Operational Considerations Research Articles

Stochastic optimal allocation for a battery energy storage system in high renewable-penetrated distribution networks

As the penetration of renewable distributed generation (RDG) continues to grow, the stochastic and intermittent nature of its output imposes significant challenges on distribution networks (DNs), such as source–load mismatch and voltage fluctuations, which seriously affects the safety and reliability of the system. Thus, this paper presents a stochastic optimal allocation method for a battery energy storage system (BESS) in the DN, with the consideration of annual load growth, BESS degradation, and DN operation, aiming to minimize the overall cost of DNs and harvest more renewable energy. Based on the rainflow-counting concept, BESS degradation is efficiently modeled and linearized to improve solvability. Additionally, to address the uncertainties of RDG outputs and loads, a stochastic optimization (SO) method is adopted. Furthermore, considering that a large number of integer variables of the BESS allocation model may cause a heavy computational burden, a feasibility pump-based solution algorithm is introduced to accelerate the solving speed. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed BESS allocation method and the solution algorithm is verified on a 33-bus DN system through comparative analyses, showing high efficiency and performance.

Artificial Intelligence in Surgery: The Future is Now.

Background Clinical Artificial intelligence (AI) has reached a critical inflection point. Advances in algorithmic science and increased understanding of operational considerations in AI deployment are opening the door to widespread clinical pathway transformation. For surgery in particular, the application of machine learning algorithms in fields such as computer vision and operative robotics are poised to radically change how we screen, diagnose, risk-stratify, treat and follow-up patients, in both pre- and post-operative stages, and within operating theatres. Summary In this paper, we summarise the current landscape of existing and emerging integrations within complex surgical care pathways. We investigate effective methods for practical use of AI throughout the patient pathway, from early screening and accurate diagnosis to intraoperative robotics, post-operative monitoring and follow-up. Horizon scanning of AI technologies in surgery is used to identify novel innovations that can enhance surgical practice today, with potential for paradigm shifts across core domains of surgical practice in the future. Any AI-driven future must be built on responsible and ethical usage, reinforced by effective oversight of data governance, and of risks to patient safety in deployment. Implementation is additionally bound to considerations of usability and pathway feasibility, and the need for robust healthcare technology assessment and evidence generation. While these factors are traditionally seen as barriers to translating AI into practice, we discuss how holistic implementation practices can create a solid foundation for scaling AI across pathways. Key Messages The next decade will see rapid translation of experimental development into real-world impact. AI will require evolution of work practices, but will also enhance patient safety, enhance surgical quality outcomes, and provide significant value for surgeons and health systems. Surgical practice has always sat on a bedrock of technological innovation. For those that follow this tradition, the future of AI in surgery starts now.

An Innovative Multi-Objective Rescheduling System for Mitigating Pandemic Spread in Aviation Networks

The novel coronavirus outbreak has significantly heightened environmental costs and operational challenges for civil aviation airlines, prompting emergency airport closures in affected regions and a substantial decline in ridership. The consequential need to reassess, delay, or cancel flight itineraries has led to disruptions at airports, amplifying the risk of disease transmission. In response, this paper proposes a spatial approach to efficiently address pandemic spread in the civil aviation network. The methodology prioritizes the use of a static gravity model for calculating route-specific infection pressures, enabling strategic flight rescheduling to control infection levels at airports (nodes) and among airlines (edges). Temporally, this study considers intervals between takeoffs and landings to minimize crowd gatherings, mitigating the novel coronavirus transmission rate. By constructing a discrete space–time network for irregular flights, this research generates a viable set of routes for aircraft operating in special circumstances, minimizing both route-specific infection pressures and operational costs for airlines. Remarkably, the introduced method demonstrates substantial savings, reaching almost 53.4%, compared to traditional plans. This showcases its efficacy in optimizing responses to pandemic-induced disruptions within the civil aviation network, offering a comprehensive solution that balances operational efficiency and public health considerations in the face of unprecedented challenges.

Assessment Criteria of Solar Hydrogen Production Plant Based on Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Methodology

This study presents a comprehensive solar hydrogen production plant assessment, focusing on evaluating its technological efficiency, economic viability, environmental impact, and operational reliability. Leveraging solar photovoltaic technology and electrolysis processes, the plant converts abundant solar energy into hydrogen, offering a sustainable pathway towards clean energy production. The assessment encompasses a detailed analysis of solar panel efficiency, electrolyze performance, cost-effectiveness, lifecycle emissions, and operational considerations. Findings reveal that while technological advancements drive enhanced efficiency and reliability, economic viability remains challenging due to high initial capital costs. However, the environmental benefits, including reduced carbon footprint and water usage, underscore the plant's potential contribution to a low-carbon future. Operational assessments highlight the need for scalable, grid-integrated systems with robust safety measures. Overall, the evaluation provides critical insights into the opportunities and challenges of solar-driven hydrogen production, offering recommendations to optimize plant efficiency, reduce costs, and promote its widespread adoption. We used the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) concept for various criteria. The SWARA method is used to compute the weights of criteria. The SWARA method is integrated with fuzzy numbers to overcome the uncertainty data. The main results show that solar production has the highest rank.

A Roadmap to Integrating Dermatologic Care at a Student-Run Free Health Clinic

Student-run free health clinics (SRFCs) play an important role in providing a safety net healthcare system for uninsured patients by offering primary healthcare or preventative medical services. Patients at free clinics may have to be referred out for medical complaints better managed with specialty care. Integrating these services at SRFCs can address barriers to accessing specialty care. Free dermatologic care offers an opportunity to provide care to patients who may otherwise ignore symptoms, which can lead to reduced quality of life and a worse prognosis in some conditions. We detail a roadmap to integrate dermatologic services at an SRFC by providing operational considerations such as assessing needs, developing a clinical workflow, engaging dermatologists and the community, and sustaining student involvement. We also discuss the potential for a dermatology clinic to foster interest in the specialty among students underrepresented in medicine, given the current call to action to increase racial and ethnic diversity in the dermatologic workforce.

EVALUATION OF THE OXIDATIVE THERMAL STABILITY OF FISH OIL WITH THE ADDITION OF PUMPKIN SEED OIL OR ROSEMARY EXTRACT

The present study investigates the thermal stability of the commercial fish oil, rich in unsaturated fatty acids, and compares the sensory properties of pure fish oil with a mixture of fish oil and added rosemary extract (RE), as well as roasted and unroasted pumpkin seed oil, at a concentration of 5 %. All samples were monitored using FTIR spectroscopy to measure the specific absorptivity of conjugated dienes (CDs) and conjugated trienes (CTs), as well as the peroxide value. Additionally, GC/FID was employed to evaluate the oxidative degree of the fish oil and compare the antioxidative effect of roasted pumpkin seed oil, specifically in comparison to rosemary extract. For this purpose, the oil stability was optimized by comparing the oxidation levels of fish oils exposed to range of temperature, including 23°C, 50°C, 70°C, 90°C, and 110°C. This was done in the presence of a low percent of rosemary extract, unroasted pumpkin seed oil (UPSO), and roasted pumpkin seed oil (RPSO). Based on the obtained results, a clear difference is observed in the blended samples, particularly when roasted pumpkin seed oil is used. This difference is evident in the ultraviolet chemical parameters, fatty acid profile, and most notably in the optimized FTIR vibrational bands. The ratios of area peaks such as 3444/2854, 1745/2854 and 3010/2854 are considered important parameters for monitoring the chemical changes and lipid stability. All the chemical parameters confirm the possibility of enhancing the stability of fish oil by blending it with healthy pumpkin seedoil. The composition of pumpkin seed oil increases the stability of fish oil. Consequently, it is evident that pumpkin seed oil, known for its high healthy benefits, can successfully be used to improve the thermal and oxidative stability of fish oil lipids. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to define clusters, which revealed a wide range of both chemically changed and unchanged samples. The application of FTIR spectroscopy as an alternative method provides excellent parameters for easy operation, affordability, and ecological considerations, making in an efficient tool for controlling the quality of edible oils.

Enhancing Targeted Operations Through Drone Technology: Maximising Efficacy and Minimising Risk

The article meticulously examines the strategic use of drone technology in targeted operations, with a strong focus on operational efficiency and technological advancements within established legal frameworks, including cyberlaw regulations. It discusses how technology can enhance mission effectiveness, mitigate risks, and ensure compliance with ethical and legal standards, particularly in targeted killings. Starting with recent advancements in drone data processing, sensor technology, and flight capabilities, the analysis emphasises the importance of adhering to cyberlaw regulations governing data privacy, cybersecurity, and ethical use in warfare. These advancements have revolutionised targeted killings, enabling more precise targeting, enhanced surveillance capabilities, and improved situational awareness. Additionally, the study addresses logistical challenges, mission planning intricacies, integration with military systems, and other operational considerations associated with drone deployment. It explores innovative strategies for overcoming these challenges through computational methods and advanced technology, demonstrating how organisations can optimise efficiency and achieve strategic objectives with drone technology. The article emphasises the significance of best practices in data analysis, mission execution, and decision-making processes to enhance mission success rates. Ultimately, it underscores the vital role of technology in maximising operational efficiency while minimising human risk, highlighting the importance of technological strategies and operational effectiveness in warfare scenarios.

Effect of Realistic Operating Considerations on Preferential Oxidation of CO and Regulatory Strategies: A Review and Perspectives

Effect of Realistic Operating Considerations on Preferential Oxidation of CO and Regulatory Strategies: A Review and Perspectives

Endoscopic Microvascular Decompression.

Microvascular decompression is a widely accepted surgical treatment for compressive cranial nerve pathologies such as trigeminal neuralgia, hemifacial spasm, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, and other craniofacial pain syndromes. Endoscopy has risen as a safe and effective minimally invasive tool to optimize microvascular decompression. Endoscopy offers improved visualization, minimizes retraction, and allows for smaller surgical openings compared to traditional microscopic approaches. There are several reports of improved neuralgia outcomes and reduced post-operative complications after endoscopic microvascular decompression. In skilled surgical hands, endoscopy is an excellent option for microvascular decompression as stand-alone tool or adjunct to the microscope. An overview of the history, operative considerations, and techniques is provided in this chapter.

Perspectives of general practitioners and memory clinic patients on ageing and cognitive decline to inform the design of a decentralised antihypertensive dementia prevention trial

Background: The global burden dementia is growing each year. Clinical trials investigating approaches to preventing dementia have been occurring for decades, but they are particularly challenging including the requirement to include large numbers of healthy ‘at-risk’ people who need to be followed up for a long period of time. Community and consumer involvement in trial design helps to ensure that the methods are acceptable to the involved stakeholders, the design and operation of clinical trials are suitable and applicable to the target population, and that key areas of concern are identified and addressed at an early stage. Objectives: To gain insights from samples of memory clinic patients without dementia and general practitioners on the acceptability of, and attitudes towards, the proposed design of a decentralised antihypertensive dementia prevention trial. Topics addressed included the assessment of cognition, antihypertensive medication use, and motivation to participate in research. Methods: Two focus groups (total n = 7) with memory clinic patients and individual interviews with GPs (n = 5) were conducted. Transcripts were analysed using qualitative thematic framework analysis. Results: The proposed design was acceptable, with some possible barriers identified regarding computer use, GP time restraints, and concerns about medication interactions. Additional themes included the importance of communication and social connectedness in research participation and perceptions of ageing in medical settings. Future directions of research into larger studies and consumer-led research practices were discussed. Conclusion: The proposed trial design was agreed to be acceptable with some operational considerations, which were incorporated in the trial design.

Application of quantum-limited optical time transfer to space-based optical clock comparisons and coherent networks

With the demonstration of quantum-limited optical time transfer capable of tolerating the losses associated with long ground-to-space links, two future applications of free-space time transfer have emerged: intercontinental clock comparisons for time dissemination and coherence transfer for future distributed sensing in the mm-wave region. In this paper, we estimated the projected performance of these two applications using quantum-limited optical time transfer and assuming existing low-size, low-weight, and low-power hardware. In both cases, we limit the discussion to the simplest case of a single geosynchronous satellite linked to either one or two ground stations. One important consideration for such future space-based operations is the choice of reference oscillator onboard the satellite. We find that with a modestly performing optical reference oscillator and low-power fiber-based frequency combs, quantum-limited time transfer could support intercontinental clock comparisons through a common-view node in geostationary orbit with a modified Allan deviation at the 10−16 level at 10-s averaging time, limited primarily by residual turbulence piston noise. In the second application of coherence transfer from ground-to-geosynchronous orbit, we find the system should support high short-term coherence with ∼10 millirad phase noise on a 300 GHz carrier at essentially unlimited integration times.

Sense and Avoid Considerations for Safe sUAS Operations in Urban Environments

Sense and Avoid Considerations for Safe sUAS Operations in Urban Environments

A TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF CO2 REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES IN AMMONIA PRODUCTION PLANTS

The utilization of natural gas as a primary feedstock in ammonia production has resulted in significant carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, raising environmental concerns. Consequently, several technologies have been developed to capture and remove carbon dioxide. In this study, a comparison was conducted between two CO2 removal technologies (Amine and Benfield) in an Ammonia production plant. The evaluation was performed using rate-based modelling techniques in Aspen Plus software. A base case simulation was built and validated using figures obtained from various literature studies. Optimization and sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine optimal operating conditions. The optimized parameters were used to perform an economic analysis of both technologies based on the energy consumption, solvent regeneration efficiency, and CO2 removal efficiency. The results obtained from the comparison showed that the amine technology was more economical than the Benfield technology in terms of cost and plant efficiency. The economic analysis revealed that the amine technology had a lower Net Present value, and a shorter payback period compared to the Benfield technology. Overall, this study provides insight into the economic and operational considerations of CO2 removal technologies in ammonia production plants and recommends the use of amine technology as the preferred technology for CO2 removal in ammonia production plants.

학부 유학생의 학업 문식력 신장을 위한 방안 연구

This study began with the consideration of extracurricular program operation of A University. The previous semester's program confirmed that a balanced development of basic communication skills, socio-cultural adaptation skills, and academic abilities among undergraduate international students was required, and the process was re-designed as an integrated activity between BICS(Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills) and CALP(Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency). A survey conducted at the end of the program confirmed that this program helped undergraduate international students adapt to college life, understand Korean society and culture, and improve their communication, reading, writing, and listening skills. It was confirmed that the strengthening of these basic communication skills could have a positive effect on university students’ academic performance and further contribute to improving academic literacy.
 This study can be used as basic data for extracurricular programs for undergraduate international students. In addition, expanding the content and category of the program by linking the subject can help improve the academic literacy of undergraduate international students in various aspects. However, since this was a short-term case of a specific university, follow-up studies using longer-term cases should be conducted to accumulate practical data.

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL SYSTEM RELIABILITY AND FAIL-SAFE DESIGNS: EVALUATING THE BEST PRACTICES FOR ENSURING SYSTEM ROBUSTNESS AND LONGEVITY

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the best practices for ensuring robustness, reliability, and longevity in electro-mechanical systems. The primary objectives were to evaluate the critical importance of fail-safe designs, explore the integration of advanced technologies such as AI and IoT, and develop effective strategies to enhance system performance and sustainability. Utilizing a systematic literature review methodology, the research involved a thorough examination of academic databases and digital libraries, adhering to strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The search strategy focused on peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2023, encompassing studies on electro-mechanical systems, reliability engineering, and advanced technological integrations. Key findings highlight the evolution of fail-safe designs and the significant role of smart sensors, AI, and IoT in enhancing system robustness and predictive maintenance capabilities. The study underscores the economic, environmental, and safety considerations in system design and operation, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach that includes technical, operational, and strategic aspects. Future challenges identified include managing complex integrated systems, adapting to rapid technological advancements, and addressing environmental and safety concerns. The study recommends that industry practitioners invest in R&D for advanced sensing technologies and predictive maintenance, while policymakers should focus on creating standards that encourage innovation and environmental sustainability. Future research directions include exploring the long-term impacts of emerging technologies on system reliability and longevity, and investigating sustainable materials and practices in system design. This comprehensive analysis offers valuable insights for researchers, industry practitioners, and policymakers in the field of electro-mechanical systems.
 Keywords: Electro-Mechanical Systems, System Reliability, Fail-Safe Design, System Longevity.

Improving Analysis of Risk-Based Maintenance Management Strategies Through Reliability Centered Maintenance. Case Study : Coal Crushing Plant. Central Kalimantan. Indonesia

PT XYZ as a company operating in the coal mining sector has 7 production lines on the in-loading system in its coal crushing plant. In-loading system production line no. 7 is the system that has the lowest mechanical availability, therefore it is necessary to search for a systematic method to obtain an appropriate maintenance mode and not only consider operational aspects but also pay attention to occupational health & safety aspects. RCM is a qualitative analysis (which can be developed into quantitative analysis) which formulates maintenance task selection based on safety, environmental and operational considerations. From the results of the FMEA research, it was found that there were 28 failure modes with 6 components of which had an unacceptable risk level and a critical level of "very critical" so that LTA analysis was carried out on these 6 components and obtained maintenance tasks for each component, namely scheduled on condition tasks (HPU pump, Drag Chain, Hydraulic Pipe) and redesign (Flight bar, Flap Plate).

Financial model for a transitional pain service at a large tertiary academic center in the USA

Approximately 1 in 10 patients undergoing surgery is considered at high risk for poor pain and opioid-related outcomes due to chronic pain or persistent opioid use prior to surgery, leading...

Biological & operational considerations for iPSC-derived cell production

Biological & operational considerations for iPSC-derived cell production

Exploring perceptions and operational considerations for use of a smartphone application to self-monitor blood pressure in pregnancy in Lombok, Indonesia: protocol for a qualitative study

IntroductionHypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are a leading cause of maternal deaths globally and require close monitoring of blood pressure (BP) to mitigate potential adverse effects. Despite the recognised need...

OP44 Exploring The Disconnect In Relevant Outcomes For Health Technology Assessment-Related Economic Evaluation Relative To Care Commissioning: Implications For Resource Allocation

IntroductionOutcome-based commissioning – a set of arrangements to define and pay for a service based on pre-agreed outcomes – has been operationalized in some regional care settings (e.g., adult social care). However, it remains largely aspirational due to operational considerations and challenges. Outcomes-based commissioning shares a common goal with economic evaluation alongside health technology appraisal (HTA): to achieve value for money for outcomes from a finite budget.MethodsWe explored the considerations, implications, and challenges regarding the practical role of relevant outcomes in economic evaluation, relative to care commissioning, using England as a case study. Our exploration bridges a gap between economic evaluation evidence and practical resource allocation decision-making, focusing on conceptual (e.g., what are ‘relevant’ outcomes), practical considerations (e.g., quantifying and using relevant endpoints or surrogate outcomes alongside costs), and pertinent issues when linking these to commissioning based payment mechanisms.ResultsFirstly, there is a disconnect between existing economic evaluation approaches and commissioning processes. For example, using a single quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) maximum and limited consideration of affordability relative to cost effectiveness. Secondly, service-focused outcomes (e.g., seeing a specialist team) rather than person-focused outcomes (e.g., QALYs) are often desirable from a practical commissioning and service provider perspective as they make it easier to measure key performance indicators. Thirdly, both person- and service-focused payment structures could lead to market inefficiencies when activity is focused on only people for whom a prespecified outcome can be achieved or service delivered; these approaches require additional efficiency-equity tradeoff considerations (e.g., using distributional cost-effectiveness analyses).ConclusionsWe highlight payment structures as a major and complex consideration for commissioning, for which economic evaluation provides little to no consideration. Service-related outcomes and payments can be used as surrogate outcomes within economic modeling frameworks, while monitoring and evaluation can still be based on economic outcomes (e.g., QALYs and aggregated costs). Accounting for and explaining direct links from payment structures to economic outcomes is a major step to bridging a gap between economic evaluation evidence and practical resource allocation.