the initial reference for Arabic linguistic grammatical scholars. However, in the book, Imam Sibawaih does not explicitly explain, but some examples and arguments are presented in his work entitled "Al-Kitab". Therefore, this study aims to reveal the standard criteria of a word that can be said to be an utterance according to Imam Sibawaih's view in his book entitled "Al-Kitab". This research is descriptive-qualitative research using data sources in the form of Imam Sibawaih's book entitled "Al-Kitab". The data collection method in this research uses the listening method with documentation techniques. The method of data analysis in this study uses a descriptive method with the hermeneutic approach to analyze the purpose of Imam Sibawaih's explanation in the examples and arguments presented in his work entitled "Al-Kitab". The result of the research is the discovery of the concept of "kalam" in the view of Imam Sibawaih in the "Al-Kitab" in the form of (1) kalam must be by the structure of language and meaning, (2) kalam must have benefits, (3) kalam must be by the context, (4) kalam is not composed of words that have opposite meanings

미술 교과 연계 발명교육 프로그램이 초등학생의 미술 교과 인식에 미치는 영향 분석

Objectives Although the Korean Intellectual Property Office and the Korea Invention Promotion Association have so far promoted invention education focused on after-school education, with the announcement of the ‘2030 Vision of fostering intellectual property competency’, the organizations are actively promoting the implementation of invention education within regular class hours. To refine this direction of invention education, an invention education program linked to three regular curriculum subjects was developed in 2022. This study intended to analyze how the application of an art-related invention education program to schools affects elementary school students' perception of art subjects. In other words, this study intended to examine the cognitive characteristics of elementary school students regarding the art subjects before and after applying the art subject-linked invention education program. Also, this study sought to investigate whether there were differences in elementary school students' cognitive characteristics regarding art subjects before and after participating in the art curriculum-related invention education program. Methods For this purpose, an invention education program linked to the art class was implemented with 189 participating students in three schools during regular class hours. Then the students' perception of the art class before and after the program was investigated using a survey developed and reconstructed based on the semantic discrimination method. Additionally, a t-test was conducted at the .05 significance level to investigate whether there was a difference in elementary school students' cognitive characteristics regarding art classes before and after participating in the art class-related invention program. Results Both before and after participating in the art classes, there were no extreme values on either end regarding the perception of art subjects, with data ranging from 2 to 4 (on a scale of 1 to 7) on a questionnaire (consisting of pairs of adjectives with opposite meanings describing art subjects). Also, the change in perception of art subjects before and after participating in the program was not statistically significant. Conclusions In conclusion, since there are no extreme values both before and after applying the program, it can be inferred that students do not have a set perception of art classes or invention-related art subjects. Additionally, the fact that the change in perception before and after program participation was not statistically significant may stem from the fact that only one topic out of four topics after development was applied on a pilot basis for each school for the duration of four sessions. Thus, it could be inferred that the time frame was too limited for meaningful changes in perceptions of the subject to occur. Also, it may be possible that there were limitations in applying invention education that accurately reflects the developer’s intent due to the absence of teacher training. In the future, through follow-up research that will be further supplemented these limitations, it is necessary to investigate more closely how students perceive the subjects after participating in invention education.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CATEGORY OF OPPOSITION IN DIALECT TEXTS

A dialect text is an informative and valuable source for researching the entire dialect system of a language, as well as for interdisciplinary studies related to cultural studies, folklore, ethnography, etc. The issues of the category of opposition were studied by L.A. Bulakhovskyi, F. de Saussure, O.O. Potebnia and others; Ukrainian linguists today consider antonymy mainly with regard to pragmatics (F.S. Batsevych, D.V. Movchan, K.V. Taranenko, N.O. Rusnak). In the article the category of opposition as one of the most widespread in the dialect text, the basis for creating informativeness about the past for the present life is analysed. It has been found that the category of opposition in oral stories-memoirs of dialect speakers is realised in the form of concepts-oppositions. Specific examples are used to illustrate the use of verbalisation techniques for concepts with oppositional meanings within the semantic field of the КОЛИСЬ – ЗАРАЗ. Іn dialect discourse, speakers focus on distinct differences in life and activity over time, and for the informativeness of communication, they talk about modern traditions and point out the differences in the past, thus expressing their attitude to such changes. The category of opposition is based on the opposite, which covers all spheres of human existence. In statements, two opposite states of an object or a subject are realised, and most importantly, the attitude of the linguistic personality, which makes it possible to create connotatively coloured linguistic units. The category of opposition as a logical procedure based on opposition (dissimilarity, incompatibility, comparison of objects, states, characteristics by certain differential features) covers the entire reality of human existence. Statements can represent two opposite states of an object or a subject, and most importantly, the attitude of a linguistic personality, which makes it possible to create connotatively coloured linguistic units.

Masked Statement Classification in Conversational Text

Sarcasm can be really tricky for computer programs that analyze text to understand people’s feelings and opinions. This is because sarcasm involves saying something with the opposite meaning of what you actually feel, often to make fun of a situation. When computers analyze text, they focus on the words used rather than the intended meaning, which can lead to mistakes in how the text is categorized. Sarcasm also creates problems when trying to figure out the author’s true emotions in tasks like sentiment analysis. So, there is a need of a way to identify sarcasm in text and correct the sentiment it conveys. Recent studies have employed deep learning and machine learning methods to identify sarcasm. Deep learning is quite powerful, but traditional machine learning methods are still widely used and can work as well if trained properly. This study aims to compare different algorithms like Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Computational Neural Network(CNN), and Artificial Neural Network(ANN) etc to see how well they work in sarcasm detection. The survey examined several systems and algorithms for detecting sarcasm, as well as any faults or drawbacks associated with these approaches. It also discusses various important challenges and future directions for sarcasm detection research in order to provide useful insights in this field

КЫРГЫЗ ТИЛИНДЕ БИР УҢГУЛУУ СӨЗДӨРДҮН СЕМАНТИКА СТИЛИСТИКАЛЫК ФУНКЦИЯСЫ

The article is devoted to the syntactic service of words with one vowel of opposite meaning in the Kyrgyz language. Although words with the same root and opposite meanings are organized into a sentence system in a form similar in appearance, their function in linguistics is diverse. Also, words with the same root, having opposite meanings, are organized into predicative and attributive relationships and are associated with emotions, expressiveness of speakers when creating a dialogue. Therefore, the article notes that emotions, expressiveness, imagery, thrift, modality play a key role in the clear and clear allocation of single-root words in speech. In the Kyrgyz language, the ordering of words with the main meaning is carried out through an auxiliary verb in order to realize savings through nominative words through the property of creating, the pronunciation of significant words in a predicative ratio is similar to the main pronunciation, and the word pronounced in the shadow is not reported in the list, although words with repetition are used as a member of the sentence.

Пам’ять у лінгвістичному і соціокультурному вимірах

The article explores the linguistic characteristics of the concept of memory as one of the key cultural concepts among other meaningful ones — person, life, language, word. The starting point was the position that memory is a psychological category that is verbalized in different ways by linguistic means, models synonymous series, mental image forms. It is noted that the word-concept memory correlates with the words consciousness, memory, imagination, mind, knowledge through the prism of individual and collective experience of the past, and acts as a tool for evaluating human existence. In a comparative aspect, the semantics of the Ukrainian verb to remember and the Czech zapomnět, as well as the related nouns nezabudka and pomněnka, are considered. Verbs, having at first glance a similar grammatical structure, are characterized by antonymic meanings in modern literary languages. The factors that led the original semantic feature of the root pomn- (memor- [пам’ят-]) — «to remember» — to develop to the opposite meaning in the Czech verb zapomnět «to forget / not to remember something» are analyzed. It was noted that under the influence of other Slavic languages, the parallel use in the XVI–XVII c. in the Ukrainian language, two words — «пам’ятати / помнити» — led to the fact that the word to remember displaced the word to remember from usage. The semantics of ʽmemory’ in the interpretation of figurative means — metaphors and phraseology, which show signs of high semantic stability, reproducibility in the language from memory, and thus have the status of collective memories. The evidence presented in the article shows that the conceptual field of memory is structured by concepts that are relevant both for the individual and for the whole human community in a particular time dimension and have a high axiological potential.

ANTONYMY IN TERMINOLOGY (ACCORDING TO THE DICTIONARY OF ANTONYMS OF THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE)

The article examines the nature of the transmission of antonyms in dictionaries. Lexical-systematic connections, including the relationship of synonyms and antonyms within the semantic field, the influence of polysemy on the semantic relationships between words, the influence on the formation of an antonymic series, as well as the special importance of studying the expression word-formation of antonym connections in dictionaries. In lexicography, there are many types of antonym dictionaries. True, they differ from each other in the general concept of dictionaries, the structure of the dictionary, size and proximity to the industry. With the help of a dictionary of antonyms of the Kazakh language, the function of antonymy in terminology is differentiated and examples show that antonymic relations are considered a type of systematic relations in the linguistic vocabulary. Words that are in an antonymic relationship are used in the opposite sense and form a separate group. The goal and task of the antonym dictionary is to describe lexical units from the point of view of semantic opposition; it is indicated that antonyms can be formed from different roots and related words, and it is also shown that the meaning of antonyms is formed from related words. in a word, he is never aware of the opposite meaning. The appearance of words with opposite meanings is associated with the external environment. According to its logical and philosophical content, linguistic antonymy is considered as a manifestation of opposition in language.

Konjunktiv II в немецких энантиосемичных синтаксических конструкциях

The article investigates enantiosemy as a linguistic phenomenon. It is understood here as a complex, multidimensional object, which is both a phenomenon that reflects a certain essence and a general linguistic category. Along with studies into enantiosemy at the phonetic, morphological, lexical, phraseological and phraseosyntactic levels, publications on enantiosemy at the syntactic level are of particular interest, since this research area is at the initial stage of development. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to study enantiosemic syntactic constructions. As the material the author used German-language works of fiction. The paper considers several enantiosemic syntactic constructions in the form of complex sentences with adverbial clauses of comparison with conjunctions als ob and als (with als wäre, als hätte, als würde). These constructions are characterized by the use of a predicate in Konjunktiv II. The asymmetry of the form and content of the syntactic constructions is investigated. Considering that enantiosemy is based on opposition, context plays an important role in the actualization of the opposite meaning. The author found that when determining the enantiosemic nature of the constructions under study, context is not always required. In addition, it is noted that in most cases the selected syntactic constructions are asymmetrical. According to the results of the study, some of the proposed schemes, which can help to identify such constructions in the German language, can be introduced into scholarly discourse. The analysis of enantiosemic syntactic constructions contributes to further research into German syntax and can be of use when translating German texts.