Car Operation Research Articles

Features of tank car testing for dangerous cargoes transportation

The experience of the operation of rail transport shows that a significant part of emergency situations with significant negative environmental consequences are related to tank cars carrying liquid goods of a wide range, including liquefied gas, petroleum products, concentrated acids, toxic and explosive products of chemical origin. The article presents the peculiarities and result of carrying out of the corresponding tests. In order to address the question of the possibility of further safe operation of tank cars in the over-term period, their technical diagnostics and control tests are carried out. In this case, the control of the technical condition includes visual inspection of the tank wagon, measurements of the thickness of the metal at the control points of the boiler and the frame of the car, conducting of the magnetopowder, ultrasonic and acoustic emission control of the bearing metal constructions. Control tests include static vertical load tests, test for a low cyclic load by boiler pressure, typical, resource shock tests, and possible emergencies testing.

The study on the factors influencing the quality of paint and varnish coating when repairing the car body

AbsractThe article presents the main results of the studies on the factors influencing the quality of paint and varnish coating of the car body while performing the emergency recovery repair. The relevance of scientific observations in the presented work is that the issues connected with the quality assessment of applying and drying of paint and varnish coating of the body are not studied to the full extent. It especially concerns the cars that need recovery repair after road accidents. The data presented in the article can be applied while assessing the technical state of the cars, injured as a result of break-down incidents; when training specialists in the automotive industry; with the color selection of paints and varnishes and further application on the body. The scientific work provides the contribution to the improvement of the efficiency indicators of the cars operation on the basis of defects testing of decorative protective coating of the body and the definition of the factors influencing the quality of paint and varnish coating during repair application. The scientific novelty of the article consists in obtaining the identification results of the most significant factors affecting the quality of the paint and varnish coating applied while repairing, aimed at the restoration of the critical state of the car body resulting from the traffic accident.

Infrastructure Facilities for Unmanned Vehicles

The article considers the technological aspects of creating infrastructure facilities for organization of movement of unmanned vehicles on the roads. The features of operation of cars with an autonomous control system inRussiaand other regions of the world are analyzed. Basing on the study, the authors offer a fundamentally new approach for solving a problem of recognizing objects along the route of unmanned vehicles.The study suggests installation of stationary points that are interconnected in a single network and exchange data with the cloud storage. The effectiveness of existing and alternative systems is evaluated.

USAGE OF HIGH-QUALITY ENGINE OILS WITH EXTENDED REPLACEMENT INTERVALS: FEATURES OF THE EQUIPMENT OPERATION

Introduction. The effective operation of cars largely depends on the state of the engines, their downtime in maintenance and repair. Since the maintenance of modern engines is often reduced to the replacement of engine oil, the increase in the duration of its work significantly reduces maintenance costs and downtime in maintenance. Long maintenance-free operation of the internal combustion engines of automotive vehicles is directly related to the state of the engine oil used in this power unit. The aim of the paper is to show the features of the equipment operation with significant intervals of the engine oils’ replacement in order to increase the efficiency of its usage. The paper presents data on the features of the equipment operation when using high-quality motor oils with extended replacement intervals.Materials and methods. The authors conducted performance tests on the basis of MercedesBenzAxor, MercedesBenzActros cars. The manufacturer provided an estimate of the performance of engine oils. The main performance characteristics of motor oils were assessed using standard methods: kinematic viscosity was measured using a Stabinger viscosimeter, the base number was determined by an automatic AT-500 titrator, the content of wear products was obtained using an ASP-coupled emission spectrophotometer.Results. As a result, the authors presented data on the dependence of the changes in the main indicators of engine oil performance while the operating time and also substantiated the requirements for the volumes of fresh engine oil to compensate losses.Discussion and conclusions. The intermediate control allows detecting faults in the internal car engines, as well as providing the most accurate prediction of the resource of the lubricant under consideration. Therefore, the increasing of the engine oil change interval allows getting a significant economic effect.

Environmental impact assessment of leachate from elv storage place at the design stage

There is the acute problem of growth of motor vehicles reached the end of their usefullives in Saint-Petersburg [1]. One of the possible ways for solving this problem it isestablishment of a recycling system for "end-of-life-vehicles" (ELV's), includingcollection system and the creation of a storage places. Storage places are intermediatelinks in recycling system of ELV's. Necessity of creation of storage places is connectedwith absence of possibility of city authorities takes away ELV thrown their owners on thestreet earlier than one year will up. Now it is difficult to tell exactly where storage placeswill be situated within the precincts of a town or in the country. At the designing ofstorage places it is necessary to carry out the environmental impact assessment (EIA).Appearance of the given task is connected with potential leakage of car operating fluidsfrom ELV units at the collection and the storage process. This leakage is being mixedwith surface water and it cause soil and water pollution [2]. The problem ofleachate fromstorage place is significant ifit has wide spread.

ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ УСТАЛОСТНОЙ ДОЛГОВЕЧНОСТИ НЕСУЩЕЙ КОНСТРУКЦИИ КУЗОВА ПАССАЖИРСКОГО ВАГОНА С ПЕРФОРИРОВАННЫМИ ПОДКРЕПЛЯЮЩИМИ ЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ

The purpose of the work is a fatigue life assessment for bearing structures of passenger car bodies with perforated supporting elements through the methods of computer mathematical modeling. 
 The fulfilled analysis of investigations in the field of the fatigue life assessment for welded bearing structures of car bodies has shown that its assessment should be carried out in a dynamic setting with the development of a spatial dynamic model of a car body. 
 The fatigue life assessment in the most loaded areas of perforated supporting elements in car bodies was carried out with the use of two procedures: Serensen-Kogaev procedure and Bolotin one. There are considered ten versions of supporting element perforation in a passenger car body. The development of finite element models of car bodies with the mentioned options is carried out by the example of the body of a domestic passenger car. On the basis of the design strength computation results there are defined three most loaded areas of perforated supporting elements. The refined assessment of a dynamic stressed state of the areas under investigations is carried out through the method of an area successive accentuation. 
 As a result of the investigation there are obtained life values of the most loaded areas for a passenger car body bearing structure for all perforation options under consideration. 
 The results obtained confirm passenger car operation safety with the offered option of perforation and are evidence of the purposefulness in the application of the procedure offered for the fatigue life prediction of similar bearing structures.

Field investigation to measure airflow velocities of a ram dump car using circular routing at a Midwestern underground coal mine: a case study.

Due to the successful application of roof bolter canopy air curtains (CACs) to protect roof bolter operators from high levels of coal mine respirable dust, a shuttle car CAC is currently being developed. Since a shuttle car consistently trams from the continuous miner to the feeder and back at a speed up to 9.66 kph (6 mph) or 2.68 m/s (528 fpm), it is thought that the shuttle car may encounter very high air velocities (mine ventilation air velocity + max shuttle speed (2.68 m/s (528 fpm)). Past research and preliminary lab testing showed that CAC protection in high interference air velocities is difficult to achieve. Therefore, testing was conducted at a Midwestern US coal mine to determine the air velocities their shuttle car actually encounters. This mine used ram dump cars as their shuttle cars. Results showed that coal mine dust exposure is generally very low at the feeder and when tramming. Elevated concentrations are encountered at the ram dump car operator position when the car is being loaded by the continuous miner. Recorded air velocities while tramming did not reach the max air velocity of mine ventilation air velocity + 2.68 m/s (528 fpm) calculated as 3.32 m/s (653 fpm). High velocities, while encountered, were of low frequency and associated with low respirable coal mine dust concentrations. Therefore, using this new information, designing the shuttle car CAC for maximum interference air velocity may not be as important as previously thought.

PELAKSANAAN E-GOVERNMENT PEMBAYARAN PAJAK KENDARAAN BERMOTOR DALAM MENCIPTAKAN GOOD GOVERNANCE PADA KANTOR SAMSAT KABUPATEN MERANGIN PROVINSI JAMBI

The research was conducted due to several problems including: The lack of information dissemination on the requirements and use of E-Samsat in Merangin District, the limited number of human resources for mobile Samsat car operators and Samsat outlet operators, internet network interference is still common so E-Samsat is still not working optimally, limited supporting facilities and infrastructure in implementing E-Samsat. The sample of 18 people who worked at the Merangin Jambi Samsat Office used descriptive survey techniques aimed at knowing the implementation of E-Government motor vehicle tax payments in creating good governance at the Merangin District samsat office in Jambi Province. The results of the research and discussion show the implementation of E-Government payment of motor vehicle accessories in creating good governance in the samsat office of Merangin Regency, Jambi Province. The implementation of E-Government payment of Motor Vehicle Tax in supporting Good governance at the Merangin District Samsat Office through the latest innovations, namely: the addition of Samsat Online service facilities, mobile Samsat car service facilities, and Gerai Samsat service facilities. For now the E-Government of Motor Vehicle Tax payments in supporting Good governance in the Merangin District Samsat Office is still not optimal, this is because there are still some obstacles, including: The lack of information dissemination on the requirements and use of E-Samsat in Merangin Regency; The limited number of human resources for car operators, Mobile Samsat and Operator Samsat; Internet network interference is still common, so E-Samsat is still not working optimally; Limited supporting facilities and infrastructure in implementing E-Samsat. Appropriate efforts, so that these obstacles can be resolved properly. Following this, the researchers describe the efforts made by Merangin District Samsat in overcoming these obstacles, including: Improving information dissemination on the requirements and use of E-Samsat in Merangin District; Adding Human Resources to operators; Improve internet network facilities, so that they do not experience interference; Improve supporting facilities and infrastructure in the implementation of E-Samsat.

An Intelligent Elevator Development and Management System

This paper proposes ElevatorTalk, an elevator development and management system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) approach called IoTtalk. This system modularizes the software into elevator components so that we can develop flexible and scalable car scheduling algorithms. ElevatorTalk consists of three subsystems: cars, scheduler, and the elevator car operating (ECO) panel. The first two subsystems are used to develop the elevator systems, and the third subsystem is used to receive requests issued by the passengers. These three subsystems work in parallel, and communicate with each other through sending and receiving messages. ElevatorTalk can connect to a real elevator system to serve as the elevator management center. It can also emulate the existing elevator systems with different car scheduling algorithms. We propose an intelligent aggressive car scheduling with initial car distribution (ACSICD) algorithm in ElevatorTalk. Our paper indicates that ACSICD has better waiting/travel/journey time performance and/or accuracy than the previous proposed algorithms. We also show that in our approach, the car scheduling decision can be quickly made with 0.2010 ms, and therefore good performance in the time complexity is achieved.

Sensitivity Analysis of Speed Limit, Truck Lane Restrictions, and Data Aggregation Level on the HCM-6 Passenger Car Equivalent Estimation Methodology for Western U.S. Conditions

In the 2016 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM-6), the impact of trucks on freeway operations is measured by passenger car equivalents (PCEs). PCEs are estimated by the equal capacity methodology. The HCM-6 PCE values are based on the assumptions that passenger cars and trucks travel at the same free-flow speed, that they travel on freeways with three lanes per direction, and that they travel in traffic with no more than 25% trucks. On Interstate 80 in western Nebraska, it is observed that the interaction of high truck percentages and large speed differences between passenger cars and trucks may result in moving bottlenecks. It was hypothesized that the current HCM-6 PCEs may be not appropriate for these conditions. A companion paper showed this was true and that the major cause was speed differentials between trucks and passenger cars. In essence, when slow-moving trucks pass each other they create moving bottlenecks, which results in increased PCE values. This paper is an extension to a companion paper and examines a number of issues related to estimation of PCEs. The paper examines the effect of speed limit, truck passing restrictions, and data aggregation interval on PCEs. The results show that: (i) if a higher speed limit is implemented, trucks will affect the passenger cars more severely; (ii) if truck passing is restricted by lane restrictions, the negative impacts of trucks on passenger car operation may be mitigated; and (iii) using a longer data aggregation interval results in lower PCE values, all else being equal.

Research and diagnostics of electric car BMW I3 electric systems

The problem. The article considers the problem of increasing the efficiency of the use of electric vehicles. This is done by studying and diagnosing electrical equipment of the BMW i3 electric car. Goal. The purpose of the work is to increase the efficiency of the use of electric vehicles by studying and diagnosing electrical equipment of BMW i3 electric vehicle. Methodology. Systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to an electric car. The methodology is based on the integrated approach to studying the BMW i3. The research of the main components of the electrical equipment of the electric vehicle was carried out, its technical characteristics and the principle of operation of the power system were analyzed, issues of charging a ighvoltage battery were considered. System power control functions were investigated. The diagnostics of BMW i3 power system in the conditions of the service station was performed. Results. It is established that the purpose of the power control program is to provide sufficient level of the battery charge in different conditions of car operation. It is determined that for the BMW i3 you can use 4 different types of charging. It has been discovered that an emergency situation caused by a discharged battery or problems in the on-board power grid may have various causes, which in most cases do not relate to a high-voltage rechargeable battery. Originality. In the article a comprehensive study of the BMW i3 electric vehicle was conducted. Practical value. New original knowledge has been gained that will improve the performance of BMW i3 electric vehicle.

First experimental results on the feasibility of noise radar systems on fast moving platforms

Forward-looking radars are essential sensors for many fast moving platforms such as fighter aircraft and missiles. Despite its multiple benefits, noise radar has not yet been used for this task because of the low Doppler tolerance of its waveform and the associated need for computational intense Doppler compensation. This Letter presents the very first experimental results of a continuous-emission noise radar whose antennas are oriented along the direction of proper motion of a car operating as a radar platform at a significant speed. To the best of the authors' knowledge, no experiments of this kind have been published to date. Very likely, the results presented here are the first ones showing moving target detection by a noise radar on a fast moving platform.

자율주행차를 위한 영상 Fail-Safe와 MOD 알고리즘 임베디드 구현

This paper aims to implement a fail-safe function based on the MOD (Moving Object Detection) algorithm on an embedded board. When the input image quality of the camera deteriorates due to a change in the driving environment, it is necessary to automatically detect the input image quality and provide a warning that the MOD function cannot be operated normally. When the vehicle equipped with a camera without the auto expose function drives in a dark area, the threshold value is determined by analyzing the brightness value of the input image, and a Laplacian filter based method is used to evaluate the occurrence of fail due to image distortion in the rain. In addition, we propose a weight reduction method for implementing the Moving Object Detection (MOD) algorithm executed in a PC environment as an embedded environment. The performance of the proposed fail-safe method was evaluated using the confusion matrix. The obtained precision and recall rates were 94.79% and 95.35%, respectively. The MOD algorithm compares the GT (Ground Truth) recorded in 15,216 images obtained in an actual vehicle driving environment and the performance realized in the PC environment by building the stored image database and carrying out the performance evaluation. In the embedded environment, the performance is realized at an average speed of 15 FPS or greater. This proved the applicability of the proposed method for realistic car operation.

Development of a Business Model by Introducing Sustainable and Tailor-Made Value Proposition for SME Clients

Due to the combination of vast technology trends brought by Industry 4.0, present-day consumers need and stiff global competition and require businesses from across many industries to constantly innovate. Clients request multifaceted support from manufacturers and service providers while the transition towards new symbiotic ecosystems disrupts traditionally established processes in some sectors. This is largely happening in the global automotive industry where in-car and around-the-car services with asset-sharing concepts are taking a dominant role rather than plain vehicles sales and car ownership. In our paper, we investigate the possibilities of new and improved business collaborations between a car retailer operating in several European countries and its SME (small and medium-sized enterprises) customers across various sectors currently owning car fleets of at least five vehicles. We test several hypotheses and conduct a systematic statistical analysis of the proposed business model’s aspects on the sample of almost 200 SMEs from five countries in Southeast Europe. By using the χ2 test and a one-tailed t-test we tested both frequency data and the continuous variables. Research indicates that SMEs look for new ways to organize their fleet management strategy more efficiently and thus more precisely plan associated costs. Regardless of the country of origin, SMEs want to explore a business model with more introduced to their fleet management and are ready to accept new technologies for fleet management operations.

Strategic Planning of Cars Quality in Operation

Abstract Attainment of high competitiveness indicators of products and services is a natural goal of each enterprise. This goal stems from the desire of stakeholders to ensure the continuous, long-term development of a company and the high performance of labour results. However, the market has leaders and outsiders for various reasons. And the outsiders can be decently prepared in organizational and technical terms. But something prevents them from successfully developing. In addition, a decision of methodological and analytical tasks is not cheap. Competent experts, relevant technical and technological support of the process, and, most importantly, the conditions for creative work are required. It is necessary effective management decisions based on the detailed analysis of warranty period of cars operation for solving main problems related to the quality and products competitiveness. Similar analytical activity is helping to improve the life circle processes, creates the opportunities to enhance customer satisfaction and sustainable development of automakers. The research has updated a problem of design and realization effective analytical tools for an appointment the quality objectives for the automotive corporations. This paper presents the results of development and implementation of the new approach to the strategic planning of products competitiveness and setting the quality objectives by the example of automotive industry.

Дисциплина «Инженерная и компьютерная графика» в системе высшего военного образования

In this paper features for creation of educational process in a military higher education institution when studying “Engineering and Computer Graphics” discipline are revealed. Military education is a part of the Russian Federation’s education system. In conditions of the Armed Forces modernization and development of new methods and ways for conduct of operations the young officers’ perfection acquires a big significance. Requirements applicable to military specialists reflect the concept of educational activity in general – possession of strong theoretical knowledge and formed practical skills at the tasks solution. The big part in the system of development for military engineering education is assigned to practical orientation of training. Future officer has to understand the processes for design, production and operation of cars and mechanisms with varying complexity, therefore be able to work with design documentation of any kind. In the course of “Engineering and Computer Graphics” discipline studying cadets are learned to read and carry out drawings, to develop their technical support, and also to design and model both two, and three-dimensional objects on a plane and in space. The efficiency of graphic training in a greater degree depends on educational activity’s organization. Application of education traditional forms in combination with innovative practice and methods, development of the system of didactic tools focused on increase in educational process’s intensity is the most optimal one for achievement of training maximum results. During realization of the tasks set by the state for training of competent military specialists, the educational process based on principles of personally focused training with developing orientation has been organized by “Engineering and Computer Graphics” discipline teachers of Military Academy of Troops Air Defense of Russian Federation Armed Forces. The developed system of didactic tools enhances the intensity and productivity of cadets’ educational activity, helps to cultivate professional qualities of future military specialists.

HUMAN FACTOR INFLUENCE ON PERFORMING TECHNICAL MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR OF FREIGHT CARS

Purpose. The scientific work is aimed to: 1) study the indicators and criteria for evaluating the influence of human factor on failure-free operation of freight cars; 2) theoretically describe the probabilistic model of the human factor role during the maintenance and repair of freight cars according to technical state; 3) consider the model of situation development for the case of a critical defect of the freight car unit taking into account the human factor. Methodology. In order to achieve this purpose, the methodological approaches were considered: 1) to evaluation of the reliability indicators in the system «man – freight car» during maintenance and repair; 2) to evaluation of the level of traffic safety in case of transition from the existing system of maintenance and repair of freight cars to the system according to technical state. The model of the situation development for the case of a critical defect of the freight car unit with the consideration of the human factor was described. Findings. The approach to the evaluation of risk indicators of potential failures of freight cars is given. The probability of occurrence of negative events (risks) and possible economic damage from their manifestation were taken as the indicators. In the developed model of situation development for the case of a critical defect of the freight car unit with the consideration of the human factor, three possible states are shown: workable and limited workable, unworkable and emergency. Each initial state is characterized by the development of events, which is associated with designers` errors, with defects during manufacture of parts and units, with human factor. Originality. It is proposed to consider the value of the failure probability, which is related to the human factor, as a certain proportion of the overall probability of failure of the system «man – freight car». The interpretation of Harrington's desirability function for the case of application to freight cars is given. During maintenance and repair, it is suggested to introduce an indicator that characterizes the observance of the technology of use of maintenance services for freight cars, taking into account the human factor. Practical value. Based on the conducted research it is possible to evaluate the influence of the human factor on the maintenance and repair of freight cars. According to the developed model of situation development for the case of a critical defect it is possible to determine the critical level of the defect of the freight car unit taking into account the human factor to limit the risk of an accident or transport event.

The Design, Implementation, and Operation of Self-Driving Cars: Ethical, Security, Safety, and Privacy Issues

The Design, Implementation, and Operation of Self-Driving Cars: Ethical, Security, Safety, and Privacy Issues

Simulation of the operation of the car radiator with a laminar, transitional, and turbulent regime of liquid flow in the tubes

The results of the simulation of car radiator operation with a large range of changes in the volume flow rate of liquid inside the tubes were presented. The change of the flow regime from laminar through transitional to turbulent flow was taken into account. Semi-empirical and empirical relationships for the Nusselt number on the liquid-side in the laminar, transitional, and turbulent range were used. The Nusselt number on the air side was determined using empirical power-type correlation. The friction factor in the transition flow range was calculated by linear interpolation between the values of the friction factor for the Reynolds number equal to 2100 and 3000. The water and air temperature at the outlet of the heat exchanger were calculated using effectiveness-number of transfer units method. The heat-flow rate from water to air was calculated as a function of the water-flow rate to compare it with the experimental results. The calculation results agreed very well with the results of the measurements.

Analysis of commercial automobile insurance operating efficiency and Its influence factors of Chinese property insurance companies. –An empirical analysis based on SBM-DEA method and Tobit model

This paper selects the operation data of commercial car insurance of 25 companies in 2012-2016, and calculates the efficiency of commercial car insurance by using SBM-DEA model, also analyzes the main factors affecting the efficiency of commercial car insurance operation by using the Tobit panel data estimation model. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. The overall efficiency value of the commercial insurance company is low, and only 2 of the 25 property insurance companies tested reached the effective frontier, there is still a large space for improvement, the redundancy of low efficiency companies is more serious; In the past three years, the technical efficiency value has remained stable and the upward trend is not obvious. 2. Commercial car insurance premium income share, market share, cost rate, company asset size, all have different degrees of impact on the efficiency value of commercial car insurance.