Description Of Operation Research Articles

Bee: End to End Distributed Tracing System for Source Code Security Analysis

As distributed services become more and more complex, their security is becoming an increasingly important issue. End-to-end tracing has emerged recently as a valuable tool to improve the dependability of distributed systems, by performing dynamic verification and diagnosing correctness and performance problems. However, several shortcomings of the end-to-end tracing system`s security analysis are uncovered during the development. First of all, the density of probes is not enough, and also the descriptions of different operations are not consistent, which does not allow effective access to intermediate information of end-to-end services and brings about data analysis problems. Second, the implantation of probes is complex and many operations are highly coupled with the monitored program. The third point is that the sampling algorithm in the existing end-to-end distributed tracing system is too simple to effectively improve the performance of the high-density probe tracing system used for security analysis. In this paper, we address the above problem and successfully build Bee. To demonstrate the Bee's helpfulness for those problems in Security analysis, we test its performance and prove some privacy leaks vulnerabilities and access control vulnerabilities of OpenStack with Bee. The experimental results show that with the high-density probes. Bee can capture the detailed request process and quickly locate abnormal operations.

المحافظ الإلكترونية -دراسة تأصيلية تطبيقية-

Digital wallets are among the modern and contemporary issues of jurisprudence, whether they are linked to a company such as: the Saudi Telecom Company (STC) or a bank; Ex: Alinma Bank. These digital wallets are considered a new method of financial technology "Fintech" which is required by contemporary civil life with its speed in communication and information exchange. These digital wallets offer a number of services, features, and commissions, such as: facilitating purchases, payments, online shopping, bill payments, and transferring funds locally and internationally. In addition, some digital wallets give gifts and commissions, which are a sum of money or a gift in kind when using digital wallets under certain conditions. Hence, this research discusses those jurisprudential issues that arose due to dealing with these digital wallets, and the research was divided into three sections: The first section: the concept of the digital wallet and the services it provides. The second section: a description of the operations of digital wallets and their ruling in Islamic Sharia. And the third section: application of some fatwas and decisions of Sharia committees regarding digital wallets in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The research answered important questions, such as: What is the description of Digital wallet operations in Islamic Sharia and what is its ruling? What is the ruling on gifts, commissions and fees for using digital wallets? This, and through the application of the inductive, analytical and applied method, to identify the legitimate rooting of these important issues in Islamic jurisprudence; The study was applied to some of the decisions and fatwas of the Sharia committees in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in this regard. It is one decision and one fatwa. The research also reached important results, including: that the relationship between the customer and the digital wallet is like the customer’s relationship with the current account; As the client is a lender to those portfolios and current accounts. And therefore; It is permissible to settle payments with it, such as bills, purchases, and the like, and the wallet will return the loan instead. It is permissible to transfer currency through digital wallets, whether it is a local or foreign currency, with its exchange in the local currency and vice versa. The issue of the digital wallet may impose fees on operations and take a commission on the transfer; Because it is a broker or a paid agent, and the customer may take the gifts and benefits that these digital wallets give on deposit without a requirement and also on the use of the balance.

Determination of cutting process parameters for tooth of excavator active bucket

Excavators with the active buckets are able to produce digging frozen, durable soils and hard rocks. The widespread introduction of active buckets is constrained by a number of reasons, including an incomplete theoretical description of the active bucket operation and the process of interaction of the active bucket with soil and rock. In this work, the absolute speed of movement of the cutting edge of the tooth, the cutting angle and the clearance angle of cutting are mathematically determined.

A policy-aware epistemic framework for social networks

Abstract We provide a semantic framework to specify information propagation in social networks; our semantic framework features both the operational description of information propagation and the epistemic aspects in social networks. In our framework, based on annotated labelled transition systems, actions are decorated with function views to specify different types of announcements. Our function views enforce various common types of local privacy policies, i.e. those policies concerning a single action. Furthermore, we specify global privacy policies, those concerning multiple actions, using a combination of modal $\mu $-calculus and epistemic logic. To illustrate the applicability of our framework, we apply it to the specification of a real-world case study. As a fundamental property for the epistemic aspect of our semantic model, we prove that its indistinguishability relations are equivalence relations, namely they are reflexive, symmetric and transitive. We also study the complexity bounds for the model-checking problem concerning a subset of our logic and show that model checking is PSPACE-complete for the studied subset.

A hospital based assessment of the clinical and radiological outcome of extra-articular metaphyseal proximal tibia fractures treated with proximal tibia plates using MIPPO technique using Rasmussen’s scoring system

Aim: To assess the clinical and radiological outcome of extra-articular metaphyseal proximal tibia fractures treated with proximal tibia plates using the MIPPO technique using Rasmussen’s scoring system. Materials and Methods: Data related to demographics, mechanism of injury, details of trauma, hospitalization detail, operation description, post-operative rehabilitation, complications, clinical and functional outcomes were collected during the period of hospital stay and follow-up visits in the OPD clinic. Follow-up was conducted regularly at the interval of 4 weeks. The patients were followed up in the outpatient department. At the follow-up, a thorough clinical and radiological evaluation was done for the progress of union, healing of trauma wound, and joint stiffness. Once the fracture had shown early signs of union, partial weight bearing was started on the injured limb. On follow up, the patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically according to the proforma decided (Modified Rasmussen’s criteria for clinical and Radiological evaluation). Results: Majority (83.34%) of the patients in our study were males between the age group of 21-60 years. 90% of the patients had high energy proximal tibia fractures, which were caused by road traffic accidents (RTA) with a peak incidence in the fourth and fifth decade of life. Total 5 patients developed a superficial infection which was resolved by daily dressings and parenteral antibiotics. Rasmussen’s score was applied to assess functional and radiological outcomes. In our study, according to Rasmussen’s clinical scoring, 66.67% of patients had excellent, 12% of patients had well and 10% of patients had fair results. In our study, according to Rasmussen’s radiological scoring, 80% of patients had excellent and 20% of patients had good results. Conclusion: MIPPO is a relatively new concept in fracture management; but with the improved instrumentation and implants, it has the potential to become one of the mainstays of fracture management in the years to come.

First measurements on the Timespot1 ASIC: a fast-timing, high-rate pixel-matrix front-end

This work presents the first measurements performed on the Timespot1 ASIC. As the second prototype developed for the TimeSPOT project, the ASIC features a 32 × 32 channels hybrid-pixel matrix. Targeted to space-time tracking applications in High Energy Physics experiments, the system aims to achieve a time resolution of 30 ps or better at a maximum event rate of 3 MHz/channel with a data driven interface. Power consumption can be programmed to range between 1.2 W/cm2 and 2.6 W/cm2. The presented results include a description of the ASIC operation and a first characterization of its performance in terms of time resolution.

Concepts and evaluation of saturation in qualitative research

<p id=C6>With the methodological changes in psychology, more and more researchers tend to accept qualitative research as an effective way to solve psychological problems and serve the public. In a qualitative study, sufficient sample is the guarantee of research validity, and saturation is an indicator used to assess the adequacy of research data. Saturation means that on the basis of the currently collected and analyzed data, further data collection will not help researchers develop a deeper understanding of the story or theory, so there is no need to continue to collect data. The concept of theoretical saturation was first proposed in grounded theory. Then with the development of qualitative research methods, researchers have further created more saturation concepts, including data saturation, code or thematic saturation, meaning saturation, etc. Due to the diversity of saturation and its judgment standards, the relationship between different kinds of saturation are complicated and ambiguous. In addition, previous studies lack operational description and practical guidance for the evaluation of saturation, which leads to the vagueness of the concept of saturation and many difficulties in evaluation. In order to solve these problems, this study clarified the concepts and evaluation methods of four levels of saturation, and provided suggestions for researchers operations based on comparison and analysis. The four types of saturation occur at different stages of the research process, and each has its own specific connotations. Data saturation, code or thematic saturation focuses on the breadth of collected data, while meaning saturation and theoretical saturation focus on the depth of research data. In terms of evaluation methods and criteria, researchers usually judge data saturation based on the repeatability of initial data; code or thematic saturation is determined based on empirical research results, the emergence of new codes or themes, or saturation coefficients; the results of retrospective empirical analysis or tables of meaning unit are normally used to evaluate meaning saturation; while the assessment of theoretical saturation relies on a process called continuous comparison in grounded theory, which focuses on the continuous improvement of the theory. Some problems are discussed in this study. 1) The sample size standard for reaching saturation should be embedded in the specific research process instead of being uniformly set in advance. Because each study has its own uniqueness in terms of questions, purposes, methods, etc., which saturation is extremely sensitive to, the evaluation of saturation should be based on the characteristics of the current research to select an appropriate level of saturation. 2) Due to the logical uncertainty of saturation, a little oversampling would be helpful. The logical uncertainty here means that researchers can only predict the necessity of continuing data collection based on the information that has been collected, which relies on the subjective judgment of researchers, and its accuracy can never be further proved. Oversampling may be an effective way to solve this problem, which means that even if saturation has been achieved, the researcher is recommended to add 2 to 3 personal interviews or 1 to 2 focus group interviews to further confirm. 3) As an important index to evaluate the quality of qualitative research, saturation is not suitable for all qualitative research, such as psychobiography, narrative analysis, etc., which focus on single or a few cases and pay more attention to the integrity of individual stories. In the future, researchers should further focus on the evaluation and testing of saturation in different kinds of qualitative research.

The gauge-natural bilinear brackets on couples of linear vector fields and linear p-forms

We give complete description of all gauge-natural bilinear operators A transforming pairs of couples of linear vector fields and linear p-forms on a vector bundle E into couples of linear vector fields and linear p-forms on E and satisfying the Jacobi identity in Leibniz form.

Digitalized Automation Engineering of Industry 4.0 Production Systems and Their Tight Cooperation with Digital Twins

Smart production systems conforming the Industry 4.0 vision are based on subsystems that are integrated in a way that supports high flexibility and re-configurability. Specific components and devices, such as industrial and mobile robots or transport systems, now pose full-blown systems, and the entire Industry 4.0 production system constitutes a system-of-systems. Testing, fine-tuning, and production planning are important tasks in the entire engineering production system life-cycle. All these steps can be significantly supported and improved by digital twins, which are digitalized replicas of physical systems that are synchronized with the real systems at runtime. However, the design and implementation of digital twins for such integrated, yet partly stand-alone, industrial sub-systems can represent challenging and significantly time-consuming engineering tasks. In this article, the problem of the digital twin design for discrete-event production systems is addressed. The article also proposes to utilize a formal description of production resources and related production operations that the resources can perform. An executable version of such formalization can be automatically derived into a form of a digital twin. Such a derived digital twin can be enhanced with operation duration times that are obtained with process mining methods, leading to more realistic simulations for the entire production system. The proposed solution was successfully tested and validated in the Industry 4.0 Testbed, equipped with four robots and a transport system, which is utilized as a use-case in this article.

An influent generator for WRRF design and operation based on a recurrent neural network with multi-objective optimization using a genetic algorithm.

Nowadays, modelling, automation and control are widely used for Water Resource Recovery Facilities (WRRF) upgrading and optimization. Influent generator (IG) models are used to provide relevant input time series for dynamic WRRF simulations used in these applications. Current IG models found in literature are calibrated on the basis of a single performance criterion, such as the mean percentage error or the root mean square error. This results in the IG being adequate on average but with a lack of representativeness of, for instance, the observed temporal variability of the dataset. However, adequately capturing influent variability may be important for certain types of WRRF optimization, e.g., reaction to peak loads, control system performance evaluation, etc. Therefore, in this study, a data-driven IG model is developed based on the long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network and is optimized by a multi-objective genetic algorithm for both mean percentage error and variability. Hence, the influent generator model is able to generate a time series with a probability distribution that better represents reality, thus giving a better influent description for WRRF design and operation. To further increase the variability of the generated time series and in this way approximate the true variability better, the model is extended with a random walk process.

Оптические нанорезонаторы

The review presents the analysis and generalization of classical and most modern approaches to the description and development of the principles of operation of open optical nanoresonators, that is, resonators, all sizes of which are smaller than the resonant wavelength of radiation in vacuum. Particular attention is paid to the physics of such phenomena as bound states in a continuum, anapole states, supercavity modes, and perfect nonradiating modes with extremely high-quality factors and localizations of electromagnetic fields. The analysis of the optical properties of natural oscillations in nanoresonators made of metamaterials is also presented in the review. The effects considered in this review are not purely fundamental, but can also find applications in the development of optical nanoantennas, nanolasers, biosensors, photovoltaic devices, and nonlinear nanophotonics.

Robotic left-stapled total intracorporeal bowel anastomosis versus stapled partial extracorporeal anastomosis: operative technical description and outcomes

BackgroundAlthough there is extensive literature on robotic total intracorporeal anastomosis (TICA) for right colon resection, left total ICA using the da Vinci Xi robotic platform has only been described in short case series previously. In this study, we report on the largest cohort of robotic left total ICA, provide a description of our institution’s techniques, and compare outcomes to robotic left partial extracorporeal anastomosis (PECA).MethodsPatients who underwent robotic left colectomy for any underlying pathology from July 1, 2016 through April 30, 2020 were identified by procedure code. A technical description is provided for two unique techniques performed at our institution. Outcomes included operative time, length of stay, supply cost, post-operative ileus, post-operative morbidity and mortality and need for complete mobilization of the splenic flexure.ResultsFrom a review of our institution’s data, 83 robotic TICA cases were identified and 76 robotic PECA cases were identified. Common procedures included low anterior resection, sigmoidectomy, left hemicolectomy, and rectopexy with resection. TICA was associated with significantly shorter intraoperative time compared to PECA.ConclusionsOur series shows that TICA is a safe and feasible technique that does not increase the risk of adverse outcomes. Using either the anvil-forward or anvil-backward technique, we were able to reliably reproduce this method in a total of 83 patients undergoing left colon resection for either benign or malignant diseases.

Operation description and creating an analog VGA output on the debugging board when making programs for CNC machines

The priority task of the development of mechanical engineering is complex mechanization and automation of technological processes of mechanical processing. This problem can be solved by the introduction of machine tools and machine complexes with numerical control. CNC equipment combines the flexibility of universal and high performance of special automatic equipment, which significantly changes the nature of production and makes it mobile, meeting the requirements for continuous improvement and updating of mechanical engineering products. However, such equipment is quite complex, and its acquisition is associated with large financial costs, therefore, the problem of efficient use of CNC machines is a priority for most mechanical engineering enterprises and is inextricably linked with the need to create various programs. The article presents a theoretical analysis of the VGA interface, as well as a practical implementation of this interface, written in the Verilog programming language, on the Terasic DE10-Lite debugging board, with the MAX10 10M50DAF484C7G programmable logic integrated circuit and other peripheral modules. The practical significance of the work is familiarizing with programmable logic integrated circuits of the Intel FPGA family, obtaining basic knowledge in working with the Quartus Lite computer-aided design system (CAD), and learning the basics of programming programmable logic integrated circuits in the Verilog language. In the course of the work, the algorithm for writing code in the Verilog programming language for implementing the VGA interface on the DE10-Lite debugging board was described in detail. The software and mathematical excerpts used in the work are publicly available on the Internet, which allows anyone to carry out similar work and make sure that the written codes and the obtained conclusions are correct. This work can be used not only for writing programs for machine tools, but also for teaching students in the field of developing electronic devices in terms of their algorithmization and for organizing laboratory work, as well as for creating and designing real devices both in production and within a higher educational institution, for example, for developing laboratory work using specialized CAD. Familiarization and study of this programming language are conducted within the walls of one of the leading engineering universities of the Russian Federation, the Bauman Moscow State Technical University.

Complete description of fault-tolerant quantum gate operations for topological Majorana qubit systems

Among the list of major threats to quantum computation, quantum decoherence poses one of the largest because it generates losses to the environment within a computational system which cannot be recovered via error correction methods. These methods require the assumption that the environmental interaction forces the qubit state into some linear combination of qubit eigenstates. In reality, the environment causes the qubit to enter into a mixed state where the original is no longer recoverable. A promising solution to this problem bases the computational states on the low lying energy excitations within topological materials. The existence of these states is protected by a global parameter within the Hamiltonian which prevents the computational states from coupling locally and decohering. In this paper, the qubit is based on nonlocal, topological Majorana fermions (MF), and the gate operations are generated by swapping or braiding the positions of said MF. The algorithmic calculation for such gate operations is well known, but, the opposite gates-to-braid calculation is currently underdeveloped. Additionally, because one may choose from a number of different possible qubit definitions, the resultant gate operations from calculation to calculation appear different. Here, the calculations for the two- and four-MF cases are recapitulated for the sake of logical flow. This set of gates serves as the foundation for the understanding and construction of the six-MF cases. Using these, a full characterization of the system is made by completely generalizing the list of gates and transformations between possible qubit definitions. A complete description of this system is desirable and will hopefully serve future iterations of topological qubits.

Correlation of Bladder Wall Endometriosis Histological Location, To Infertility Patients’ Clinical Characteristics and Severity of Peritoneal Endometriosis

Study question: What is the correlation of bladder wall endometriosis histological location, to the severity of peritoneal endometriosis in infertility patients? Summary answer: Secondary infertility, back pain, micturition problems, history of ectopic pregnancy and number of abortions can probably be considered as high-risk factors for bladder wall endometriosis for infertility patients. What is known already: Bladder and/or ureter endometriosis occur in 70–85% among patients with deep infiltrating endometriosis. The knowledge regarding the bladder wall involvement with endometriosis in association to peritoneal endometriosis and infertility patients’ clinical characteristics is limited. Study design, size, duration: Retrospective, longitudinal cohort, Sixty-six, primary and secondary infertility patients, collection of surgical and clinical data between 2010 to 2018. Participants/materials, setting, and methods: An experienced histopathologist on endometriosis was asked to review all the patients’ histopathological results. The histopathological reported findings were reviewed prior to the study to reassure the bladder wall depth of endometriosis involvement. The operation and tissue macroscopic description reports before processing were also reviewed. Attention was paid for possible discrepancies or missed important data that could influence the histopathological results. In cases where results were equivocal, the paraffin blocks were available for additional sections for reassuring the diagnosis. An extra effort was made to meticulously observe and identify the involvement of the bladder serosa, muscularis and mucosa with endometriotic cells and glands. Main results and the role of chance: Primary infertility was the indication for the current laparoscopic surgeries in 32 out of 66 (48.5%) patients and secondary infertility for the rest of the group. The highest incidence of bladder endometriosis (BE) was detected on the serosa of 12 patients and in the detrusor muscle (DM) of 11 cases. Bladder serosa endometriosis (BSE) was significantly more prominent among patients with history of ectopic pregnancy (p=0.004) and among patients with secondary infertility (p=0.029). Destrusor muscle endometriosis (DME) was significantly more frequent (p=0.012) in patients with increasing number of abortions. DME highest rates of 37.7% were observed among the severe spread of abdominal endometriosis as compared to 19% of the cases with bladder serosa endometriosis. No statistically significant difference found between serosa and detrusor muscle endometriosis involvement, when compared to severity and spread of endometriosis within the abdominal cavity. Back pain was most prominent with statistical significant difference (p=0.007) in 8 patients with BSE + DME as compared with other groups of patients (4 BSE, 3 DME and 3 BME+DME patients). Among 30 cases with an ovarian endometrioma detected by TVU, DME was diagnosed in 13 patients, in serosa of 10, and in serosa and DM of 6 patients. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson chi-square, Fisher’s exact tests and the Kruskal-Wallis test by STATA version 15 SE (StataCorp. 2017). Limitations, reasons for caution: This is a cohort retrospective study. There is a possibility that other areas with endometriosis were also involved in the BW other than those diagnosed and treated. The mixture of patients with primary and secondary infertility could also affect the results, although statistical analysis did not show any significance in BWE, clinical symptoms and surgical findings. BE is rarely an isolated condition, and other forms of endometriosis are frequently concomitant Wider implications of the findings: Detrusor muscle endometriosis involvement was in 68% and bladder serosa in 32% of all cases with bladder endometriosis and infertility investigated. The severity of the peritoneal endometriosis can probably direct to meticulous intraoperative investigation for bladder endometriosis.

Xenophon and the Orators on the Topography of Arginousae and Aegospotami

Abstract In his description of the naval battles of Arginousae and Aegospotami Xenophon integrated detailed topographical data into the historical description of war operations because he regarded them as absolutely necessary elements of his text, which was intended as a tool of understanding and interpretation. On the other hand, the orators tend not to use the names of Arginousae and Aegospotami when referring to the episodes which occurred there, and they write in a way that shows that their fellow citizens did not want to know or remember the topography of these naval battles, since this would have evoked painful memories to them.

Single-Switch High-Step-Up DC-DC Converter Employing Coupled Inductor and Voltage Multiplier Cell

This paper introduces a high-step-up dc-dc converter to provide voltage boosting in low-voltage applications. The circuit contains only a single active switch and is based on the boost-type converter using coupled inductor and voltage multiplier cell. The proposed topology exhibits high efficiency, reduced voltage stress on the semiconductors and requires a low component count. The circuit is intended for applications with rated power in the order of a few hundreds of Watts, which corresponds to the typical level of a single photovoltaic (PV) module. A detailed mathematical description of the circuit operation is carried out, providing the means for the adequate design of the converter. The dynamic analysis is also addressed in the paper, and proper closed-loop operation is demonstrated. A 400 W prototype operating at 90 kHz, with an input voltage range of 24-48 V and output voltage of 400 V was built and tested in laboratory. Experimental results validate the analyses carried out and measurements indicate efficiency levels up to 97.5%, which ratifies the proposed converter as a good solution for typical PV applications.

Значение нейронаучных исследований сознания для разработки общего искусственного интеллекта (методологические вопросы)

The development of artificial intelligence has entered a new stage associated with the problem of creating General Artificial Intelligence (AGI), approaching in its functions to the abilities of natural intelligence. Along with the phe­nomenological studies of the cognitive structures of subjective reality, the most important resource for the creation of AGI is the use of the results of neuroscien­tific studies of consciousness. The article discusses the most important of them, which can serve as a basis for modeling specific cognitive architectures of AGI. This requires a theoretical explaining the nature of the connection between the phenomena of subjective reality and brain processes. The author proposes an in­formational approach that allows explaining this connection and thereby substan­tiate the use of a neuroscientific description of cognitive operations for computer modeling of specific cognitive architectures of AGI. For this purpose, the results of the most important neuroscientific studies of consciousness are analyzed for the development of AGI. A prerequisite for this is the organization of closer co­operation of specialists in the field of methodology and epistemology, artificial intelligence and neuroscientific research.

ЕНЕРГОЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ПУСКУ ХОЛОДНОГО ДВИГУНА ВНУТРІШНЬОГО ЗГОРАННЯ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ ТЕРМОЕЛЕКТРИЧНОГО ГЕНЕРАТОРА

Based on the analysis of the energy capabilities of the electric starter system for starting an internal combustion engine at low ambient temperatures, it was found that this process is significantly affected by the temperature of the battery electrolyte and the degree of its charge. A technical solution has been proposed to improve the start of a cold engine, which during operation allows maintaining the optimum temperature of the battery during storage of the car at low temperatures. The description and principle of operation of the proposed system are presented. Experimental studies of the efficiency of the developed power supply system for starting a cold internal combustion engine have been carried out. The object of experimental research is the power supply system for starting a cold internal combustion engine based on a phase transition heat accumulator and a thermoelectric generator.

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СВОПОВЫХ ГАЗОВЫХ ОПЕРАЦИЙ МЕЖДУ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИЕЙ И ИСЛАМСКОЙ РЕСПУБЛИКОЙ ИРАН В УСЛОВИЯХ МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫХ САНКЦИЙ

The article presents an analysis of the economic development prospects and possible risks of gas swap transactions between the world's largest players in the hydrocarbon market — the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran — in the context of comprehensive international sanctions. A general description of swap operations is given, an analysis of the mechanism for conducting these swap operations is carried out, the legal framework, main projects and multilateral sanctions pressure are studied. It is concluded that in this situation, the development of cooperation between these countries is one of the main ways to resolve the economic issues that have arisen from the imposition of sanctions against the fuel and energy complex of the two countries. In the current sanctions conditions, cooperation and interaction between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran in the energy sector can not only strengthen their partnership in the economic sphere, but can also provide significant assistance in strengthening their positions in the global political arena.